Warm UpWarm UpFinish this statementFinish this statement

An intelligent person is An intelligent person is someone who someone who can………………………….can………………………….

Warm UpWarm Up

Pick up IQ test off of my Pick up IQ test off of my desk. Take IQ testdesk. Take IQ test

Chapter 11 pt. 1: Measuring Chapter 11 pt. 1: Measuring “Intelligence”“Intelligence”

Measuring IntelligenceMeasuring Intelligence

Intelligence Tests:Intelligence Tests: tests tests for assessing a person’s for assessing a person’s mental abilities and mental abilities and comparing them with the comparing them with the abilities of other people, abilities of other people, by means of numerical by means of numerical scores. scores.

Origins of Intelligence TestsOrigins of Intelligence TestsAlfred BinetAlfred Binet, a french , a french

psychologist, is most often psychologist, is most often considered to be the considered to be the pioneer of the pioneer of the intelligence testingintelligence testing movement.movement.

What was Binet’s purpose What was Binet’s purpose for developing his tests?for developing his tests?

Assumed children follow the Assumed children follow the same course of intellectual same course of intellectual development, but development, but some some development faster and development faster and slower then others slower then others

Alfred Binet and Intelligence Alfred Binet and Intelligence TestsTests

Binet’s looked to identify a child’s:Binet’s looked to identify a child’s:Mental Age:Mental Age: chronological age that chronological age that

most typically corresponds to a most typically corresponds to a given given level of performance. level of performance. A child who does as well as the average A child who does as well as the average

8-year-old is said to have a mental age 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8.of 8.

Binet did not believe his test measured Binet did not believe his test measured inborn intelligence.inborn intelligence.

Tests predicted Tests predicted how well the children how well the children handle schoolwork handle schoolwork

Purpose was to ID children who need Purpose was to ID children who need help help

Lewis Terman and Lewis Terman and Intelligence TestsIntelligence Tests

Lewis TermanLewis Terman, an , an American psychologist at American psychologist at Stanford, adapted Binet’s Stanford, adapted Binet’s test in an attempt to test in an attempt to measure what he thought measure what he thought was was inherited inherited intelligenceintelligence..

Stanford-Binet:Stanford-Binet: refers refers to the widely used to the widely used revision of Binet’s revision of Binet’s original intelligence original intelligence test.test.

IQ TestsIQ Tests In an attempt to measure inherited In an attempt to measure inherited

intelligence, tests developed the “IQ.”intelligence, tests developed the “IQ.”IQ: (intelligence quotient): IQ: (intelligence quotient): defined defined

originally the ratio of mental age (ma) to originally the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100

IQ = IQ = ma/ca x 100)ma/ca x 100)Not used today; not accurate for Not used today; not accurate for adults adults

on contemporary tests it is the on contemporary tests it is the average performance for a given age average performance for a given age is assigned a score of is assigned a score of 100100

Eugenics Eugenics

The Normal CurveThe Normal Curve

Ninety-five percent of all people fall within 30 points

of 100

Number of

scores

55 70 85 100 115 130 145 Wechsler intelligence score

Sixty-eight percentof people score within 15 points

above or below 100

““Intelligence” is Hard to Intelligence” is Hard to DefineDefine

IntelligenceIntelligence is often defined as the is often defined as the ability to learn from ability to learn from experience, experience, solve problems,solve problems, and use knowledge and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. to adapt to new situations.

Intelligence is not a “thing” it is an Intelligence is not a “thing” it is an abstract concept…an abstract concept…an IQ is simply a IQ is simply a scorescore on an intelligence test. on an intelligence test.

What types of things are usually NOT What types of things are usually NOT measured on an IQ test that might measured on an IQ test that might illustrate “intelligence?”illustrate “intelligence?”

Is Intelligence a Singular Is Intelligence a Singular Ability?Ability?

To measure To measure general abilitygeneral ability within within specific mental abilities a statistical specific mental abilities a statistical method is used called:method is used called:

Factor Analysis:Factor Analysis: used to used to identify identify clusters of related itemsclusters of related items (called (called factors) on a test; used to identify factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that different dimensions of performance that underlie one’s total.underlie one’s total.Ex: People who do well on vocabulary Ex: People who do well on vocabulary

items also usually do well on paragraph items also usually do well on paragraph comprehension…which are both related comprehension…which are both related to the verbal intelligence factor.to the verbal intelligence factor.

Charles Spearman and The G-Charles Spearman and The G-FactorFactor

General intelligence General intelligence (g):(g): Spearman’s belief Spearman’s belief that there was a that there was a factor factor that underlied that underlied specific mental specific mental abilitiesabilities and was and was therefore measured by therefore measured by every task on an every task on an intelligence test. intelligence test.

Specific intelligences Specific intelligences tended to be tended to be positively positively correlated.correlated.

Broadening Theory of Broadening Theory of IntelligenceIntelligence

Savant Syndrome:Savant Syndrome: a condition in which a a condition in which a person otherwise person otherwise limited in mental limited in mental ability has an ability has an exceptional specific exceptional specific skillskill..Many are autisticMany are autistic4/5 are male 4/5 are male

How does this relate How does this relate to the g-factor?to the g-factor?

Howard Gardner and Multiple Howard Gardner and Multiple IntelligencesIntelligences

From a biological point of From a biological point of view, Gardner has noted view, Gardner has noted that brain damage often that brain damage often may may diminish some diminish some abilities but not othersabilities but not others..

Gardner argues humans do Gardner argues humans do not have an intelligence but not have an intelligence but instead instead multiple multiple intelligencesintelligences which are which are relatively independent of relatively independent of the others.the others.

Gardner’s Multiple Gardner’s Multiple IntelligencesIntelligences

Gardner argues there are 8 Gardner argues there are 8 intelligences:intelligences:

1.1. Verbal Linguistic Verbal Linguistic 5. Auditory- 5. Auditory-musicalmusical

2. Logical-mathematical 6. 2. Logical-mathematical 6. InterpersonalInterpersonal

3.3. Visual Spatial Visual Spatial 7. Intrapersonal 7. Intrapersonal

4.4. Body-kinesthetic Body-kinesthetic

What do traditional IQ tests measure?What do traditional IQ tests measure?

Robert Sternberg and Robert Sternberg and “Successful Intelligence“Successful Intelligence””

Sternberg looked to overcome the fact Sternberg looked to overcome the fact that although IQ tests predicted school that although IQ tests predicted school tests relatively well, they did tests relatively well, they did less well less well predicting vocational success.predicting vocational success.

Sternberg’s 3 Aspects of Intelligence:Sternberg’s 3 Aspects of Intelligence:1. 1. Analytical Intelligence:Analytical Intelligence: (academic (academic problem solving)problem solving)

2. 2. Creative Intelligence:Creative Intelligence: (reacting to (reacting to new situations and creating new ideas)new situations and creating new ideas)3. 3. Practical Intelligence:Practical Intelligence: (often (often required for everyday tasks, “common required for everyday tasks, “common sense”)sense”)

More “Intelligences?”More “Intelligences?”Social IntelligenceSocial Intelligence

the know-how involved in the know-how involved in comprehending comprehending social situationssocial situations and managing oneself successfullyand managing oneself successfully

Emotional IntelligenceEmotional Intelligence

-ability to -ability to perceive, express, perceive, express, understandunderstand, and regulate , and regulate emotionsemotions

-critical part of -critical part of socialsocial intelligence intelligence

Multifactor Emotional Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale (MEIS)Intelligence Scale (MEIS)

Measures how ppl:Measures how ppl:

1. 1. PerceivePerceive emotions emotions

2. 2. Understand Understand emotionsemotions

3. R3. Regulateegulate emotions emotions

Intelligence and Creativity Intelligence and Creativity

Creativity- ability to produce Creativity- ability to produce ideas that are both novel and ideas that are both novel and valuable valuable

5 Parts5 Parts1.1. ExpertiseExpertise2.2. ImaginativeImaginative Thinking Skills Thinking Skills3.3. VenturesomeVenturesome Personality Personality4.4. Intrinsic Intrinsic MotivationMotivation5.5. A Creative A Creative Environment Environment

Remote Associates Test Remote Associates Test

1.1. CallCall PayPay Line ____________Line ____________

2.2. EndEnd BurningBurning Blue Blue ____________ ____________

3.3. ManMan HotHot SureSure ____________ ____________

4.4. ManMan Wheel Wheel High ____________High ____________

5.5. BlueBlueCakeCake Cottage Cottage ________________________

6.6. MotionMotion Poke Poke DownDown ____________________

7.7. StoolStool PowderPowder Ball Ball ____________ ____________

1.1. Phone Phone

2.2. BookBook

3.3. FireFire

4.4. ChairChair

5.5. CheeseCheese

6.6. SlowSlow

7.7. Foot Foot

Is Intelligence Neurologically Is Intelligence Neurologically Measurable?Measurable?

..15 correlation15 correlation between head size and between head size and intelligence score.intelligence score.

.44 correlation .44 correlation between between brain size brain size and intelligence and intelligence scorescore..

What all effects the What all effects the size of your brain?size of your brain?

Is Intelligence Neurologically Is Intelligence Neurologically Measurable?Measurable?

Einstein’s brain was Einstein’s brain was 15% larger in the 15% larger in the parietal lobe’s lower parietal lobe’s lower region…center for region…center for mathematical mathematical processing and processing and spatial spatial information.information.

But smaller in some But smaller in some other regions. other regions.

Is Intelligence Is Intelligence Neurologically Measurable?Neurologically Measurable?

Brain Glucose Consumption:Brain Glucose Consumption: high performers on tasks high performers on tasks consume LESS glucoseconsume LESS glucose when when performing cognitive tasks. performing cognitive tasks.

Is Intelligence Neurologically Is Intelligence Neurologically Measurable?Measurable?

Perceptual Perceptual Speed:Speed: People People who can perceive who can perceive the stimulus very the stimulus very quickly tend to quickly tend to score score somewhat somewhat higher on higher on intelligence intelligence teststests

Stimulus Mask

Question: Long side on left or right?

Assessing Intelligence: Assessing Intelligence: Aptitude vs. Achievement Aptitude vs. Achievement

TestTestAptitude Tests:Aptitude Tests: are tests designed are tests designed

to predict a person’s to predict a person’s future future performanceperformance..SAT’s and GRE’sSAT’s and GRE’s

Achievement Test:Achievement Test: a test designed a test designed to assess what a to assess what a person has person has learnedlearned..Midterm Psych exam, chapter 3 Midterm Psych exam, chapter 3

history test, etc.history test, etc.

Assessing IntelligenceAssessing Intelligence

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)Scale (WAIS)most widely usedmost widely used intelligence intelligence

testtestsubtestssubtests

verbal verbal performanceperformance (nonverbal) (nonverbal) Also a Also a WISCWISC (Wechsler (Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children).Intelligence Test for Children).

Assessing Intelligence- Sample Assessing Intelligence- Sample Items from the WAISItems from the WAIS

From Thorndike and Hagen, 1977

VERBAL

General Information Similarities Arithmetic ReasoningVocabularyComprehensionDigit Span

PERFORMANCE

Picture Completion Picture ArrangementBlock DesignObject AssemblyDigit-Symbol Substitution

WAIS SAMPLEWAIS SAMPLE

WAIS SAMPLEWAIS SAMPLE