Warm-up 1/9:

• Finish Pedigree Worksheet: #11-16

• Turn in LAB from Yesterday with Karyotype Stapled to written section.

Warm-up 1/9:

• What is a clone?

• What do you think a DNA Finger Print is?

• Biotech Quest Quiz: Tuesday 1/14

Biotechnology Notes

Chapter 9

Biotechnology

• Scientist change an organism’s DNA to give it new traits.

• Possible because all organisms have the same Genetic Code

What are the benefits?

– Insert needed gene into an organism– Make better vegetables/fruits– Identify a suspect– Increase biodiversity

Restrictive Enzymes

• Cuts DNA– Act like molecular “scissors” – Lets scientist take out and insert a new gene

Restrictive Enzyme

• Different restrictive enzymes cut in different places

• They recognize nucleotides between 4 and 8 bases long

Restrictive Enzymes

• Some cut straight and make “blunt ends”

• Some cut staggered and make “sticky ends”

Gel electrophoresis

• Uses an electrical current to separate DNA sequences that were cut by restrictive enzymes.

• Electrical currents pull the pieces through a gel

• Smaller fragments can move faster & farther than longer fragments

Gel electrophoresis

• Each piece creates

a band on the gel

• Creates a DNA fingerprint

• Everyone has their own unique DNA fingerprint

Gel electrophoresis

DNA Fingerprinting

• Made by restrictive enzymes and gel electrophoresis

• What is it used for?– Paternity tests– Evidence in criminal cases– Studying biodiversity

(mother) (child 1) (child 2) (father)

• http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=DD31D995-3E35-4858-8E2C-0E6045BEDBA6&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US#

Plasmid

– loops of DNA in bacteria

– restriction enzymes cut plasmid and foreign DNA

– foreign gene inserted into plasmid

Recombinant DNA

• Contains genes from more than one organism

(bacterial DNA)

Transgenic Organism

• Has one or more genes inserted in it’s DNA– Has recombinant DNA

Transgenic Organism

• Transgenic bacteria used to make human protein– Gene inserted into plasmid– Plasmid inserted into bacteria– Bacteria makes the protein the gene coded for

Uses of Transgenic Organisms

• Transgenic plants used in agriculture– Creates crops

resistant to frost, diseases, and insects

– Food produced more quickly and cheaply

Uses of Transgenic Organism

• Transgenic animals – Used to study diseases and gene functions.

Concerns about Genetic Engineering

– possible long-term health effects of eating GM foods

– possible effects of GM plants on ecosystems and biodiversity

Class work

1. Vocabulary Chart

Cloning & Gene Therapy Notes

Genetic Screening

• Test DNA to detect genetic diseases

– determines risk of havingor passing on a geneticdisorder

– can detect genesrelated to an increasedrisk of cancer

– can detect some genesknown to cause geneticdisorders

DMD N

Gene Therapy

• Is the replacement of faulty genes• Gene therapy replaces defective or missing

genes, or adds new genes, to treat a disease.

Gene Therapy

• Has many technical difficulties– Inserting gene into correct cell– Determining effect on other genes

• Only way to cure genetic disease is to change the affected DNA

Cloning

• A clone is a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an organism.

Cloning

• Cloning occurs in nature.

– bacteria (binary fission)

– some simple animals (budding, regeneration)

– Identical twins

Cloning

• Mammals can be cloned through a process called nuclear transfer.– nucleus is removed from an egg cell– nucleus of a cell from the animal to be cloned is

implanted in the egg

Benefits of Cloning

• Human organ transplants

• Save endangered species

Concerns of Cloning

• Low success rate

• Clones less healthy than original

• Ethical controversy

Jurassic park