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War of 1812
Why
• Fighting between France and Britain
• Britain blockades France
• Seize 1,000 + American ships
• Americans favor France
• British impressment (seizing Americans)
• Chesapeake incident -> search and seizure
• Jefferson ask Congress for embargo (no exports)
Canada
• Very ill-prepared army
• British forces weakest in Canada
• Capture Montreal and the rest goes too?
• 3 pronged attack -> Detroit, Niagra, and Lake Champlain (unsuccessful)
• Turn to fighting with navy (Old Ironside)
• Napoleon exiled leaving U.S. alone in war
• Britain attacks New York through Lake Champlain but successfully defended by U.S.
Washington and New Orleans
• Another British force lands in Chesapeake Bay region
• Defeated disorganized U.S.= marched into Washington and burned the Capitol and White House
• U.S. troops held firm in Baltimore
• Star Spangled Banner
• Third British attack on New Orleans unsuccessfully
Treaty of Ghent/Hartford Convention
• Tsar Alexander I of Russia wants to end the fighting between U.S. and Britain
• Bring the two together in Ghent, Belgium
• Agreed to stop fighting (ended fight in draw)
• New England prospers during the war
• Secretly trading with British in Canada still and some begin talks of succession
• Hartford Convention -> New England states get together to list grievances about war (federalists)
• Demand money for lost trade, 2/3 vote to impose an embargo/new states admitted/war declared, abolish 3/5 compromise, single term for President, and prohibit election of 2 Presidents from the same state
• Begins the end of the Federalist Party
By Products of the War
• U.S. proves it will fight to protect itself
• Sectionalism
• Manufacturing prospered
• Rush-Bagot agreement (limited navy on the Great Lakes)
• Nationalism
The American System
• Britain tries to strangle American businesses by cutting its prices in half
• Tariff of 1816 (protective)
• American System (3 Parts)
• Strong banking system (easy and abundant credit)
• Protective tariff (manufacturing would flourish)
• Roads/Canal System(uniting country)
Era of Good Feelings / Panic of 1819
• 1816 election -> James Monroe wins
• Good times labeled as “era of good feelings”
• Economic panic begins in 1819
• Deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, debtors’ prisons
• Caused by over speculation in the frontier lands
Moving on West
• 9 new states in the West between 1791 – 1819
• Alternated admission as free or slave state
• Cheap land appeals to European immigrants
• Land exhaustion in the South
Slavery and Sectional Balance
• Western States = Slave or Non-slave states?
• Missouri becoming close to state-hood
• Tallmadge amendment = no more slaves should be brought into Missouri and emancipation for children of slaves born there
• Slave and non-slave states tied at 2 (equal representation)
• Missouri Compromise
• Missouri would become a slave state
• Maine admitted as a free state
Court Stuff
• Headed by Chief Justice John Marshall
• McCulloch v. Maryland
• MD wanted to destroy bank of U.S. (bank ruled constitutional)
• Cohens v. Virginia
• Gave federal courts right to review decisions of state supreme court
• Gibbons v. Ogden
• Gave federal gov’t control over interstate commerce
Oregon, Florida, and the Monroe Doctrine
• Florida Purchase Treaty aka Adams-Onis Treaty
• Gave Florida to the U.S. and some Spanish claims in Oregon territory
• Gave Spain claims in Texas
• In a message to Congress Monroe warns to European countries noncolonization and nonintervention
• Symbol of nationalism in the United States