War Affects the World

Section 3

Pages 753-757

The Gallipoli Campaign1915 – 1916

British attack on Turkey Knock Turkey out of the

war Get supplies to Russia Persuade neutral Balkan

states to join Allies

A failure Churchill humiliated Bulgaria joins Central

PowersDavid Lloyd George & Winston

Churchill in 1910

Gallipoli

Battle for the Dardanelles

Notable Allied failure to take straits b/t Black Sea & Med Sea

250K died Hopes of a supply line to Russia

dashed

The Battle of Verdun

February to December 1916 Germany wanted to “bleed

France white” Massive German offensive

against French city of Verdun 1,400 artillery along 8-mile

front 1 million shells fired on first

day Casualties

France: 542,000 Germany: 434,000

Dead soldiers at Verdun

The Battle of the Somme

July – November 1916 Allied attempt to relieve

pressure on Verdun British attack along the

Somme River Preceded by 7-day artillery

barrage British had 57,000

casualties on the first day Casualties

Allies: 600,000 Germany: 500,000

Eastern Front

Battle of Tannenberg, Sept. 1914 Russians pushed out of Germany 30k Russians died

Battle of Limanowa, Dec. 1914 Russia pushed out of Austria-

Hungary

Battle of Tannenburg

1st major battle on the Eastern Front

German victory Result of premature Russian

invasion of Germany However, it did divert

German forces from the Western Front, enabling the Allies to halt the German advance on Paris

Russian effort collapses, 1916

Lack of industrialization Troops poorly supplied

Ports blockaded Germans (Baltic Sea),Ottomans

(Black Sea) Only asset were huge numbers

1917

The Fateful Year

The United States and World War I

Isolationist tradition Wilson declares USA

neutral in European war Wilson calls for “peace

without victory” US banks loan

belligerents money Pro-Allied sentiment in

America

President Woodrow Wilson

Sussex Pledge

The Sussex pledge was a promise made in 1916 during World War I by Germany to the United States prior to the latter's entry into the war. Germany had been carrying out unrestricted submarine warfare, indiscriminately attacking any non-German vessel using their U-boats, hindering Allied trade. In the process, a French passenger ship, the Sussex, was fired upon. After this incident, President Woodrow Wilson threatened that if Germany were to continue this practice, the United States would break diplomatic relations with Germany. Fearing the entry of the United States into World War I, Germany attempted to appease the United States by issuing the Sussex pledge, which promised a change in Germany’s naval warfare policy.

In 1917 Germany became convinced they could defeat the Allied Forces by returning to unrestricted submarine warfare before the United States could enter the war, thereby violating the Sussex pledge.

The Sinking of the Lusitania

May 7, 1915 British passenger

liner Sunk by German

U-boat 1,200 lives lost 128 Americans dead Pushed USA closer to

Allies

The Lusitania

Germany Announces Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

January 31, 1917 Germans promise to

sink any ship that enters the war zone Cut off supplies to

Britain & France Force Allied

surrender US merchant ships

sunk

The Zimmerman TelegramFebruary 28, 1917

British intelligence intercepted German telegram to Mexico

Germans promised Mexico territory lost to USA in Mexican War (1846-48)

Mexico did not take the telegram seriously

The USA, however, did April 6, 1917 – USA

declared war on Germany

The Zimmerman Telegram

Zimmerman

Note

Evidence of stereotyping?

John J. Pershing

Led the American Expeditionary Force in World War I.

American “doughboy”

Home Front

Total war touched all livesWartime economy (rations)All able-bodied people put to

workCivil liberties suspendedOfficial use of propaganda

Daylight Savings Time

Victory Gardens

Bernard Baruch

                                 

War Industries BoardCoordinated

production of war supplies.

Popular Nationalism was inflamed

Government leaned heavily on public opinion

Media was manipulatedPropaganda became normal

Propaganda poster

U.S.A. Bonds Third Liberty

Loan Campaign. Boy Scouts of

America Weapons for Liberty, 1917

1917 Anti-German fever in UK

Royal family changed name to Windsor…

German businesses destroyed, German dog breeds attacked

Propaganda

Information or material spread to advance a cause or damage an opponent’s cause.

Alvin York

Most decorated American soldier of World War I.

Mata Hari(1876-1917)

Dutch, wife of military officer in Indonesia

Parisian cabaret dancer

Shot as a spy by France, 1917

Segregated Military

Harlem Hellfighters