Wanted Knights Templar (Public)

8/8/2019 Wanted Knights Templar (Public)

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2009

Corn van KlinkDhr. Klooster

17-12-2009

Wanted: Knights Templar

FIGURE 1: JACQUES DE MOLAY, T HE LASTGRANDMASTER OF THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR


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[WANTED: KNIGHTS TEMPLAR] 17 december 2009

Corn van Klink| Introduction 2

INDEX

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................. 3

C I The Knights Templar...................................................................................................................................................... 4

Who were the Knights Templar and what was their task? .............................................................................. 4 Founding of the Order ................................................................................................................................................... 4

The Templar wealth and treasure ........................................................................................................................... 5

The Templar Fleet ............................................................................................................................................................ 6

What did the Knights Templar do during the Crusades?.................................................................................. 7

Templar Army .................................................................................................................................................................... 7

Templar Fortresses ......................................................................................................................................................... 7

Why was the order dissolved and by whom? ......................................................................................................... 9

Who contributed to the dissolution of the order?........................................................................................... 9The arrest of members of the order .................................................................................................................... 10

C II The Knights Templar after the dissolution .................................................................................................... 12

What happened to the Knights Templar in Europe?........................................................................................ 12

Templar Possesions ..................................................................................................................................................... 12

Templar Knights ............................................................................................................................................................ 12

What happened to the Knights Templar in Scotland? ..................................................................................... 13

Robert Bruce .................................................................................................................................................................... 13

The battle of Bannockburn....................................................................................................................................... 13The Templar fleet .......................................................................................................................................................... 14

What happened to the Knights Templar in Portugal? ..................................................................................... 15

The Order of Christ ....................................................................................................................................................... 15

Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................................... 16

Scotland ................................................................................................................................................................................... 16

Portugal ................................................................................................................................................................................... 16

Source Indication ..................................................................................................................................................................... 17

Bibliography.......................................................................................................................................................................... 17Figure-list .................................................................................................................................................................................... 17

Afterword .................................................................................................................................................................................... 18

Logbook ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 19

Small intro and info

Since this is my profile paper, I thought that it would be nice to put some wisdom in the

form ofEnglish and (though its not one of my classes) Latin proverbs in my paper. I found

these proverbs on the internet and thought that they were appropriate.


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Corn van Klink| Introduction 3

INTRODUCTION

I knew for a long time that in the end, I would have to write my profile paper. I decided that Iwould do my profile paper on my own. This decision made the choice of a subject a lot easier.

At first I thought of a subject that would relate to my university study, Landscape Architectureand Spatial Planning. When I examined this possibility further, I came to the conclusion this wasa bit too complicated. I did not yet posses the knowledge to write a profile paper about this yet.

So I kept on searching for a subject. Then I thought of my other zest, history. I have always hadan interest in the Dark Ages, and the Crusades in particular because back then there were stillsecrets. Therefor I decided to go for this theme. I started reading articles on the internet andsoon found a very interesting subject: the Knights Templar. This mysterious military orderfascinated me very much.

SCIENTIA NON HABET INIMICUM NISI IGNORANTEM.

(KNOWLEDGE HAS NO ENEMIES BUT THE IGNORANT)

Of course, the order as a whole is not a good subject. So I went on reading about the order and Igot interested by the way the Order was dissolved and what happened to the members of theOrder after the dissolution of the Order. This was all a bit mysterious, so it might be hard toresearch, but I just saw this as a challenge.

After that I started looking for information and drafting a main question and some part

questions. Then, after consulting with Mr. Klooster, I could start my paper.

Main question

To what extent did the Knights Templar still have military-, economical- and clerical power afterthe official dissolution of the order in 1312?

Part questions

1) Who were the Knights Templar, why were they founded and what was their task?2) What did the Knights Templar do during the Crusades?3) Why was the order dissolved and by whom?4) What happened to the Knights Templar in Europe after the dissolution?

a. What happened to the Knights Templar in Scotland?b. What happened to the Knights Templar in Portugal?

I chose to focus on Scotland and Portugal because I had read about the Knights Templar in thesetwo countries and was fascinated about the way the order evolved after the dissolution.

Attention: To make things easier I will name the Order of the Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ andof the Temple of Solomon simply the Order (with a capital letter).

I hope you will find this paper interesting and (maybe even) fun to read. Have fun learning aboutone of the most mysterious organizations of all time!


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Corn van Klink| C I The Knights Templar 4

C I THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR

Before I will start my real investigation I think the Knights Templar need a short introduction. The

following chapter is about the founding of the Orderof Solomons Temple and its task.

WHO WERE THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR AND WHAT WAS THEIR TASK?

FOUNDING OF THE ORDER

o one knows exactly how the Order started. The more accurate sources are from far latertimes than the actual founding year of the Order. The most common version of thefounding story is that the Order was founded in 1118, though evidence suggests that the

Order might have been founded four years earlier. This however cannot be said for certain. 1

The Order was founded by Hugues de Payens. This man was therefore the first Grandmaster ofthe Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon , which was the official

name of the order. Their raison dtre was to protect pilgrims that traveled through the HolyLand to see the city of Jerusalem, which was conquered in 1099. 2

After the first knights of the Order arrived at Jerusalem they received a place to live from theking of Jerusalem, Baldwin II. This place was in the palace that the king had turned the Al-Aqsamosque into. It was on the southern side of the Temple mount, an area knownto the Templar as the Solomons Temple. 3

In 1120 the Order was acknowledged by the patriarch of Jerusalem, Dagobert.Dagobert, also the archbishop of Pisa, was a nephew of Bernard of Clairvauxand the leading Catholic clergy in Jerusalem.4

During the first nine years of the existence of the Order, the knights wore theusual clothing of a medieval knight. In the ninth year, the Knights were allowedto wear a white robe over their armor. Patriarch Dagobert provided them withtheir first insignia: the Cross of Lorraine. This Insignia can be seen on Figure 2.When Eugene III became pope, the Knights Templar started using anotherinsignia: the Cross Patte (as seen on Figure 3), this was a sign of martership. 5

FIGURE 3: THE CROSS PATTE

1 Baigent, M., Leigh, R. De Tempel en de Loge, van tempelridders tot vrijmetselarij, Tirion, Baarn, 2007,edition unknown (1st edition 1989), p. 542 Idem, p. 543 Hopkins, M. De Tempeliers, hun geschiedenis en mystieke verbanden, Librero, Kerkdriel, 2008, unknown

edition (1st edition 2006), p. 204 Idem, p. 205 Idem, p. 20, 21

N

FIGURE 2: THE CROSSOF LORRAINE


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On request of the Grandmaster of the Order, King Baldwin sent for help to Bernard of Clairvaux.He asked him to help the Order with the design of an order line: a series of rules and duties for

all members of certain religious orders. He also asked him if Papal Approval could be achieved.On January the 14th 1129 the Council of Troyes started. On the 31stof January Hugues de Payensappeared before the Council and Bernard presented to him the Order Line. 6

After this event the Order was offered a large amount of properties such as estates, castles. Theamount of gifts it received was so big that the Order had to postpone taking possession of somegifts because of a lack of manpower. Luckily the presenting of the Order Line, which glorified thevirtues of the order, also caused a large incoming flow of new recruits. The Order of the KnightsTemplar soon became a noticeable power in Europe with many possessions and representativesof important aristocratic families within their ranks.7

From 1128 onward, the Order was expanding rapidly. Not only received the Order a lot ofapplications of new members. Within a year the Order was in possession of land in France,England, Scotland, Spain and Portugal. Within ten years these possessions would stretch all theway to Italy, Austria, Germany, Hungary and Constantinople. The Order was becoming the

richest and most powerful institution in all of Christendom, with only the Pope as superior. 8

THE TEMPLAR WEALTH AND TREASURE

The incoming wealth in the forms of money and possessions was the start of a very lucrativetrade for the Order. In the first half of the 12 thcentury Europes scene was largely taken in byfighting nobles, counties, kingdoms and city-states. Long distance trade was mostly impossible.High tolls charged by feudal nobles made trade expensive and therefore not very profitable. Ontop of that was the risk of being robbed by bandits.9

With the emergence of the Order and her vast number of estates, long distance trade became

much safer. The estates, scattered through whole of Europe, provided a starting point forpilgrim- and trading routes. By the Order controlled routes were often used by merchants. Byusing the roads of the Order, merchants could transport their goods fairly safe across greatdistances.

A strong growth of trade cant hold without an efficient financial structure. The Templar took on

the role of bankers. The Knights were experienced with gold and money transports throughEurope to finance their activities in the Holy Land. They copied their banking system from theirMuslim adversaries. A traveler could deposit his money in Europe where he would receive asmall encoded message they could show at arrival in the Holy Land at which they would receivetheir deposited amount of money.10

By this system of banking and through all of their estates the Knights Templar became very rich.At one time they held a considerable amount of liquid wealth and negotiable assets in France. 11They lent the king of France considerable amounts of money.12 This was presumably one of thereasons of their downfall, which I will discuss later.

6 Hopkins, M. De Tempeliers, p. 247 Idem, p. 278 Baigent, M., Leigh, R. De Tempel en de Loge, p. 559 Hopkins, M. De Tempeliers, p. 6910 Idem, p. 69

11 Barber, M. The new Knighthood,A history of the Order of the Temple, Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, 2005, 6th edition, (1stedition 1994), p. 29812 Hopkins, M. De Tempeliers, p. 70


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THE TEMPLAR FLEET

By the middle of the 13thcentury, the Orders Fleet was no longer just a necessity. It had becomeone of the main advantages of the Order. It was for Templar knights much cheaper to transportmen and material to the Holy Land with their own ships rather than to rent ships from

merchants. On top of that, the Fleet could be us ed to transport someone elses men or materials,the Fleet could also transport pilgrims. All this was a welcome form of income for the Order. At agiven time, the Order was transporting 6000 pilgrims a year to Palestine from their ports inSpain, France and Italy.13

The Order, being a religious order, was exempted from taxes. This made trading a veryprofitable business. Overall, the Order was focusing its activities on the Mediterranean. Mostly,the supply of the Holy Land. Their first and largest port in the Atlantic Ocean was the port of LaRochelle.14

A picture of the headquarters of the Knights Templar can be seen on Figure 4. The TemplarCross can easily be recognized.

From this port trade was establish with England and probably with the Hanseatic League.15Another advantage of this port is that, from it, products could be transported over land to aMediterranean port. This way, the dangerous Strait of Gibraltar, controlled by the Saracens,could be avoided.16

13 Baigent, M., Leigh, R. De Tempel en de Loge, p. 77, 7814 Idem, p. 78

15Idem, p. 7816 Addison, C.G. The history of the Knights Templar, the Temple Church, and the Temple, AdventuresUnlimited Press, Kempton, 1997, unknown edition (1stedition 1842), p. 15

FIGURE 4: TEMPLAR HEADQUARTERS IN LA ROCHELLE


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WHAT DID THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR DO DURING THE CRUSADES?

As I already told, the activities of the Order were focused on fighting the Muslims in the Holy Land.

This chapter tells of those activities.

TEMPLAR ARMY

Until 1128, approximately ten years after the founding of the order, the Order only had knightsin its ranks. After that the organization consisted of three main classes: Knights, chaplains andsergeants. 17 The size of their army was largely dependent on new recruits from the West. Thethought that it was glorious to die in battle was a noble idea, but it was not good for theirnumbers. The result of this idea was that in a single battle half of the knights might be killed. 18

REBELS, DEMONS, BAD PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN CASTLES ON

INACCESSIBLE, STEEP ROCKS WHERE WILD BEASTS DWELL

SALADINS SECRETARY

The Knights Templar have always been considered as a serious threat by their Muslimadversaries. Each victory on the military order was therefore greatly celebrated.19

TEMPLAR FORTRESSES

The Orders castles and fortresses can be identified by

the specific techniques of construction and by masonrypatterns. The castles can be easily differentiated fromoriginal castles from Armenian Cilicia.

It is however unlikely that the Order built all of itscastles on its own. The first castles date back to 1130and it is improbable that the Order had sufficientresources and manpower back then to build their owncastles. It is therefore more likely that they rebuiltexisting castles to fit their own taste.20

Many of the fortresses were built just after the FirstCrusade. They were built by Franks, who made up themain body of the First crusading army. The castles wereremarkable buildings as the style of the buildings wasinfluenced by both Arabian and Byzantic models. TheOrder acquired them both by purchase and by gift.21

The Franks, who built the castles, were undermanned insuch a way that they could never occupy a whole citywall. Therefore, they focused on strengthening thecastles that protected almost every Syrian town.

17 Campbell, G.A. Knights Templar: Their Rise and Fall, Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish, 2003, unknownedition (1st edition unknown), p. 5518 Idem, p. 68

19 Hopkins, M. De Tempeliers, p. 4320 Barber, M. The new Knighthood, p. 7921 Campbell, G.A. Knights Templar: Their Rise and Fall, p. 86

FIGURE 5: TEMPLAR FORTRESSES IN THE HOLYLAND


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These castles were separated from the town they protected by battlements (walls). They hadtheir own gate which provided access to the country and had their own water supply. When therest of the town might easily be captured, the castle itself would serve as a refuge for civilians. 22

On figure 5 a map of the fortresses of the Order of the Temple. In the North, Baghras (figure 6)was the most important fortress. This fortress protected Antioch (present-day Turkey), animportant city during the Crusades.23

Unfortunately I could not find any adequate information about any military campaigns the Knight

Templar commanded.

22 Campbell, G.A. Knights Templar: Their Rise and Fall, p. 8723 Barber, M. The new Knighthood, p. 79

FIGURE 6: THE RUINS OF THE CASTLE OF BAGHRAS


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WHY WAS THE ORDER DISSOLVED AND BY WHOM?

In 1312 the Order was dissolved by Pope Clement V. In this chapter I will try to explain why he did

this and by whom he was put under extreme pressure.

WHO CONTRIBUTED TO THE DISSOLUTION OF THE ORDER?

It can be said that when the last territory in Palestine was lost to the Muslims the fall of theOrder began. Every serious hope of ever recapturing the Holy City (Jerusalem) was lost. Despitenumerous efforts to preserve power in the Levant, the last Christian territory was lost and withthis the Order lost its raison dtre. Now, the Order had no longer any military purpose, only aclerical and economical purpose.

For both these purposes they were envied. Their enormous wealth and immense possessionswoke jealousy in many. The clergy regarded the Order with envy for their privileges theypossessed of celebrating divine service during interdict (excommunication).24

The Knights Templar had also become unpopular with the European nobles. The profits of thenobles had been somewhat reduced. This reduction had been caused by the generous gifts fromtheir predecessors to the Order. 25 One of these nobles was Philip IV of France. Philip was inserious trouble. His kingdom was in a financial crisis, he desperately needed money. Theseproblems worsened when he got involved in several wars.

Philip tried to solve his problems in a couple of different ways: He charged the church with 10percent extra taxes, charged foreign merchants extra, devalued the national currency severaltimes and he arrested people from whom he had lent money. After he had done all the above heno longer had any debts and he had even acquired a decent income.26

All this time, Philip had been busy with the appointing of a new pope. This is important to know ashe set a condition to the pope in exchange for his support.

When he was young, Philip wanted to join the Knights Templar. Due to very high requirementshe was rejected and this left him bitter and revengeful. Once, during a riot, Philip was chased andhe sought refuge in the Temple in Paris. He was very much impressed by the amount of treasurethat was stored there.

When he got into a financial crisis and needed money he remembered the amounts of gold andother treasure stored in the Temple in Paris. He thought that the treasure of the KnightsTemplar would solve all his money-problems. He sent letters all around his kingdom issuing thearrest of the entire Order. The letter stated:

A bitter case, too much to think about, too terrible to hear, a terrible atrocity, somethingalmost inhuman, which has nothing to do with humanity.

On the 13th October of 1307, all but 24 knights from the Order were arrested in France. TheGrandmaster, Jacques de Molay, was also arrested along with twenty-four other knights from theinner organization of the Order.27

24 Campbell, G.A. Knights Templar: Their Rise and Fall, p. 237

25 Idem, p. 23726 Hopkins, M. De Tempeliers, p. 11127 Idem, p. 112,113


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THE ARREST OF MEMBERS OF THE ORDER

Philip IV, king of France, accused the knights of the Order of heresy, sodomy and blasphemy. Oneof the charges against the Templar stated that they inflicted more serious wounds to JesusChrist than the ones he suffered on the Cross. There were countless more specific charges:

- The renouncing of Christ by Order members.- The desecration of the Cross by Order members.- The worship of an idol (Baphomet) by Order Members.- The offering of a perverted sacrament.- Ritual murder.- The changing of the Mass ritual.- Immorality and treason and so on

The list of charges against the Templar was virtually endless. They were charged by the head-inquisitor of France: Guillaume de Plaisians. He was the one that sanctioned the order of arrest.The procedure of arrest did not proceed as usual; it was performed under direct authority of the

French king.28

It has never been really proven if any of the charges against the Knights Templar were true.

Pope Clement had neither the will nor the power to resist the order of the king to arrest theKnights Templar. He tried to regain control of the situation on 22nd November of 1307 byinstructing all Christian sovereigns to arrest all Templar knights and confiscating all Templarpossessions.29

Philip IV was not satisfied with the suppression of the Order in France. He wanted the Order tobe abolished in all Christian countries. If the Knights Templar in other countries would not becaptured there was a chance that these knights would come to France in order to aid theirbrethren. Another possibility was that other countries would see their chance to attack France,being assured of Templar support.30

Philip had thought about this threat and on the 13 th October, the day of the arrest, letters werealready underway to all Christian kingdoms. In this letter he explained the charges against theKnights Templar and urged them to arrest the knights as well. He hoped that the kings andprinces would accept and arrest all of the Knights Templar in their kingdom. Most of them didnot, they waited for the Pope to respond.31

When the English king, Edward II, first heard of the arrests in France, he hesitated. He could notbelieve that the Orders brethren would be capable of doing the things for which they were

charged. On the 20th of November he replied to Philip IV that he was going to summon theSeneschal of Agen (an important steward) to explain about the charges against the KnightsTemplar. He also sent messages to other kingdoms, asking them not to act until further notice. 32

Edward also wrote a letter to the Pope on December 4th asking him to stand in defense of theOrder. This letter arrived too late. At the time the letter was received, the Pope had alreadycapitulated to the will of Philip IV. He issued a Papal Bull which said that, since there had long

28 Hopkins, M. De Tempeliers, p. 114, 11529 Idem, p. 117, 118

30 Campbell, G.A. Knights Templar: Their Rise and Fall, p. 26831 Idem, p. 268, 26932 Idem, p. 269


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been rumors around the Knights Templar, some of them must be true and had to be corrected.The main reason of him issuing a Papal Bull was his fear of Philip of France. 33

When Edward II got the Papal Bull, it left him no other possibility. He answered the Pope thataction against the Knights Templar would be undertaken in an as swift and best possiblemanner.34 He issued instructions to the sheriffs of England to arrest the Knights Templar and totake charge of all of their properties.35

Meanwhile in France, the Grandmaster of the Order, Jacques de Molay was being prosecuted.Because of his confessions he was to be put away in prison for life, instead of being sentenced todeath. However, during his trial he recanted his confessions, which he made under torture.36

He said:

BEFORE HEAVEN AND EARTH AND WITH ALL OF YOU HERE AS MY

WITNESSES I DECLARE, AND I MUST DECLARE, THAT THE ORDER

IS INNOCENT. ITS PURITY AND SAINTLINESS ARE BEYONDQUESTION. JACQUES DE MOLAY37

After this trial he was slowly burnt to death. Before he died, hecursed the French king and the Pope. He called them to appear infront of God within the year. They both died within a year from hisexecution. 38 The trial took place in Paris in 1314.39

In early 1311, the Pope declared in public that the dissolution ofthe Order was over. Enemies of Christendom, Saracen armies, werevery happy with this event. On the 5 th of June in the same year, the

papal commission published its findings in the Knights Templarcase.40

The commission concluded that the case against the KnightsTemplar was not proven. Below is the commission verdict. TheOrder had by then already been dissolved.

THE ORDER ITSELF HAS NOT BEEN FOUND GUILTY, THE

INNOCENCE OF SOME INDIVIDUALS INSIDE THE ORDER, HOWEVER,

IS QUESTIONED. THE PAPAL COMMISION ON THE KNIGHTSTEMPLAR CASE41

33 Idem, p. 26934 Hopkins, M. De Tempeliers, p. 117, 11835 Campbell, G.A. Knights Templar: Their Rise and Fall, p. 27036 Ralls, K. Knights Templar Encyclopedia, The Essential guide to the people, places, events and symbols of theOrder of the Temple, The Career Press, Franklin Lakes, 2007, 1st edition,p. 125, 12637 Idem, p. 12638 Hopkins, M. De Tempeliers, p. 119

39 Ralls, K. Knights Templar Encyclopedia, p. 21340 Idem, p. 21341 Idem, p. 213

FIGURE 7: JACQUES DE MOLAY BEINGBURNED TO DEATH


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Corn van Klink| C II The Knights Templar after the dissolution 12

C II THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR AFTER THE DISSOLUTION

You have read about whom the Knights Templar were and what they did. I also described why the

Order of Solomons Temple was dissolvedin . Now my main research comes up. What happened to

the Knights Templar after the dissolution of the Order?

WHAT HAPPENED TO THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR IN EUROPE?

TEMPLAR POSSESIONS

In May 1312 an important papal Bull was issued. TheAd providam ordered that all Templarproperty had to be turned over to the Knights Hospitaller, the Orders rival order.42 The Popedecided this because all of the properties were given to the Order for support for the OrdersCrusade, the Pope thought it should continue to be used for this purpose.43

An exception to this Bull was the Iberian Peninsula. In the Spanish and Portuguese lands, theproperties of the Order were transferred to local orders or new orders would be formed. 44 I willdiscuss this later in my paper.

TEMPLAR KNIGHTS

Some of the knights joined the Knights Hospitaller, other the Teutonic Knights. Both these ordershad made sure that their orders would survive and that they still had a raison dtre. For theTeutonic Knights, this was the expulsion of pagans from the Baltic area and the founding of theirown state: Prussia. The Knights Hospitaller attained Malta and Rhodes and used these islands asa base to eradicate Saracen piracy. 45

42 Ralls, K. Knights Templar Encyclopedia, p. 213

43 Idem, p. 21444 Idem, p. 21445 Hopkins, M. De Tempeliers, p. 121


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WHAT HAPPENED TO THE KNIGHTS TE MPLAR IN SCOTLAND?

To explain what happened to the Knights Templar in Scotland, I will first tell something about the

situation and balance of power.

ROBERT BRUCE

When in 1306 Robert Bruce was crowned King of Celtic Scotland, the English king saw this as athreat. He did not want a restored Celtic monarchy, this was a political threat as the English kingwanted Scotland for himself. The Pope even saw this as a resurrection of the old, heretical CelticChurch of Scotland. For this reason, Scotland as a whole was excommunicated. The reactions ofthis sanction were, however, indifferent.46

On the 19th of June it came to a confrontation between Edward II, king of England, and Bruce,king of Celtic Scotland. A crushing defeat for the Scots was the outcome of this confrontationnear Methuen. Bruce was forced to flee to Argyll and later Ulster. From Ulster he tried to gain

Irish support for his cause. In February 1307 he restarted his campaign against the English incompany of some Irish noblemen and their followers.47

In 1309, Bruce was officially appointed King of Scotland by the Scottish Parliament in St.

Andrews. He was accepted in this position by his people, by other heads of state except by thenew king of England Edward II and the Pope, which had excommunicated him. In the winter of1310-1311 Edward II began a new offensive against the, from his point of view, rebelling Scots. 48

The Scottish army was getting better, this could have had a few possible causes: The army wasjust becoming more experienced, the weapons which the army received from the Irish were ofvery good quality. These weapons may have come from the Knights Templar in Ireland. Or thearmy was being trained by fugitive Knights Templar.49

THE BATTLE OF BANNOCKBURN

By the end of 1313 a small English garrison was besieged by Bruces brother, Edward Bruce.Edward of England could not tolerate this. Therefore he set out with an army which historiansestimate consisted of 20 000 men. The Scottish army consisted of only 7 000 to 10 000 men.The big confrontation between these two armies took place near the castle of Stirling on the 24 thof June.

After an entire day of battle the Scottish army was losing, which was to be expected, but then afresh force arrived at the battlefield to give the English a finishing blow. Legend goes this force

was a group of Knights Templar.50

Again, I cannot give any hard facts as I cannot find any evidence.

46 Baigent, M., Leigh, R. De Tempel en de Loge, p. 4447 Idem, p. 4448 Idem, p. 45

49 Idem, p. 45,4650 Gourdin, T.S. Historical sketch of the order of the Knights Templar, Walker & Evans, place of publicationunknown, 1835, 1stedition, p. 24


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THE TEMPLAR FLEET

When records show Templar activity in Scotland, the question arises: How did the Knights Templar

get in Scotland? The Order did posses property there, but there would not have been enough

manpower to surprise the English army at Bannockburn.

As I told before, the Order was in the possession of a considerable fleet. On 13th October 1307,this fleet was nowhere to be found. It had simply vanished into thin air. The Templar Treasure,one of the reasons for Philips arrest of the Knights, had vanished too. There was also a greatnumber of Knights (possibly more than 1000) that vanished in France.51 From this we canconclude that these disappearances are connected.

From Paris, the city where most of the Knights resided,there were two ways of escape:

- By land- By boat on the Seine

For the Knights, the route by land was not possible as thearea around Paris was heavily guarded by the Kings men.So, the option that was chosen was the Seine. Over theSeine, they could reach the Atlantic Ocean, where largerships would lie waiting to travel to a previouslydetermined destination.52

The destination of this possible journey are notdocumented anywhere, it was still an escape-attempt.There is no trace of them in any historical archive. So, we

have to make an educated guess:- They could go to Spain or Portugal, the downside was that this would attract a lot of

attention. The Knights did not want this, they were fleeing. This rules out the Iberiancountries.

- England was by this time also sentencing Knights Templar. So, this was not an option.- Scandinavia could also have been suggested. However, since Scandinavia did not have a

lot of inhabitants the Knights could not have fled there unnoticed.- A good option was Scotland. It was excommunicated, so the Papal bull against the

Knights would not apply there.

The most probable option is the one of Scotland. Also it could explain the unexpected help that

Robert Bruce received at the Battle of Bannockburn.53

To sum up: It cant be proven where the Knights Templar fled. It can however be concluded in

retrospective.

If, in fact, it were the Knights Templar that helped Robert Bruce, he would want to keep thatquiet. If the Pope found out that he was collaborating with the Knights their relation would

become even worse. Robert wanted their relation to get better. Furthermore, if his most

51 Baigent, M., Leigh, R. De Tempel en de Loge, p. 7652 Idem, p. 78, 7953 Idem, p. 79

FIGURE 8: THE SEINE, FROM PARIS TOTHE ATLANTIC


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important ally, Philip IV of France, would notice that Bruce was working together with theOrder, this would do serious damage to their alliance.54

Templar presence in Scotland is believed to have led to Freemasonry. I do not know if this is true

and as far as I read I cannot prove this. I will therefore make no notice of it in this paper.

WHAT HAPPENED TO THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR IN PORTUGAL?

As I told before, for the Knights Templar in the Hispanic region an arrangement was made. In

Portugal this arrangement was made by the king himself.

When, in 1312, the Order of the Knights Templar was abolished by Pope Clement V the propertyof the Order in the Hispanic States was given to the king of these states. The Portuguese king fellheir to the castles of the Templar castles on the territory. King Dinis (Denis in English) had adifferent idea. He proposed a plan to the Pope. He wanted a new order to be created.

THE ORDER OF CHRIST

In 1319, the Pope agreed and from the ashes of the Knights Templar a new order arose: The

Order of Christ. The order immediately took over all Templar possessions in Portugal that hadnot been confiscated by the crown.55 A lot of the former Knights Templar swiftly became Knightsof Christ. As we can see, the Order of Christ can be simply said to be a continuation of the Orderof the Temple in Portugal.56

The Order of Christs Headquarters was seated

in Castro Marino, current Castro Marim,situated in the furthest southeastern tip ofPortugal. Later, their headquarters were

definitively situated in the monastery andcastle of Tomar.

By the time, the Knights of Christ had settled,the order had a small problem. The Muslims,the enemies the order was supposed to protect

Portugal from had been driven from Portugal.

Prince Henry of Portugal solved this problemby giving the order a new task: fighting the Muslims on their own soil. By taking this step,Portugal was well on his way of becoming the great Empire it would become. 57

54 Baigent, M., Leigh, R. De Tempel en de Loge, p. 4955 Anderson, J.M. The History of Portugal, Greenwood Press, Westport, 2000, 1stedition, p. 33

56 Herbermann, C.G. (Old) Catholic Encyclopedia, The Encyclopedia Press, New York, 1914, 1stedition,Order of Christ57 Idem

FIGURE 9: TOMAR CASTLE, HEADQUARTERS OF THEORDER OF CHRIST


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Corn van Klink| Conclusion 16

CONCLUSION

The Order of the Knights Templar were founded in 1118 to protect pilgrims in and aroundJerusalem. They later became a military clerical order. This Order was the first of its kind. TheOrder became very powerful in a clerical, economical and a military way.

In a short amount of time they became so powerful that the only one who was allowed to givethe Knights Templar orders was the Pope. However, when the last Christian territory in theLevant was lost and Philip IV of France started interfering in the business of the Pope, thingsstarted going downhill for the Order.

Philip IV had financial problems and he thought that the awesome wealth of the Knights couldsolve his problems. Therefore he started campaigning against the Order. He had great influence

on the Pope and he forced him to abolish the Order of the Knights Templar

When the Pope published a Papal Bull which said the Order was dissolved and had becomeillegal, the Knights Templar had to flee. They most likely went to Scotland and they took all their

treasure. In some countries the Knights merged into other orders.

To what extent did the Knights Templar still have military-, economical- and clerical power afterthe official dissolution of the order in 1312?

In mainland-Europe their power was gone. In other parts of the world their power was notthriving as it used to, but it was still there. All the Orders possessions were inherited by theKnights Hospitaller because of a Papal Bull. In some cases, the king of a country took hold of thevast estates of the Templar.

In Spain the Order dissolved into smaller military orders that were to help with the Reconquista,the conquering of the Iberian Island on the Muslims.

SCOTLAND

The Knights Templar probably went here in search for refuge. They found this in the army ofRobert Bruce. In this army they, secretly, trained the Scottish troops. Later, in the Battle ofBannockburn they assisted the Scottish king in defeating the English.

PORTUGAL

In Portugal, the Knights Templar practically continued under another name: the Order of Christ.King Diniz had arranged this. He did not mind the auxiliary army in his country. He could use

them to defend against the infidels: the Saracen Muslims.

When the Muslims had been driven from Portugal, the order was put to work in an attack on thesoil of the Saracens: Africa.


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Corn van Klink| Source Indication 17

SOURCE INDICATION

All of my pictures I got from Wikipedia. My other sources were all books. Most of these books,however, came from the internet. I used Google Books a lot, this is a service by Google in which alot of books are digitalized. This way I could use sources I would normally never get my hands

on.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- Addison, C.G. The history of the Knights Templar, the Temple Church, and the Temple,Adventures Unlimited Press, Kempton, 1997, edition unknown (1st edition 1842)

- Anderson, J.M. The History of Portugal, Greenwood Press, Westport, 2000, 1stedition- Baigent, M., Leigh, R. De Tempel en de Loge, van tempelridders tot vrijmetselarij, Tirion,

Baarn, 2007, edition unknown (1st edition 1989)- Barber, M. The new Knighthood,A history of the Order of the Temple, Cambridge

University Press, Cambridge, 2005, 6th edition, (1st edition 1994),

- Campbell, G.A. Knights Templar: Their Rise and Fall, Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish,2003, edition unknown (1st edition unknown)- Gourdin, T.S. Historical sketch of the order of the Knights Templar, Walker & Evans, place

of publication unknown, 1835, 1stedition- Herbermann, C.G. (Old) Catholic Encyclopedia, The Encyclopedia Press, New York, 1914,

1stedition- Hopkins, M. De Tempeliers, hun geschiedenis en mystieke verbanden, Librero, Kerkdriel,

2008, edition unknown (1st edition 2006)- Ralls, K. Knights Templar Encyclopedia, The Essential guide to the people, places, events

and symbols of the Order of the Temple, The Career Press, Franklin Lakes, 2007, 1stedition

FIGURE-LIST

FIGURE 1:JACQUES DE MOLAY, THE LAST GRANDMASTER OF THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR ............................................................. 1FIGURE 3:THE CROSS PATTE .................................................................................................................................. 4FIGURE 2:THE CROSS OF LORRAINE ........................................................................................................................... 4FIGURE 4:TEMPLAR HEADQUARTERS IN LA ROCHELLE .................................................................................................... 6FIGURE 5:TEMPLAR FORTRESSES IN THE HOLY LAND ...................................................................................................... 7FIGURE 6:THE RUINS OF THE CASTLE OF BAGHRAS ........................................................................................................ 8FIGURE 7:JACQUES DE MOLAY BEING BURNED TO DEATH .............................................................................................. 11FIGURE 8:THE SEINE, FROM PARIS TO THE ATLANTIC ................................................................................................... 14

FIGURE 9:TOMAR CASTLE, HEADQUARTERS OF THE ORDER OF CHRIST.............................................................................. 15
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Corn van Klink| Afterword 18

AFTERWORD

I really liked working on this Profile Paper. I am also very glad its finished now. The KnightsTemplar is a surprisingly modern subject. A lot of the things people think are, however, simplynot true. These things are mostly prose, like Dan Browns books. I decided I wanted to make

things clear for myself and started doing research.

When I started, I understood why so many things were misunderstood. The Knights Templarwere simply shrouded in mystery. Not everything they did was on record. When I came to thepart of the research where I had to investigate where they had fled to, I was puzzled. There wereno records of them, which makes sense since it was a flight.

The general information about the Knights Templar could easily be found. This was not a piece

of cake, but it was easier than part two: What happened after the dissolution? This was harder tofind, but this was after all my main research. I knew before I started the research it would behard. This also made it interesting, I got the feeling I was unveiling history. Though I knew

people had done this before me, it still gave a good feeling.

CRESCAT SCIENTIA VITA EXCOLATUR

(LET KNOWLEDGE GROW, LET LIFE BE ENRICHED)

Now I have finished, and I handed in this Paper I do feel I could have done much more if I hadhad the time. It feels my research is not quite finished yet. I do think, now this subject has sointerested me and I invested so much time in investigating it I will keep reading about it.

The last thing I would like to say is that I have also learned a lot from using the English language

for this paper. At first I just thought: Why not?. Now I am finished I am happy I used English. Itis a whole different experience and I feel I learned a lot from it.

I would like to take this opportunity to thank you for reading my Profile Paper. I hope youlearned from it and that you found it was interesting.


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Corn van Klink| Logbook 19

LOGBOOK

Date Time Occupation09-06-2009 2 hours Thinking of my final subject / watch documentary10-06-2009 2 hours Reading about Knights Templar in book: De tempel en de loge

12-06-2009 2 hours Reading about Knights Templar in book: De tempel en de loge15-07-2009 3 hour Reading about Knights Templar in book: De tempel en de loge17-07-2009 3 hour Reading about Knights Templar in book: De tempel en de loge22-07-2009 2 hours Reading about Knights Templar in book: De tempel en de loge14-09-2009 2 hours Reading about Knights Templar on the internet (Wikipedia)15-09-2009 1 hour Formulating part and main question02-10-2009 2 hours Looking for sources18-10-2009 1 hour Reading about subject19-10-2009 1 hour Reading about subject / working on part question I22-10-2009 1 hour Reading about subject / working on part question I23-10-2009 1 hour Reading about subject / working on part question I and II25-10-2009 2 hours Already putting together entire paper, now I only have to fill it22-11-2009 3 hours Working on chapter I / writing preface / writing introduction30-11-2009 3 hours Working on chapter I and II01-12-2009 2 hours Searching info (Google Books)04-12-2009 2 hours Working on part question III05-12-2009 2 hours Working on part question I, II and III06-12-2009 4 hours Working on part question II and III07-12-2009 1 hour Working on part question II08-12-2009 2 hours Working on part question III and IV11-12-2009 2 hours Working on part question III and IV12-12-2009 4 hours Working on part question IV13-12-2009 6 hours Working on part question II and IV

14-12-2009 2 hours Working on part question IV, conclusion and afterword15-12-2009 4 hours Working on source indication, conclusion and afterword16-12-2009 3 hours Finishing touch, printing04-02-2009 2 hours Correcting mistakes10-02-2009 3 hours Correcting mistakes11-02-2009 1 hour Adding a clear summary to my conclusion11-02-2009 1 hour Second finishing touch, printing

Total hours (so far): 70 hours

Documents

Wanted Knights Templar (Public)