VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & … vignana jyothi institute of engineering & technology department of ... combinational circuits that ... of engineering & technology

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VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

II B. Tech, Semester I (IT)

Subject : Digital Logic Design

Subject Code : 5CS03

Academic Year : 2016 – 17

Number of working days : 90

Number of Hours / week : 4

Total number of periods planned: 65

Name of the Faculty Member: Ms.K.RENUKA

IIYear B. Tech IT– I Sem L T/P/D C

3 1 3

(5CS03) DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN

Course Objectives

By taking this course Students will

Analyze and explore uses of logic functions for building digital logic circuits

Explore the Combinational logic circuits.

Examine the operation of sequential (synchronous and asynchronous) circuits.

Understand the programming concepts of HDL for simulating any type of logic circuits.

Course Outcomes

At the end of the course students will

Simplify the complex logic functions using k-maps and tabulation methods

Build any type of combinational circuits that help in further designing memory elements

Design Synchronous and Asynchronous sequential circuits using memory elements.

Apply the concepts of HDL for simulating the logic functions, combinational and sequential

circuits.

2

UNIT-I

I Syllabus

NUMBERS SYSTEMS AND CODES

Review of number systems- number base conversion-binary arithmetic- binary weighted and

non-weighted codes – Complements-Signed binary numbers-Error Detection and Correcting

Codes-Binary Logic.

II Learning Objectives

At the end of unit student must be able to

Learn Number Systems

Perform Number base conversions

Learn Binary Arithmetic

Learn Binary weighted and non-weighted codes

Learn Complements

Learn Signed binary numbers

Learn Error Detection and Correcting Codes

Learn Binary Logic.

III Lecture Plan

Lecture plan :

S.No. Description of Topic No. of

Hrs.

Method of

Teaching

1. Learn Number Systems 1 PPT+Video

2. Number base conversions 2 PPT+Video

3. Binary Arithmetic 1 PPT

4. Binary weighted and non-weighted codes 1 PPT

5. Complements 1 PPT, chalk &

board

6 Signed binary numbers 1 chalk & board

7 Error Detection and Correcting Codes 2 chalk & board

8 Binary Logic 1 chalk & board

________

Total: 10Hrs

_________

IV Assignment

1. Perform the Number conversion

2. Explain Error Detection and Correction Codes.

3.Explain Different Logic gates With neat Diagrams

3

UNIT-II

I Syllabus BOOLEAN ALGEBRA AND GATE LEVEL MINIMIZATION: Postulates and theorems- representation of switching functions-SOP and POS forms –Canonical forms-digital logic gates –Karnaugh Maps –minimization using three variable, four variable and five variable K-Maps, Don’t Care Conditions- NAND and NOR implementation , Other Two-Level Implementation –Exclusive –OR function -Integrated Circuits-Hardware Description Language(HDL)



Learn Postulates and theorems of Boolean Algebra

Learn representation of switching functions

Learn SOP and POS forms

Learn Canonical forms Learn digital logic gates Learn Karnaugh Maps -minimization using three variable v Learn four variable K-Maps

Learn five variable K-Maps Learn Don’t Care Conditions

Learn NAND and NOR implementation Learn Other Two-Level Implementation Learn Exclusive -OR function

Learn Integrated Circuits Learn Hardware Description Language(HDL)

III Lecture Plan

No.Of Hours


Hrs.

Method of

Teaching

1. Postulates and theorems of Boolean Algebra 1 chalk & board

2. Representation of switching functions 1 PPT,chalk& Board

3. SOP and POS forms 1 PPT, chalk & board

4. Canonical forms 1 PPT, chalk & board

5. Digital logic gates 1 PPT, chalk & board

6 Karnaugh Maps –minimization using three variable 1 chalk & board

7 Four variable and five variable K-Maps, Don’t Care Conditions 2 chalk & board

8 NAND and NOR implementation 1 chalk & board

9 Other Two-Level Implementation 1 chalk & board

10 Exclusive –OR function,Integrated Circuits 1 chalk & board

11 Hardware Description Language(HDL) 1 chalk & board

_________

Total:12Hrs

_________

4

IV Assignment

1. Simplify the Boolean Expression to minimal number of Literals

2. Simplify the Boolean function and write its canonical equivalent

3. Simplify the Boolean equation using 3,4,5 variable K-Maps and draw the logic

diagram

4. Implement the logic function using 2 level NAND and NOR gates

UNIT-III

I Syllabus

DESIGN OF COMBINATIONAL CIRCUITS:-

Tabular Minimization- Combinational Circuits- Analysis and Design Procedure- Binary adder

and subtractors – Carry Look-ahead adder-Decimal adder-Binary multiplier-magnitude

comparator-BCD adder- Decoders- Encoders-Multiplexers-Random Access Memory-Read Only

Memory-Programmable Logic Array-Programmable Array Logic - HDL for Combinational

Circuits



Learn Tabular Minimization

Learn Combinational Circuits

Learn Analysis and Design Procedure

Learn Binary adder and subtractors

Learn Carry Look-ahead adder

Learn Decimal adder

Learn Binary multiplier

Learn magnitude comparator

Learn BCD adder

Design Decoders

Design Encoders

Learn and Design Multiplexers

Learn Random Access Memory

Learn Read Only Memory

Design Programmable Logic Array

Design Programmable Array Logic

Learn HDL for Combinational Circuits

5

III Lecture Plan


Hrs.

Method of Teaching

1 Tabular Minimization 1 chalk & board

2 Combinational Circuits 1 PPT,chalk& Board

3 Analysis and Design Procedure 2 PPT, chalk & board

4 Binary adder and subtractors 1 PPT, chalk & board

5 Carry Look-ahead adder-Decimal adder 1 PPT, chalk & board

6 Binary multiplier,magnitude comparator 1 chalk & board

7 BCD adder 1 chalk & board

8 Decoders,Encoders,Multiplexers 2 chalk & board

9 Random Access Memory 1 chalk & board

10 Read Only Memory-Programmable Logic Array 1 chalk & board

11 Programmable Array Logic 1 chalk & board

12 HDL for Combinational Circuits 2 chalk & board

_________

Total:15 Hrs

___________

IV Assignment

1. Explain Combinational Circuits with neat diagram

2. Design a 4 bit Binary adder

3. Explain BCD adder

4. Design PLA and PAL for the Boolean equations

UNIT-IV

I Syllabus

DESIGN OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS:- Combinational Vs Sequential Circuits – Latches-Flip Flops-RS flip flop, JK flip flop, T flip flop, D flip flop, Master-Slave Flip flop- Flip Flops excitation functions –Conversion of one flip flop to another flip flop- Asynchronous Vs Synchronous circuits-Analysis of clocked sequential circuits-State Table-State Diagram-State Reduction and State Assignment-Mealy and Moore Machines-capabilities and limitations of Finite State Machine-State equivalence and machine minimization-Design of synchronous counters- Ripple Counters-Asynchronous counters-Registers-Shift Registers- HDL for Sequential circuits.



Differentiate Combinational Vs Sequential Circuits

Learn Latches

Learn Flip Flops-RS flip flop

Learn JK flip flop

Learn T flip flop

6

Learn D flip flop

Learn Master-Slave Flip flop

Learn Flip Flops excitation functions

Learn Conversion of one flip flop to another flip flop

Learn Asynchronous Vs Synchronous circuits

Learn Analysis of clocked sequential circuits

Learn State Table

Learn State Diagram

Learn State Reduction and State Assignment

Learn Mealy and Moore Machines

Learn capabilities and limitations of Finite State Machine

Learn State equivalence and machine minimization

Learn Design of synchronous counters

Learn Ripple Counters

Learn Asynchronous counters

Learn Registers

Learn Shift Registers

Learn HDL for Sequential circuits.

III Lecture Plan


Hrs.

Method of

Teaching

1. Combinational Vs Sequential Circuits 1 PPT, chalk & board

2. Latches-Flip Flops-RS flip flop, JK flip flop 1 PPT+Video,chalk &

board

3. T flip flop, D flip flop,Master-Slave Flip flop 1 PPT, chalk & board

4. Flip Flops excitation functions 1 PPT, chalk & board

5. Conversion of one flip flop to another flip flop,

Asynchronous Vs Synchronous circuits

1 PPT, chalk & board

6. Analysis of clocked sequential circuits 1 chalk & board

7. State Table-State Diagram, State Reduction and State

Assignment

2 chalk & board

8. Mealy and Moore Machines 1 chalk & board,PPT

9. Capabilities and limitations of Finite State Machine 1 chalk & board,PPT

10. State equivalence and machine minimization 1 chalk & board,PPT

11. Design of synchronous counters 1 chalk & board,PPT

12. Ripple Counters 2 chalk & board,PPT

13. Asynchronous counters 2 chalk & board,PPT

14. Registers-Shift Registers 3 chalk & board,PPT

15. HDL for Sequential circuits. 1 chalk & board

__________

Total:20hrs

__________

7

IV Assignment:

1. Explain Sequential circuits with neat diagrams

2. Minimize the number of states in the given state diagram

3. Design a decade counter

4. Write the HDL program for the T-Flipflop

UNIT-V

I Syllabus

ASYNCHRONOUS SEQUENTIAL LOGIC:

Introduction-Analysis Procedure, Circuits with Latches, Design Procedure-Reduction of state

and flow Tables – Race Free State Assignment Hazards, Design examples.



Learn Introduction to asynchronous sequential logic

Learn Analysis Procedure

Learn Circuits with Latches

Design procedure of a sequential Circuit

Learn Reduction of state and flow Tables

Learn Race Free State Assignment Hazards

Learn Design examples.

III Lecture Plan


Hrs.

Method of Teaching

1. Introduction to asynchronous sequential logic 1 PPT+ chalk & board

2. Analysis Procedure 1 PPT+ chalk & board

3. Circuits with Latches 1 PPT

4. Design Procedure 2 PPT

5. Reduction of state and flow Tables 1 PPT, chalk & board

6. Race Free State Assignment Hazards 1 PPT

7. Design examples. 1 PPT

___________

Total:8 hrs

____________

IV Assignment

1. Explain Design procedure for asynchronous sequential logic

2. Define a hazard and Explain Race Free State Assignment Hazards

8

TEXT BOOKS

1. DIGITAL DESIGN, Third Edition, M.Morris Mano, Pearson Education/PHI.

2. Switching and Finite Automata Theory by Zvi. Kohavi, Tata McGraw Hill.

REFERENCES

1. FUNDAMENTALS OF LOGIC DESIGN, Roth, 5th Edition,Thomson

2. Switching and Logic Design, C.V.S. Rao, Pearson Education

3. Digital Principles and Design Donald D.Givone, Tata McGraw Hill, Edition.

. Fundamentals of Digital Logic & Micro Computer Design , 5TH Edition, M. Rafiquzzaman

John Wiley

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VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

II B. Tech, Semester I (Information Technology)

Subject : Mathematical Foundations for Computer Science

Subject Code : 13CSE002


Number of working days : 90

Number of Hours / week : 3+1


Name of the Faculty Member: Dr. G.MADHU

II Year B. Tech IT – I SEM L T/P/D C

3 1 3

(13CSE002) MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR COMPUTER SCIENCE

Course Objectives:

1. Basic concepts on elementary statements

2. Statement calculus and predicate calculus

3. Relations and orderings and functions and knowledge on algebraic structures

4. Core concepts on elementary combinatorics and permutations

5. Different methods for solving the recurrence relations

Course Outcomes: Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:

1. Solve problems on Statements, implications, and equivalence

2. Convert the statements into the different normal forms

3. Understand the system rules and inference theory and predicate calculus

4. Learn the basic applications on set theory

5. Define the various kinds of relations and find the best methods in order to solve them

UNIT – I

Mathematical Logic: Statements and notations, Connectives, Well-formed formulas, Truth Tables,

tautology, equivalence implication, Normal forms, Quantifiers, universal quantifiers.

Rules of inference, Consistency, proof of contradiction, Automatic Theorem Proving, Predicates:

Predicative logic, Free & Bound variables.

Learning objectives:

After completion of the unit, students will be able to:

Understand the basic concepts of mathematical logics & Predictive logics

Understand various statements, notations and connectives, free & bound variables

10

To know about different types of Truth Tables, and Tautology, rules of Inferences.

Derive the Normal forms & Quantifiers & Universal Quantifiers, proof of contradiction

and automatic theorem proving.

Lecture plan:


Hrs.

Method of

Teaching

1. Mathematical Logic: Statements and notations 1 PPT +Video

2. Type of Connectives & Its Examples 1 PPT+LBD

3. Well-formed formulas & Its Examples 1 PPT

4. Truth Tables & Tautology 2 PPT +LBD

5. Equivalence implication & Normal Forms 2

PPT, chalk &

board

6. Quantifiers, universal quantifiers.

1

PPT, Chalk &

board

7 Rules of inference, Consistency 2

PPT, Chalk &

board

8 Proof of contradiction 1

PPT, Chalk &

board

9 Automatic Theorem Proving 1

PPT, Chalk &

board

10 Predicates: Predicative logic, Free & Bound variables 2

PPT, Chalk &

board

11 Tutorial 1 Chalk & board

Total = 15

Assignment

1. Write the following statements in symbolic form:

a) The sun is bright and the humidity is not high.

b) If you do not see me tomorrow, it means I have gone to Chicago.

2. Write a compound statement that is true when exactly two of the three

statements p, q, r are true.

3. Construct the truth tables for the following statements:

a) qp b) pqp )( c) ))()(())(( rpqprqp

4. Demonstrate the following implication:

(i) )()()()())()()(( xBxxAxxBxAx

(ii) )()()()())()()(( xBxxAxxBxAx

UNIT – II

Set Theory: notations, inclusion and equality sets, operations on sets, venn diagrams.

11

Relations: Properties of binary Relations, equivalence, transitive closure, compatibility and

partial ordering relations, Hasse diagram. Functions: Inverse Function, Composition of

functions, recursive Functions. Algebraic structures: Algebraic systems, Examples and general

properties, Semi groups and monoids, groups, and sub groups, Homomorphism, Isomorphism on

groups and semi groups.


After completion of the unit, the students will be able to:

Know about set theory, operations and notations.

To know the relations & its properties

Draw Hasse diagrams for relations.

To derive the functions and its types of functions.

Define and Describe Lattice and its properties.

Know the pigeonhole principles and its application.

To know the algebraic system & its properties.

Teach Groups, Semi groups and monoids.

Define Subgroup Homomorphism and Isomorphism

S.No. Description of Topic No.

of

Hrs.

Method of

Teaching

1. Set Theory: notations, inclusion and equality sets,

operations on sets, venn diagrams

2 PPT+Video

2. Relations: Properties of binary Relations, equivalence, 1 PPT+ chalk

&board

3. Transitive closure, compatibility 1 PPT+ chalk

&board

4. Partial ordering relations, Hasse diagram. 1 PPT+ chalk

&board

5 Functions: Inverse Function, Composition of functions,

recursive Functions.

3 PPT+ chalk &

board

6 Algebraic structures: Algebraic systems, Examples and

general properties,

3 PPT+Chalk &

board

7 Semi groups and monoids 1 PPT+Chalk &

board

8 Groups, and sub groups, Homomorphism, 2 PPT+Chalk &

board

9 Isomorphism on groups and semi groups. 1 PPT+Chalk &

board


Total = 17

ASSIGNMENT

12

1. Let P(x) denote the statement “x is a professional athlete” and let Q(x) denote the

statement “x plays soccer”, The domain is the list of all people. Write each of the

following proposition in English.

i. x(P(x)->Q(x))

ii. x(P(x) Q(x))

iii. x(P(x) Q(x))

2. With reference to automatic theorem proving .Show that SvR is tautologically

Implied by (PvQ)^ (P->R)^(Q->S).

3. Show that RvS follows logically from premises.

CvD , (CvD)->~H , H->(A ~B) , (A ~B)->RvS.

4. Prove that every homomorphic image of an abelian group is abelian.

5. A is any non-empty set. Consider the group of bijections from A to A with binary

Composition (S, .) . Show that (S, . ) is non-abelian for n(A) > 2, { cardinality of A >

2}

6. If G is the set of all positive rational numbers, then prove that G is an abelian

group under the composition defined by o such that aob=(ab)/3 for a , b € G with

usual addition as the operation.

UNIT – III

Elementary Combinatorics: Basics of counting, Combinations & Permutations, with

repetitions, Constrained repetitions, Binomial Coefficients, Binomial and Multinomial theorems,

the principles of Inclusion – Exclusion, Pigeon hole principles and its application

Learning objectives: Pigeon hole principles and its application.


Know about the basics of counting.

Calculate the Combinations and Permutations with examples.

To derive the Binomial Coefficients & Binomial Multinomial Theorems.

Explain the principles of Inclusion-Exclusion.

Lecture plan:


Hrs.

Method of

Teaching

1 Elementary Combinatorics: Basics of counting, 1 PPT+Video

2 Combinations & Permutations

1 PPT+ chalk

&board

3 with repetitions, Constrained repetitions

2 PPT+ chalk

&board

4 Binomial Coefficients

1 PPT+chalk

&board

5 Binomial and Multinomial theorems,

2 PPT+chalk &

board

6 the principles of Inclusion – Exclusion

2 PPT+ chalk

&board

13

7 Pigeon hole principles and its application.

2 PPT+ chalk

&board


Total = 12

ASSIGNMENT

1. How many ways are there to send 10 boys and 10 girls around a circular table, If boys

and girls seat alternatively.

2. In how many ways can the digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9 be arranged so that 0 and 1 are

adjacent and in the order of 01.

3. How many ways are there to place 20 identical balls into 6 different boxes in which

exactly 2 boxes are empty.

4. In how many ways can we partition 12 similar coins into 5 numbered Nonempty

batches.

5. a) Using the digits 1,3,4,5,6,8 and 9 how many 3-digit numbers can be formed.

b) How many 3-digit numbers can be formed if no digit is repeated?

c) How many 3-digit numbers can be formed if 3 and 4 are adjacent to each other?

UNIT – IV

Recurrence Relations: Generating Functions, Function of Sequences, Calculating Coefficients

of generating functions, Recurrence relations, Solving recurrence relation by substitution and

Generating functions, the method of Characteristic roots, solution of Inhomogeneous Recurrence

Relations.


After completion of the unit, the students will be able to

learn about the generating functions & function of sequences

Calculating coefficient of generating functions.

Derive the Recurrence relations.

To solve Recurrence relations by Substitution & Generating functions.

Find the Characteristics roots

Find the solution of Inhomogeneous Recurrence relations.

Lecture plan:

S.No. Description of Topic No. of Hrs. Method of

Teaching

1 Recurrence Relations: Generating Functions,

Function of Sequences

1 PPT+Video

2 Calculating Coefficients of generating functions 2 PPT+ chalk

&board

3 Recurrence relations, 1 PPT+ chalk

&board

14

4 Solving recurrence relation by substitution and

Generating functions,

2 PPT+ chalk

&board

5 Find the method of Characteristic roots 1 PPT + chalk

&board

6 Solution of Inhomogeneous Recurrence Relations. 2 PPT, Chalk &

board

7 Tutorial 2 Chalk &

board

Total = 11

ASSIGNMENT

1. Solve an+5an-1+6an-2=3n2-2n+1.

2. Solve an+3an-1-10an-2=0 , n>=2 , given a0=1 a1=4 using generating functions.

3. Solve an-7an-1+10an-2=0 n >=2 , given a0=10, a1=41 using generating functions.

4. Find recurrence relation for number of subsets of an n-element set

5. Solve an-5an-1+6an-2=2n+n , n>=2 , given a0=1 , a1=1 using generating functions.

UNIT – V

Graph Theory: Representation of Graphs, DFS, BFS, Spanning Trees, Planar Graphs.

Graph Theory and Applications: Basic Concepts, Isomorphism and Sub graphs, Multi graphs

and Euler circuits, Hamiltonian graphs, Chromatic Numbers.

Learning objectives :


To know the basics of graph & represent of the graph in different ways.

Understand Depth-First Search Algorithm & Breadth-First Search Algorithm.

Define the Spanning Trees & Planar Graphs

Understand the basic concepts of Sub graphs and Isomorphism.

Calculate the Multi graphs, Euler circuits & Hamiltonian graphs.

Calculate the Chromatic numbers.

Lecture plan:


Hrs. Method of

Teaching

1. Graph Theory: Representation of Graphs 1 PPT+Video

2. Depth-First Search Algorithm & Breadth-First Search

Algorithm

2 PPT++ chalk

&board

3. Spanning Trees, Planar Graphs. 2 PPT++ chalk

&board

15

4. Graph Theory and Applications: Basic Concepts 1 PPT+ chalk

&board

5. Isomorphism and Sub graphs, 1 PPT+ chalk

&board

6 Multi graphs and Euler circuits 2 PPT+ chalk

&board

7 Hamiltonian graphs 1 PPT+ chalk

&board

8 Chromatic Numbers. 1 PPT+ chalk

&board


Total = 13

ASSIGNMENT

1. What are the advantages of adjacency matrix representation? Explain the algorithm for

breadth first search traversal of a graph.

2. Depth first search spanning trees for the following graph.

3. Determine the number of edges in complete graph Kn.

4. Determine whether the following two graphs are isomorphic or not. If isomorphic,

Give the one to one mapping.

5. Define the following graphs with one suitable example for each graph

i. Complément graph.

ii. Sub graph.

iii. Induced sub graph.

iv. Spanning sub graph.

TEXT BOOKS:

16

1. Discrete mathematical structures with applications to computer science, J.P.Trembly

R.Manohar, Tata M c Graw Hill.

2. Elements of Discrete Mathematics- A Computer Oriented Approach, C.L.Liu, D.P.

Mohapatra, 3rd edition, Tata M c Graw Hill.

3. Discrete Mathematics for Computer Scientists & Mathematicians,” Second edition, J.L.Mott,

A. Kandel, T.P. Baker, PHI

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Discrete Mathematics and its Applications, 5th edition, Kenneth.H.Rosen, TMH.

2. Discrete Mathematical Structures Theory and applications, Mallik and Sen, Cengage.

3. Discrete Mathematics with Applications, Thomas Koshy, Elsevier.

4. Logic and Discrete Mathematics, Grass Man and Tremblay,Pearson Education

Journals:

1. Discrete Mathematics and its applications

(http://teamat.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/3/155.short)

2. International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science

(http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscinet/ijfcs)

3. THE JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL ALGORITHMS, INFORMATICS AND

COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCES (http://www.journals.elsevier.com/discrete-applied-mathematics/)

Videos:

1. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/106106094/

2. http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-042j-

mathematics-for-computer-science-fall-2010/video-lectures/

3. http://www.learnerstv.com/Free-Computer-Science-Video-lectures-ltv105-Page1.htm

http://teamat.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/3/155.short

http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscinet/ijfcs

http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscinet/ijfcs

http://www.journals.elsevier.com/discrete-applied-mathematics/

http://nptel.ac.in/courses/106106094/

http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-042j-mathematics-for-computer-science-fall-2010/video-lectures/

http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-042j-mathematics-for-computer-science-fall-2010/video-lectures/

17

V.N.R.V.J.I.E.T., (AUTONOMOUS) BACHUPALLY, HYDERABAD-500072

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES AND SCIENCES

II B. Tech(CSE&IT ) : I – Semester

Subject : Probability , Statistics and Queuing theory


Number of Weeks : 16

Number of Hours / week : 4


Name of the Faculty Members:Dr. N. Pothanna and Dr. G.Padmavathi

UNIT- I

SYLLABUS: PROBABILITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS

Sample space and events, Probability- The axioms of probability, some elementary theorems,

conditional probability, Baye’s theorem. Random variables - discrete and continuous.

Distributions - Binomial, Poisson and Normal distributions–related properties

OBJECTIVES: After completion of the unit, the student would be able to

List the axioms of probability

Operate sum rule & product rule

Define permutations & combinations

Define probability , events , types of events

State elementary theorem (addition rule & multiplication rule)

Describe conditional probability

Define finite probability spaces and finite equiprobable spaces

State and prove theorem of total probability

State and prove Bayes’ rule.

State axioms of probability

Define random variable

Identity discrete and continuous random variable

Describe Discrete probability distribution

Define probability mass function

Define Cumulative distribution

Describe continuous probability distribution

Define expected value (mean), variation, standard deviation

Define Binomial, Poisson & Normal distribution

Find mean & variances (s.d.) of distribution

Solve problems on fitting of distribution

Compare & contrast between distribution

Describe Poisson process

State properties of normal distribution

Define standardized normal variate

18

ACADEMIC SCHEDULE

Lecture 1 Sample space & events

Lecture 2 Probability

Lecture 3 the Axioms of Probability

Lecture 4 Elementary theorems

Lecture 5 Elementary theorem

Lecture 6 Conditional Probability



Lecture 9 Baye’s theorem

Lecture 10 Random variables

Lecture 11 Discrete and continuous R.V.

Lecture 12 Distribution functions

Lecture 13 Binomial distribution

Lecture 14 Poisson’s distribution

Lecture 15,16 Normal distribution

Lecture 17,18 Related properties

ASSIGNMENTS

1. State and prove the Addition theorem on Probability

2. In a certain town 40% have brown hair 25% have brown eyes and 15% have both

brown hair and brown eyes. A person is selected at random (a) if he has brown

hair, what is the probability that he has brown eyes also? (b)if he has brown eyes,

determine the probability that he does not have brown hair?

3. state and prove Baye’s theorem

4. Find the probability that at least two 9’s appear in four tosses of a pair of fair dice.

5. if P(A) =1/3, P(B) = ¼, P(A U B ) = ½ find P(A/B), P(B/A) P(A/Bc).

Random variables & probability distributions

1. A player tosses 3 fair coins. He wins Rs 800 if 3 tails occur, Rs 500 if 2 tails

occur , Rs 300 if one tail occurs. On the other hand, he loses Rs 1000 if 3 heads

occur. Find the value of the game to the player. Is it favourable.

2. Determine the discrete probability distribution, expectation, variance, s.d. of a

D.R.V X which denotes the minimum of the two numbers that appear when a

pair of fair dice is thrown once.

3. A random variable x has the following probability function:

X : 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

P(X) : 0 k 0 2k 2k 3k 2k 7 2k +k

19

(i) find the value of k (ii)evaluate p(x<6), p( 6x )

4. A random process gives measurements x between 0 and 1 with probability

function

f(x) = 10102112 23 xxxx

= 0 otherwise

(i) find p( )2

1(&)2

1 xpx (ii) find a number k such that p( kx )=1/2

5. When is a Poisson distribution? Deduce the Poisson distribution from

Binomial distribution .

6. Prove that Normal distribution is limiting form of Binomial distribution

7. In a Normal distribution, 31% of the items are under 45 and 8% are over 64

find the mean and variance of distribution

8. fit binomial distribution for the following data

X 0 1 2 3 4

f 30 62 46 10 2

9. If the masses of 300 students are normally distributed with mean 68 kg and

standard deviation 3 kg how many students have masses:

(i) greater than 72 kg (ii) less than or equal to 64 kg (iii) between 65 and 71 kg

inclusive

10. A manufacturer of cotter pins knows that 5% of his product is defective. Pins

are

sold in boxes of 100. He guarantees that not more than 10 pins will be defective.

Determine the probability that a box will fail t o meet the guarantee.

UNIT-II

SYLLABUS:CORRELATION AND REGRESSION Coefficient of correlation, regression coefficient, the lines of regression, rank correlation,

OBJECTIVES: After completion of the unit, the student would be able

After completion of the unit, the student would be able to

Define the coefficient of correlation

Solve problems related to lines of regression

Solve problems related to rank correlation.

ACADEMIC SCHEDULE

Lecture 19, 20 Coefficient of correlation

Lecture 21, 22 Lines of regression

Lecture 23, 24 ,25 Rank correlations

20

ASSIGNMENTS:

1. Estimate the blood pressure of a woman of age 45 years from the following

data which shows the ages X and systolic B.P Y of 12 women Also are the

two variables ages X and Y correlated

X 56 42 72 36 63 47 55 49 38 42 68 60

Y 147 125 160 118 149 128 150 145 115 140 152 155

2. Determine the rank corealtion for the following data which show s the marks

obtained in two quizzes in mathematics

X 6 5 8 8 7 6 10 4 9 7

Y 8 7 7 10 5 8 10 6 8 6

3. Test the hypothesis that there is no linear association among two variables x,

air velocity and y, evaporation coefficient of burning fuel droplets in an

impulse engine with n=10, r=0.9515.

UNIT-III

SYLLABUS: SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS AND TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS Sampling distributions, sampling distribution of means (σ known and unknown). Point

estimation, interval estimation.Tests of hypothesis - null hypothesis, alternate hypothesis, type I,

type II errors, critical region. Inferences concerning means and proportions- Large samples- test

of hypothesis for single mean and difference between the means. Test of hypothesis for the

proportions- single and difference between the proportions, confidence interval for the mean and

proportions.

OBJECTIVES: After completion of the unit the student would be able to

Define, Population and Sample, Parameters, Statistics Sampling with out or with

replacement. Sample mean and Variance, Degree of freedom.

Solve problems on Sampling distribution of mean ( known)

Solve problems on sampling distribution of proportions of differences and sums

Define Point Estimation , Interval estimation

State Confidence interval of µ

State Bayesian estimation.

Describe null hypothesis,alternative hypothesis type one two errors

Define test of hypothesis critical region and value

Test hypothesis concerning 1 and 2 means

Test hypothesis concerning one proportions (small and large sample)

Test hypothesis for two proportions

Confidence interval for the proportions

Solve real time problems appear in engineering and applied sciences

21

ACADEMIC SCHEDULE

Lecture 26 & 27 Population and Samples

Lecture 28 & 29 Sampling distribution of mean

Lecture 30 & 31 proportion

Lecture 32 &33 Sum and Differences

Lecture 34 Point estimation

Lecture 35 & 36 Interval estimation

Lecture 37 &38 Bayesian estimation

Lecture 39 & 40 Test of hypothesis

Lecture 41 Type one and two Errors

Lecture 42,43,44 One Mean and Two Means

Lecture 45 & 46 Proportions, CI

Lecture 47 TOH for one proportions

Lecture 48TOH for two proportions

ASSIGNMENTS

1. Let a sample be (1,5,6,8). Find the probability distribution of the sample mean for

random samples of size two drawn without replacement

2. Find P ( X > 66.75) if a random sample of size 36 is drawn from an infinite

population with

mean 63 and s.d. 9.

3. Find k for a random variable sample of size 24 from a normal population such

that

P( -2.069 < t < k) = 0.965 , P( k < t < 2.807 ) = 0.095, P( -k < t < k) = 0.90.

4. Determine the expected number of random samples having their means (a)

between 22.39 and 22.41 (b) greater than 22.42 (c) less than 22.37

for the following data N=1500 , n=36 , 48.04.22 and

5 Let AX , BX be the average drying time s of two types of paints A and B, for

samples of size nA

= nB

= 18. Suppose that the population standard deviations

of A and B be 1.. Find

P ( AX --- BX > 1.0) assuming that the mean drying time is equal for the two

types of paints.

6. Let X equal the weight of an unbranded 2.00 fish fry at a local restaurant .

Assumethat the distribution X is N( 2, ). A random sample of n=24 weights is

4.4 ,3.8,5.1,4.6,4.5, 4.5,4.8, 4.1,3.9,4.2,4.4,4.9,5.0,4.3,4.4,3.6,5.2,4.8,4.4,

4.6,4.6,5.7,4.7,4.5

(a) find point estimate 2,

(b) find 95% one sided confidence interval for which gives a lower band

for

7. Calculate 2, for the posterior distribution if the random sample size is 80, x=

18.85 , s=5.55 using s for s.d. of population

22

8. An ambulance service claims that it takes on the average 8.9 minutes to reach its

destination in emergency calls. To check on this claim the agency which issues

license to ambulance service has then timed on fifty emergency calls getting a

mean of 9.2 minutes with s.d. of 1.6 minutes. What can they conclude at 5% level

of significance?

9. A sample of 100 electric bulbs produced by manufacturer ‘A’ showed a mean life

time of 1190 hrs and a s.d. of 90 hrs A sample of 75 bulbs produced by

manufacturer ‘B’ showed a mean life time of 1230 hrs with s.d. of 120 hrs. Is

there difference between the mean life times of the two brands at a significance

level of 0.05

10. Test the N.H. 0 BA against the A.H. 0 BA at 0.01 loss for the

following data

Sample Size mts (kgs) s.d.(kgs)

Type A 40 247.3 15.2

Type B 30 254.1 18.7

11. To test the claim that men are taller than women , a survey was conducted

resulting in the

following data

Gender Sample size Mean weight s.d

Men 1600 172 cm 6.3 cm

Women 6400 170 cm 6.4 cm

UNIT-IV

SYLLABUS:TESTS OF SIGNIFICANCE- SMALL SAMPLES

Tests of significance-t distributions, confidence interval for the t- distribution, F-distributions

and Chi square distributions.

OBJECTIVES: after completion of the unit the student would be able to

Test hypothesis concerning one and two means for small samples.

Solve real time problems appear in engineering and applied sciences

Describe analysis of rxc tables

Describe goodness of fit test

ACADEMIC SCHEDULE

Lecture 49 , 50 t-test

Lecture 51 , 52, 53 F-test

Lecture 54, 55,56 Chi square –test

23

ASSIGNMENTS

1. Construct a 99% confidence interval for the true mean weight loss if 16 persons on

diet control after one month had a mean weight loss of 3.42 kgs with s.d of 0.68 kgs.

2. If 6 out of 20 cingarette smokers randomly chosen preferred charminar cigarettes,

test

the calim at 0.05 LOS that 20% of the smokers prefer charminar.

3. If in a random sample of 600 cars making a right turn at a certain traffic junction

157

drove into the wrong lane. Test whether actually 30% of all the drivers make this

mistake or not. Use 0.01 LOS

4. Construct 95% Confidence interval for the true proportion of computer literates if

the

36 out of 100 persons from rural areas are computer literates.

5. Determine the size of smallest sample required to estimate an unknown

proportion of

blind students to within a max. error of 0.06 with atleast 95% confidence.

6. Producer of ‘gutkha’ claims that the nicotine content in his ‘gutkha’ on the

average is 1.83 mg. can this claim be accepted if a random sample of 8 ‘gutkhas’

of this type have the nicotine contents of 2.0,1.7,2.1,1.9,2.2,2.1,2.0,1.6 mg.

7. Out of a random sample of 9 mice suffering with a disease, 5 mice were treated

with a new serum while the alarming were not treated. From the time of

commencement of experiment, the following one the survival times

Treatment: 2.1 5.3 1.4 4.6 0.9

No.of Treatment 1.9 0.5 2.8 3.1

Test whether the serum treatment is effective in usig the disease and 0.05 LOS

8. If 48 out of 400 persons in rural area possessed ‘cell’ phones while 120 out of 500

in urban area. Can it be accepted that the proportion of ‘cell’ phones in the rural

area and urban area is same or not . use 5% of l.o.s

9. The following police records shows that type of crime in 4 regions of country.

Determine whether the incidence of crime depended on region..use 0.01 l.o.s

Region physical assault murder rape homicide

East 162 118 451 10

West 310 196 996 25

North 258 193 458 10

South 280 175 390 19

24

UNIT-V

SYLLABUS:QUEUING THEORY: Arrival process and service process -Pure birth and death

process M/M/1 model with finite and infinite capacities , M/M/C modal with infinite capacity.

OBJECTIVES:After completion of the unit, the student would be able to

Explain pure birth and death process

Describe M/M/1 model

Solve simple problems of M/M/1 model

Describe M/M/C model(Infinite capacity)

Solve simple problems of M/M/C model

ACADEMIC SCHEDULE (4 PERIODS)

Lecture 57, 58&59 Pure birth and death process

Lecture 60,61&62 M/M/1 model

Lecture 63&64 M/M/C model

ASSIGNMENTS:

1. A TV repairman finds that the time spent on his jobs has an exponential

distribution with mean 30 minutes. He repairs sets in the order in which they arrive.

The arrival of sets is approximately poisson with an average of 10 per an eight hour

day. Find the repairman’s idle time each day. How many jobs are ahead of the

average set just brought in.

2. Arrival rate of telephone calls at a telephone booth are according to poisson

distribution with an average time of 12 minutes between two consecutive call

arrivals. The length of telephone calls is assumed to be exponentially distributed with

mean 4 minutes.

Find the probability that a caller arriving at the booth will have to wait

Find the average queue length that forms from time to time

Find the fraction of a day that the phone will be in use

When convinced that an arrival would expect to have to wait at least five minutes for

making the call.

25

VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

II B. Tech, Ist Semester : Common to all branches Subject : Business Economics & Financial Analysis Subject Code : 13CMS001 Academic Year : 2016 – 17 Number of working days : 90 Number of Hours / week : 4 Total number of periods planned: 60 Name of the Faculty Member : N. Aruna Kumari

UNIT I Business & New–Economic environment: Characteristic features of Business, features and evaluation of sole proprietorship, partnership, joint stock company, Public enterprises and their types. Changing Business Environment in post–liberalization scenario. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After studying this unit, you should be able to :

Define the term Business and explain feature of Business.

Explain the forms of organizing business enterprises.

Determine the factors which help in identifying suitable form of organization.

Pin–point the rationale of the present large-scale presence of public enterprises in

our economy.

Outline economic and non-economic objectives of public enterprises.

Analysis various forms of organizing public enterprises.

Explain problems of PEs and also suggest measures to solve the same.

Analyze the changes in business environment ( Recent trends in Business sector )

S.No. Description of Topic No. of Hrs. Method of Teaching

1. Define the term Business what is economic environment Interests of the business and its types

1st & 2nd hour PPT + Video

2. Definition of a firm and Characteristic features of business

3rd hour Black board

3. Forms of Business Organizations Factors affecting the choice of selecting form of business

4th hour Black board + PPT

4. Features & Evaluation of Sole proprietorship and Partnership business

5th hour Black board + Video

5. Features & Evaluation of Joint stock company

6th & 7th hour Black board +PPT

26

6. Evaluation of Public enterprises and their types


7. Changing business environment in post-liberalization scenario


ASSIGNEMNTS :

1. What are the characteristics of a business unit?

2. Explain the features of sole trader form of organization. Discuss the advantages and

limitations of sole trader form of organization?

3. Evaluate the partnership form of business organization. How does it overcome the

limitation of proprietary form of business?

4. What qualities do you expect in persons to become good partners in business?

5. What do you understand by Joint Stock Company? What are its salient features?

6. What are the reasons for joint stock company being popular as a form of

organization?

7. Discuss the factors affecting the choice of forms of business organization?

8. Distinguish between public limited and private limited company?

9. What is need for public enterprises? Explain the recent achievements of public

enterprises.

10. Explain briefly various steps involved in formation of a company?

11. Distinguish between public corporation and government company?

12. Examine the impact of changes that have taken place in business environment on

business enterprise functioning.

13. What do you understand by privatization & Globalization?

14. Vertically evaluate new industrial policy 1991.

UNIT II Introduction to business economics, and demand analysis Definition; Nature and scope of managerial economics - demand analysis determinants; Law of demand and its exceptions. Elasticity of demand and demand forecasting Definition; Types; Measurement and significance of elasticity of demand; Demand forecasting; Factors governing demand forecasting; Methods of demand forecasting - survey methods, statistical methods, expert opinion method, test marketing, controlled experiments, and judgmental approach to demand forecasting. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After studying this unit, Student should be able to :

Define “Managerial Economics”

Identify the factors that constitute scope of Managerial Economics.

Explain significance of Managerial Economics and how it helps business managers

in performing decision – making function.

Define what is Demand

27

Analyze the important factors determining demand for a commodity.

List out the conditions or situation under which law of demand does not hold good.

Explain assumptions of Law of Demand.

Suggest the appropriate measure to accelerate the product demand.

Measurement of change in Quantity demanded as a result of change in demand

determinant.

How Elasticity of Demand helps businessman in fixing right price for his product.

Factors determining nature of Demand for a product.

Types of Elasticity of Demand and measurement of the same.

Importance of estimating demand for commodities.

Factors to be taken into account while undertaking demand forecasting activity.

Possible approaches to forecast demand of new and established products

S. No.

Description of Topic No. of Hrs. Method of Teaching

1. Introduction to business economics, and demand analysis

10th hour PPT + Video

2. Business economics: Definition; Nature and scope of managerial economics

11th hour Black board

3. Demand analysis: Definition; Types; Determinants and Law of demand and its exceptions.

12th hour PPT + Video

4. Elasticity of demand: Definition; Types; Measurement and its significance


5. Demand forecasting: Definition; Factors affecting demand forecasting;


6. Explanation of Methods of Demand forecasting: Survey methods Statistical methods Expert opinion method Test marketing Controlled experiments, and Judgmental approach to demand

forecasting


ASSIGNEMNTS: 1. “Managerial Economics is the discipline which deals with the application of

economic theory to business management”. explain

2. Managerial Economics is the study of the allocation of resources available to a firm.

Explain

3. Managerial Economics is prescriptive rather than descriptive in character. Explain

this statement.

28

4. Discuss in detail the role of economics in Engineering Industry and its influence on

the technical decisions.

5. Define Managerial Economics. Explain its relationship with other branches and also

explain the role of managerial economist in running business enterprise on prudent

commercial practice.

6. What is demand analysis? Explains the factors influencing the demand for a product.

7. What is meant by demand? Everyone desires for an Ambassador CAR – does this

mean that the demand for Ambassador CAR is large?

8. State and explain the law of demand. Are there any exceptions to the law?

9. What is meant by elasticity of demand? Explain by giving suitable examples, how

elasticity of demand determines the price policy of a firm.

10. Explain the concepts and kinds of elasticity of demand that are relevant to the

manages of a firm.

11. What is cross – elasticity of demand? Is it positive for substitutes or for

complements? Show in a diagram the curve relating the demand for coffee to the

price of tea

12. Define income – elasticity of demand and distinguish it’s various types? How does

income elasticity differ from price elasticity of demand ?

13. Explain the factors determining Elasticity of demand?

14. What do you mean by demand forecasting? Explain briefly various methods of

demand forecasting?

15. What criteria should be adopted to choose a good forecasting Method to estimate

product demand?

16. What are the factors that are considered while estimating a firms sale? Enumerate

the difficulties in forecasting sale of consumer durables?

UNIT III Cost analysis Cost concepts - opportunity cost, fixed vs. variable costs, explicit costs vs. implicit costs, and out of pocket costs vs. imputed costs; Break-even analysis (BEA) - determination of break-even point (simple problems), managerial significance, and limitations of BEA. Capital and capital budgeting Capital and its significance; Types of capital; Estimation of fixed and working capital requirements; Methods and sources of raising finance. Nature and scope of capital budgeting; Features of capital budgeting proposals; Methods of capital budgeting - payback method, accounting rate of return (ARR), and net present value method (simple problems) LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After studying this unit, you should be able to :

Define various types of costs

Distinguish between one type of cost and the others.

Analyze the nature of various costs and how they influence the total cost.

29

Explain the significance of cost analyses in taking right decisions in business

enterprises.

Determine the level of output at which there is neither profit nor loss.

Calculate / Identify the volume of sales at which a desired amount of profit can be

earned.

Estimate capital requirements of a business enterprises.

Describe the sources of mobilization of long-term & short-term capital.

Explain factors determining working capital and fixed capital requirements.

Evaluate the investment opportunities in terms of cost and benefit.

Identify the best investment opportunity which yields higher rate of return.

Explain importance of capital budgeting and also explain basic procedure involved

in selection of best investment proposal.

S.No. Description of Topic No. of Hrs. Method of

Teaching

1. Introduction about Cost analysis and Cost concepts


2. Evaluation of types of Costs 18th hour Black board +PPT

3. Break-even analysis (BEA) – Assumptions, Advantages & Limitations

19 hour Black board

4. Determination of break-even point Simple problems in BEP

20Th hour Black board + Problem solving

5. Capital and capital budgeting and its significance& Factors determining;

21st hour Black board

6. Types of capital; and Working Capital Cycle 22nd hour Black board

7. Estimation of fixed and working capital requirements;

23rd hour Black board

8. Methods and sources of raising finance. 24th & 25th hours

Black board + PPT

9. Nature and scope of capital budgeting; 26th hour Black board

10. Features of capital budgeting proposals; 27th hour Black board

11. Methods of capital budgeting – Payback method,

Accounting rate of return (ARR), and

Net present value method (simple

problems)

28th & 29th hour

Black board + Problem solving

30

ASSIGNEMNTS : 1. Explain the relationship between marginal cost, average cost and total cost,

assuming a short run non – linear cost function ?

2. What is opportunity cost ? Give some examples of opportunity cost. How are these

costs relevant for managerial decisions ?

3. Write short notes on

a. Fixed cost and variable cost

b. Out of pocket costs and imputed cost

c. Explicit cost and Implicit cost.

d. Shutdown cost and Abandonment cost

4. What is meant by break even Analysis ? Explain the uses and limitation of BEP

5. Describe the Break – Even point with the help of diagram and its uses in business

decision – making ?

6. How do you determine BEP in terms of Physical units and sales value ?

7. If sales is 10,000 units and selling price Rs.20 per units, variable cost Rs.10 per unit

and fixed cost is Rs.80000, find out BEP in units and in sales revenue. What is profit

earned ? What should be the sales for earning a project of Rs. 60000 ?

8. The PV ratio of VNRVJIET Ltd. Is 40% and the margin of safety is 30% you are

required to work out the BEP and net profit, if the sales volume is Rs.14000.

9. Sales are Rs.110000 producing a project of Rs.4000 in period – I sales are Rs.

150000 producing a project of Rs,12000 in period – II. Determine BEP and fixed

expenses.

10. Describe the institutions providing long term finance.

11. What are the major sources of short term finance?

12. What are the components of working capital? Explain each of them?

13. Explain the following with respect to working capital management

a. Kinds of working capital

b. Significance of maintaining adequate working capital.

c. Estimation of working capital requirements.

14. What do you understand by working capital cycle and what is its importance?

15. What is importance of capital budgeting? Explain the basic steps involved in

evaluating capital budget proposals?

16. What are the merits and limitations of pay backperiod ? How does discounting

approach overcome the limitations of payback method?

17. What is meant by discounting and time value of money? How is it useful in capital

budgeting?

18. A business firm is thinking of choosing the right machines for their purpose after

financial evaluation of the proposal. The initial cost and the net cash flow over years.

( Income less running expenses but not depreciation ) to the business firm have

been calculated for each machine as follows

31

Machine X

Rs.

Machine Y

Rs.

Initial Cost 20000 28000

Net cash flow 1 year 8000 10000

2 year 12000 12000

3 year 9000 12000

4 year 7000 6000

5 year 6000 6000

Choose the machine based on a. Payback period b. Accounting rate of return 19. A company has at hand two proposals for consideration ( M and N ). The cost of the

proposals in both the cases is Rs. 500000 each. A discount factor of 12% may be

used to evaluate the proposals. Cash inflows after tax are as under.

Proposal M

Rs.

Proposal N

Rs.

1 year 150000 50000

2 year 200000 150000

3 year 250000 200000

4 year 150000 300000

5 year 100000 200000

Which one will you recommend under present value method.

UNIT-IV Theory of production Production function - isoquants and isocosts, least cost combination of inputs, and laws of returns; Internal and external economics of scale. Market structures Types of competition; Features of perfect competition, monopoly, and monopolistic competition; Price-output determination in case of perfect competition and monopoly. Pricing policies and methods Cost plus pricing; Marginal cost pricing; Sealed bid pricing; Going rate pricing, Limit pricing, Market skimming pricing, Penetration pricing, Two-part pricing, Block pricing, Bundling pricing, Peak load pricing, Cross subsidization. Learning Objectives:

Define “Production Function”

Classify various production Functions.

Explain Input – Output relationship in the short – run and in the long – run

Identify least cost combination of inputs.

Find out the different combinations of inputs which yields a desired amount of

output.

Explain the economies and diseconomies of large scale production / business

operations.

32

Classify the markets based on type of completion prevailing for a product

Explain the role of time factor in the determination of price.

Also explain price – out determination in different market situation.

Describe the features of different markets.

Explain different pricing strategies.

Analysis the situations under which what type of price strategy must be adopted in

pricing the products.


1. Introduction about production and market 30th hour Black board + Video 2. Theory of production: Production function

& Assumptions 31st hour Black board

3. Types of production Functions, their utility: isoquants and isocosts,

32nd & 33rd hours

Black board + PPT

4. Laws of production Function; least cost combination of inputs, and laws of returns;

34th & 35th hour

Black board + PPT

5. Internal and external economics of scale. 36th hour Black board 6. Market structures and Types 37th & 38th

hour

Black board + PPT

7. Competition; Features of perfect, monopoly, and monopolistic competition;


8. Price-output determination in case of types of competitions


9. Pricing policies and methods Cost plus pricing; Marginal cost pricing; Sealed bid pricing; Going rate pricing, Limit pricing, Market skimming pricing, Penetration pricing, Two-part pricing, Block pricing, Bundling pricing, Peak load pricing, Cross subsidization.

41st & 42nd hour

Black board + PPT

ASSIGNEMNTS: 1. Define production function, Discuss in detail the different types of production

function.

2. What is meant by internal and external economies of scale ?what are its sources ?

And what are various types of internal economies available to a firm ?

3. Explain and illustrate the “ Law of Diminishing Returns “ and “Law of Returns to

scale?

4. What is optimum combination ? Explain the principles of least cost combination of

factors

5. Distinguish between Law of Diminishing returns and law of returns to scale?

6. What are isocosts and Isoquants ? Do they intersect each others ?

7. Explain the following with reference to production function ?

33

a. Marginal rate of technical substitution ( MRTS )

b. Variable proportions of factors

8. Compare between monopoly and perfect competition or Distinguish between

perfect and Imperfect markets?

9. What is price discrimination? What are the essential conditions for price

discrimination?

10. What are the causes for the emergence of monopoly?

11. Explain the objectives of pricing and determinants of price of a product?

12. What are the features of monopolistic competition? How is it different from

monopoly?

13. Explain how the price is determined under conditions of perfect competition.

Illustrate this with help of diagram?

14. Define monopoly. How is price under monopoly determined?

15. What are the various popular pricing practices? Which of them are most suitable for

a firm facing competition?

UNIT V Introduction to financial accounting Double-entry book keeping; Journal; Ledger; Trial balance; Final accounts - trading account, profit and loss account, and balance sheet with simple adjustments. Financial analysis through ratios Computation; Analysis and interpretation of liquidity ratios - current ratio, and quick ratio; Activity ratios - inventory turnover ratio, and debtor turnover ratio; Capital structure ratios – debt-equity ratio, and interest coverage ratio; Profitability ratios - gross profit ratio, net profit ratio, operating ratio, P/E ratio, and EPs. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After studying this unit, you should be able to :

Record the business transaction systematically in the books of accounts.

Post journal entries into concerned accounts in the ledger book.

Find out the gross and net results of business operations.

Prepare balance sheet at the end of business year.

Distinguish between fixed assets and current assets, Deft and equity, Gross profit

and net profit, Debtors and creditors.

Explain the basic accounting concepts and conventions and also give examples.

Analyze the liquidity, solvency, profitability of the business organization.

Calculate liquidity ratios, activities ratio, solvency ratios and profitability ratios

Elaborate the importance of finance function for evaluating the economic status of a

business unit.

Explain how different ratios help concerned parties in interpreting financial

position of business in general and interested financial aspect of business in

particular.

34


1. Introduction to financial accounting 43rd & 44th hour

Black board + PPT

2. Double-entry book keeping; 45th hour Black board 3. Journal; Ledger; Trial balance; 46th & 47th

hour Black board+ PPT

4. Final accounts - trading account, 48th & 49th hour

Black board + PPT

5. Profit and loss account and balance sheet with simple adjustments.

50th & 51st hour

Black board+ PPT

6. Financial analysis through ratios & Computation;

52nd & 53rd hour

Black board + PPT

7. Analysis and interpretation of liquidity ratios: current ratio, and quick ratio;


8. Analysis and interpretation of Activity ratios - inventory turnover ratio, and debtor turnover ratio;


9. Analysis and interpretation of Capital structure ratios – debt-equity ratio, and interest coverage ratio;


10. Analysis and interpretation of Profitability ratios – Gross profit ratio, Net profit ratio, Operating ratio, P/E ratio, and EPs.

57th hour Black board + Problem Solving

12. Problems Practice 58th hour Black board + Problem Solving

ASSIGNEMNTS :

1. Explain the basic accounting concepts and conventions. Give examples.

2. What do you understand by double entry book keeping ? What are its advantages?

3. What is Journal ? How is it ruled?

4. Define ledger ? state what is meant by sub division ledger

5. What is three column cash book? What is contra entry? Illustrate

6. What “Trial Balance”? State the main objectives of preparing the Trial Balance.

Explain the rules of preparing the trial balance.

7. What do you mean by final accounts? What are its constituents? Name them and

briefly explain the purpose of each of them.

8. What are financial statements ? Why they needed? How are they prepared?

35

9. Pass Journal entries for the following transactions in the books of M/s. Raghu on 1st

August,2003 commenced business with Rs.100000

Rs.

4.8.2003 Purchased goods 25000

5.8.2003 Purchased furniture 4000

6.8.2003 Opened bank account with 50000

10.8.2003 Sold goods 15000

11.8.2003 Sold goods to srihari 10000

15.8.2003 Purchased goods from kalyan 5000

16.8.2003 Paid commission 100

20.8.2003 Printing & stationery 250

25.8.2003 Purchased typewriter 2500

21.8.2003 Drawn money from bank 6000

27.8.2003 Received interest 150

30.8.2003 Paid rent 1500 and salary 800

10. Journalize the following transactions and post them to the ledger.

a. Ram invests Rs.10000 in cash

b. He bought goods worth Rs.2000 from shyam

c. He bought a machine for Rs.5000 from Lakshman on account

d. He paid to Lakshman Rs.2000

e. He sold goods for cash Rs.3000

f. He sold goods to ‘A’ on account Rs.4000

g. He paid to Shyam Rs.1000

h. He received amount from ‘A’ Rs.2000

11. In the books of Vani prepare trading, profit & loss account and balance sheet for the

year endings 31st March 2003 from the following particulars.

Rs.

1 Opening stock 5000

2 Salaries 500

3 Sales 70400

4 Motor car 25000

5 Traveling expenses 700

6 Cash in hand 5000

7 Capital 30000

8 Interest 1800

9 Bills receivables 4000

10 Wages 2000

11 Furniture & Fixtures 3600

12 Sundry debtors 14000

13 Lighting 350

14 Printing & Stationery 100

15 Postage 50

36

16 Returns inwards 6000

17 Purchase 25000

18 Commission 1500

19 Bank balance 10000

20 Advertisement 1000

21 Sundry creditors 5200

Adjustments 1. Closing stock Rs.40000

2. Write off bad debts Rs.100

3. Prepaid commission Rs.200

4. Outstanding salaries Rs.150

12. What are the types of financial statements of a business unit and explain how

differently they interpret the financial data

13. Explain the concept of ‘Liquidity’ and narrate its importance through suitable

examples with some assured data.

14. What do you understand by ‘solvency’ position of a manufacturing organization?

How is it evaluated? Illustrate with assumed data.

15. State the different types of turnover ratios and profitability ratios and explain their

significance.

16. As a financial analyst, what precautions would you take while interpreting ratios

meaning-fully?

17. Selected financial information about siri traders limited as given below :

2001 2002

Sales 600000 430000

Cost of goods sold 570000 325000

Debtors 72000 30000

Inventories 114000 55000

Cash 15000 8000

Other current assets 40000 27000

Current liabilities 160000 110000

Compute the current ratio, quick ratio, debt collection period and inventory turnover ratios for the above two years and comment on the result.

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VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & … vignana jyothi institute of engineering & technology department of ... combinational circuits that ... of engineering & technology