Viscometer Technical Appendix

Group: Alessa Peterson, Kimberly Croteau, Julian Montoya-Zapata, Mike Hunter

Section: W2-805

Date: September 27, 2013

Table of Contents

Intro and Theory

Objective Table of Responsibilities Variables and Units

Lab Apparatus

Measurement Devices Apparatus Diagram

Safety and Operating Procedure

Start Up/ Shut Down Safety Concerns Experimental Procedure

Experimental Data

Raw Data Tables Assumptions

Analysis Methods and Calculated Results

Sources of Error Quantitative Results

Introduction and Theory:

Objective:

The objective of this experiment was to use the viscometer to calculate the viscosity of

fluids of varying densities, at different speeds of the viscometer and see how the fluids react.

Different fluids have different relationships between the amount they resist and the force applied

to them. Newtonian fluids have a linear relationship between resistance and stress. The viscosity

is always fixed. Shear thickening fluids resist more as stress is applied to them, making it more

viscous. Shear thinning fluids have the opposite effect, as more stress is applied to them they

resist less and become less viscous. Bingham plastics behave as a solid until the shear stress

exceeds a certain point and then the fluid behaves as a Newtonian fluid2.

Table of Responsibilities:

Table 1: Table of ResponsibilitiesResponsibilites Julian Montoya-Zapata Alessa Peterson Kimberly Croteau Michael HunterTables and Figures x x x xLab Objectives & Theory x xLab Apparatus x xSafety and Procedures x x x xExperimental Data x x x xExperimental Data Collection x x x xAnalysis x xResults x xInitials:

Variables and Units:

ρ=mVo ρ = density (g/mL) o m= mass (g)o V= volume (mL)

Speed=rpm

η=viscosity= fs

o f = Its unit of measurement is dynes per square centimeter (dynes/cm2).o s = Its unit of measure is called the reciprocal second (sec-1)

Lab Apparatus:

Measurement Devices:

Brookfield DV-II+ Pro Scale Beaker Graduated Cylinder

Apparatus Diagram1:

Figure 1: Controls of Viscometer1

Figure 2: Brookfield Viscometer1

Figure 3: Spindle set numbered based on numbers assigned by Brookfield1

Safety and Operating Procedure:

Procedure:1. For taking the viscosity reading, the liquid of interest is poured into a beaker, then, the

spindle is introduced into the fluid, in a tilted way. In this way, pockets of air will not be

present under the spindle that would interfere with the accuracy of the measurements.

2. On the bottom of the instrument, a spindle is attached to the viscometer by gently lifting  the

suspension system in the coupling part with one hand and screwing with the other (figure 2).

3. The viscometer is adjusted to the desired high my moving up and down, using the gearing

behind the instrument until the fluid is leveled with the spindle immersion mark.

4. The viscometer is turned on by pressing the first bottom on the top left (Figure 1).

5. To set the speed, we pressed the upper of lower arrow controls to the desired speed, then we

pressed the ‘set speed’ bottom (figure 1) .

6. To select the specific spindle used, press the ‘select spindle’ bottom. Then, use the arrows to

select the desired spindle. Finally, press the ‘select spindle’ bottom again1 (figure 1).

Safety:

Standard lab safety precautions used

o Goggles worn

o Feet and legs covered

Materials with no risk associated included: Karo Light Corn Syrup and Karo Corn Syrup

Lite6.

Anti-Freeze requires cautious handling

o May cause damage if in contact with eyes

o Irritant if coming in contact with skin

o Harmful when ingested

o MSDS available5

Glycerin has low risk of skin irritation

o MSDS available3

Data Sources and Gathering Methods:

Viscosity readings, and speed of spindle obtained from Brookfield DV-II+pro1

Density obtained through calculations of volume (gradulated cylinder) and weight (scale)

Experimental Data:

Table 1: Viscosity Readings of Karo Corn Syrup

Trial # Spindle used Speed (rpm) % Torque Viscosity (cP)1 7 20 4.1 82002 7 10 2.3 92003 7 50 9.6 76804 7 100 19.3 77205 6 10 7.5 300006 6 20 14.6 292007 6 50 36.6 292008 6 100 73 32080.59 7 10 3.5 14000

10 7 20 8 1600011 7 50 21.6 1736012 7 100 39.5 1608013 6 10 16.5 825014 6 20 16.5 835015 6 50 42.4 848016 6 100 84.4 8450

Table 2: Viscosity Readings of Anti-Freeze

Trial # Spindle used Speed (rpm) % Torque Viscosity (cP)1 2 10 0.2 82 2 20 0.4 103 2 50 2.3 17.64 2 100 6.1 245 3 10 0 06 3 20 0 07 3 50 4.8 0.68 3 100 6.8 1.7

Table 3: Viscosity Readings of Glycerin

Trial # Spindle used Speed (rpm) % Torque Viscosity (cP)1 5 10 0.8 3202 5 20 2.5 5003 5 50 6.2 4964 5 100 12.7 5085 3 10 5.1 5106 3 20 10.1 5057 3 50 25.2 5048 3 100 51.1 5119 4 10 2.1 420

10 4 20 4.6 46011 4 50 12.1 49612 4 100 24.8 500

Table 4: Viscosity Readings of Karo Lite Corn Syrup

Trial # Spindle used Speed (rpm) % Torque Viscosity (cP)1 6 10 1.8 18002 6 20 2.3 11503 6 50 5.4 10604 6 100 9.4 9405 5 10 3.2 12806 5 20 6.5 13207 5 50 13.4 10728 5 100 22.9 9169 7 10 0.3 1600

10 7 20 0.8 160011 7 50 1.5 120012 7 100 3.6 144013 6 10 1 100014 6 20 2.7 135015 6 50 6.1 122016 6 100 10.5 1050

Table 5: Other Fluid Measurements

Liquid Empty Beaker Mass (g) Volume Liquid (mL) Mass of Beaker+Liquid (g)

Karo light corn syrup 25.05 20 51.79

Karo light corn syrup 25.05 34 71.71

Karo lite corn syrup 41.82 40 93.18

Karo lite corn syrup 41.82 68 127.92

Water 41.7 40 81.9

Water 41.7 87 128.83

Antifreeze 25.17 27.5 54.01

Antifreeze 25.17 39 66.44

Glycerine 41.71 35 85.07

Glycerine 41.71 52 106.99

Assumptions:

Room Temperature = 20 o C (293 K)

Density of water at Room Temperature = 998 Kg/m3

Assumed machine was correctly calibrated

Assumed all fluids tested are incompressible

Analysis Methods and Calculated Results:

Sources of Error:

Human Error

Could have created bubbles under the spindle

Misuse of Equipment/Device not calibrated

Prolonged stirring caused incorrect data, thicker fluids would build up around spindle

Not selecting correct spindle

Using the viscometer incorrectly, never having used the machine before

Quantitative Results:

Table 6: Calculated Density

Liquid Calculated Density (g/mL)

Karo light corn syrup 1.337

Karo light corn syrup 1.372

Karo lite corn syrup 1.284

Karo lite corn syrup 1.266

Water 1.005

Water 1.001

Antifreeze 1.049

Antifreeze 1.058

Glycerine 1.239

Glycerine 1.255

0 20 40 60 80 100 1200

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

Karo Light Corn Syrup

Spindle 7Linear (Spindle 7)Spindle 6

Speed(rpm)

Visc

osity

(cP)

Figure 4: Spindle Speed to Viscosity Reading of Karo Light Corn Syrup

0 20 40 60 80 100 1200

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Karo lite syrup (33% fewer calories)

Spindle 5Linear (Spindle 5)Spindle 6Spindle 7

Speed (rpm)

Visc

osity

(cP)

Figure 5: Spindle Speed to Viscosity Reading of Karo Lite Corn Syrup

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000

5

10

15

20

25

Anti-Freeze

Spindle 2Linear (Spindle 2)Spindle 3

Speed (rpm)

Visc

osity

(cP)

Figure 6: Spindle Speed to Viscosity Reading of Anti Freeze

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100300

350

400

450

500

550

Glycerine

spindle 3spindle 4Linear (spindle 4)spindle 5

Speed (rpm)

Visc

osity

(cP)

Figure 7: : Spindle Speed to Viscosity Reading of Glycerin

Sources:

1. BIBLIOGRAPHY Brookfield Engineering Laboratories Inc. (n.d.). BROOKFIELD DV-II+ Pro PROGRAMMABLE VISCOMETER. Retrieved from Broofield Engineering: http://www.brookfieldengineering.com/download/files/DV2Pro_Manual.pdf

2. Cengel, ,. Y., & Cimbala, J. M. (2014). Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications. New York: McGraw-Hill.

3. Fisher Scientific. (n.d.). Material Safety Data Sheet Glycerin. Retrieved from http://personal.stevens.edu/~ebrennan/files/glycerin-msds.pdf

4. BP (n.d.). Material Safety Data Sheet. Retrieved from5. http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/ftp/TCH/external/!publish/EMS2/Supplements/TCH-MSDS/

Antifreeze_MSDS.pdf6. "Material Safety Data Sheet (Karo Light Corn Syrup)." Achfood.com. ACH Food Companies, 3

Feb. 2010. 7. Web. 25 Sept. 2013. <http://msds.hesco-fl.com/01HESCO/Part/12248-05-15-2013.pdf>.