Final Review Questions

BIOCHEMISTRYChapter 3 Water and the Fitness of the Environment

1. How does the polarity of water result in hydrogen bonding?2. Why does ice float in water? 3. Explain how cohesion is used in plant xylem and phloem4. Why is water’s surface tension so high?5. How does water moderate air temperature?6. How do heat and temperature differ?7. Explain why water has such a high specific heat.8. What are four emergent properties of water?9. What happens as a result when hydrogen bonds are fragile when in liquid form?10. How does adhesion counter the downward pull of gravity?11. Why is water an effective heat bank?12. What happens when objects of two different temperatures come together in contact?13. Why do coastal areas have milder climates?14. What is acid precipitation caused by?15. How does a buffer work?16. What are the effects of acid precipitation?17. List 3 things caused by water’s high heat of vaporization18. Why is water a versatile solvent?19. Why are polar molecules more soluble in water?20. Why don’t some hydrophilic molecules dissolve? 21. When does Vaporization occur?22. Why does the investment of 1 calorie of heat causes relatively little change in the temperature

of water23. When do hydrogen bonds form and when do they break?24. Why is the heat of vaporization of water so high?25. Why do living things resist changes in temperature?

Chapter 5 Macromolecules

1) Describe the structure and function of a carbohydrate.2) Describe the structure and function of a lipid.3) Describe the structure and function of a protein.4) Describe the structure and function of a nucleic acid. 5) List factors that may cause a protein to denature.6) List the elements nucleic acids are composed of. 7) List the elements carbohydrates are composed of.

8) What causes unsaturated fats to be liquid at room temperature? Saturated solid at room temperature?

9) How are monomers, polymers, and macromolecules related?10) Describe the process of hydrolysis.11) Describe the process of dehydration synthesis.12) What causes the hydrophobic tails of a lipid to turn inwards while the hydrophilic heads turn

outwards in a lipid bi-layer membrane?13) What is an enzyme and describe its function.14) List the four structures of proteins.15) Structure of an amino acid.16) Structure of a nucleotide. 17) How many types of amino acids are there and what causes them to differ?18) List the two categories of nucleotide bases and the bases that go in each.19) Name the five nucleotide bases.20) Describe the structure and function of triglycerides. 21) What is an isomer?22) What is the monomer of carbohydrates? List three examples.23) What is the monomer of proteins? List three examples.24) What is the monomer of nucleic acids? Polymers?25) How many bonds is carbon capable of forming?

Chapter 6 Metabolism

1. The reactant an enzyme acts on is referred to as the enzyme’s

_________________________.

2. __________________________ is the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one. _____________________________ (molecule) is responsible for mediating most energy coupling in cells.

3. What is an example of mechanical work that a cell does(a)? Transport work(b)? Chemical work(c)?

a. ____________________________________________________________

b. ____________________________________________________________

c. ____________________________________________________________

4. The first law of thermodynamics states:

_____________________________________________________________________________________.

What is thermodynamics? _______________________________________________________.

5. The second law of thermodynamics states:

_____________________________________________________________________________________.

What is entropy? _________________________________________________________________.

6. ____________________________________ (anabolic or catabolic)pathways ____________________ (consume or release)energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones. By contrast, ____________________________________ (anabolic or catabolic) pathways ____________________ (consume or release) energy to break down complex molecules to simpler compounds.

7. What is metabolism? _____________________________________________________________.

8. What is free energy? ____________________________________________________________.

9. What is the difference between a competitive inhibitor and a noncompetitive inhibitor? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

10. ________________________ is a non-protein helper for catalytic activity. It may be bound tightly to the active site as a permanent resident or can bind loosely and reversibly along with the substrate.

11. Name two factors that affect enzyme activity:

a. ____________________________________________________________

b. ____________________________________________________________

12. _____________________________________________ is the switching off of a metabolic pathway by its end product, which acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within the pathway.

13. What is meant by “induced fit”? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

14. A(n) _________________________________________ is constructed from two or more polypeptide subunits, each having its own active site. Remote from the active sites are the _________________________ sites, specific receptors for regulators of the enzyme, which may be activators or inhibitors.

15. A __________________________ is a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. ______________________ is a catalytic protein.

16. __________________________________ or _____________________________________ is the initial investment of energy for starting a reaction. It is the energy required to break bonds in the reactant molecules.

17. The _______________________________ is typically a pocket or groove on the surface of the protein.

18. __________________________________ is the energy of motion. ________________________ is stored energy.

19. What is bioenergetics? ____________________________________________________________.

20. The system is ______________________________________________________________________. The surroundings are _____________________________________________________________.

21. Before a spontaneous change, there is ________________ (more or less) free energy, _____________________(more or less) stability, and a _____________________(greater or lesser) work capacity. After a spontaneous change, there is ________________ (more or less) free energy, _____________________(more or less) stability, and a _____________________(greater or lesser) work capacity.

22. Exergonic reactions proceed with a net ___________________ (gain or release) of free energy; endergonic reactions have a net ____________________ (gain or release) of free energy.

23. What are the two components to a system’s quantity of free energy?

a. ____________________________________________________________

b. ____________________________________________________________

24. How can a cell maintain disequilibrium? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

25. _____________________ provides a daily source of free energy for an ecosystem’s plants and other photosynthetic organisms.

CELLSChapter 7 A Tour of the Cell

For questions 1–4, please use the following answer choices:

A. Cell wallB. MitochondrionC. RibosomeD. LysosomeE. Golgi apparatus

1. This organelle is present in plant cells, but not animal cells.2. Absence of enzymes from this organelle can lead to storage diseases such as Tay-Sachs disease.3. This organelle is the host for the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation of respiration.4. This organelle is synthesized in the nucleolus of the cell.5. Which of the following best describes the fluid mosaic model of membranes?

A. The membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins of various lengths and sizes located on the exterior portions of the membrane.

B. The membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins of various lengths and sizes located in the interior of the membrane.

C. The membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins of uniform lengths and sizes located in the interior of the membrane.

D. The membrane contains a phospholipid bilayer with proteins of various lengths and sizes interspersed among the phospholipids.

E. The membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins of uniform length and size interspersed among the phospholipids.

6. Which of the following types of cell transport requires energy? A. The movement of a particle across a selectively permeable membrane down its

concentration gradientB. The movement of a particle across a selectively permeable membrane against its

concentration gradientC. The movement of water down its concentration gradient across selectively permeable

membranesD. The movement of a sodium ion from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower

concentrationE. The movement of a particle across a selectively permeable membrane with the

assistance of the membrane's transport proteins7. Which of the following structures is present in prokaryotic cells?

A. NucleusB. MitochondriaC. Cell wallD. Golgi apparatusE. Lysosome

8. Which of the following represents an incorrect description of an organelle's function? A. Chloroplast: the site of photosynthesis and energy production in plant cellsB. Peroxisome: organelle that produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product of reactions

involved in the breakdown of fatty acids, and detoxification of alcohol in the liverC. Golgi apparatus: structure to which proteins, lipids, and other macromolecules are sent

to be modified by the addition of sugars and other molecules to form glycoproteinsD. Rough endoplasmic reticulum: membrane bound organelle lacking ribosomes on its

cytoplasmic surface, involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and carbohydrate metabolism.

E. Nucleus: the control center in eukaryotic cells, which acts as the site for replication, transcription, and posttranscriptional modification of RNA

9. The destruction of which of the following would most cripple a cell's ability to undergo cell division?

A. MicrofilamentsB. Intermediate filamentsC. MicrotubulesD. Actin fibers

E. Keratin fibers10. Which of the following can easily diffuse across a selectively permeable membrane?

A. Na+B. GlucoseC. Large uncharged polar moleculesD. Charged ionsE. Lipids

a. ribosomeb. mitochondrionc. lysosomed. golgi bodye. endoplasmic reticulum

11. site of polypeptide (protein) assembly12. cellular digestion and disposal of biological materials occurs here13. aerobic respiration (to make ATP) occurs here14. RNA is translated into protein with the help of this organelle15. secretory proteins (proteins that are going to be secreted) are packaged here16. involved in lipid production and protein transport17. the hemoglobin of mammals and birds (the protein that carries oxygen around the body) would be synthesized here18. sugar metabolism (the use of sugar to make energy) occurs here

19. Four of the five statements are portions of a well known theory. Select the exception:a. cells are the structural and functional components of living thingsb. cells arise from preexisting cellsc. all organisms are composed of cellsd. cells are the basic living unit of organization in living thingse. all cells have a nucleus

20. Four of the five statements are familiar organelles in the cytoplasm. Select the exception:a. nucleolus b. mitochondrion c. ribosome d. Golgi body e. chloroplast

21. Four of the five items listed are organelles found in eukaryotes. Select the exception:a. mitochondrion b. Golgi body c. Nucleoid d. Lysosome e. Vacuole

22. Four of the five answers listed below are composed of membranes. Select the exception:a. endoplasmic reticulum b. granum c. plasma membrane d. chromosome e. nuclear envelope

23. Four of the five answers listed below are chloroplast features. Select the exception:

a. stroma b. granum c. microbody d. pigment d. ATP

24. Four of the five answers below are features of membrane extensions. Select the exception:a. amyloplast b. centriole c. microtubule d. basal body e. 9 + 2 arrangements

25. Four of the five answers below are types of intracellular junctions. Select the exception:a. tight junctions b. gap junctions c. plasmodesmata d. adhering junctions e. microvilli

26. Four of the five answers below are bound by membranes. Select the exception:a. mitochondrion b. ribosome c. chromoplast d. vacuole e. lysosome

Chapter 8 Cell Transport

1. In comparing two solutions of unequal solute concentration, which is hypotonic and which is hypertonic? What are isotonic solutions?

2. Why is facilitated diffusion considered passive transport?3. Describe the function of a proton pump. What kind of transport is it?4. What is co-transport?5. Describe osmosis.6. If the solution inside of a cell is hypertonic to the solution outside of the cell, in what

direction will the water move and what is the effect on the cell?7. How do transport proteins contribute to a membrane’s selective permeability?8. What is the function of the cell membrane?9. Describe the structure of the cell membrane. 10. What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?11. Describe the different types of endocytosis.12. What are the functions of membrane proteins?13. What increases the efficiency of diffusion?14. What is the fluid mosaic model?15. What are the differences between peripheral proteins and integral proteins?16. Describe how the sodium-potassium pump works. What type of transport is it? 17. How do transport proteins work?18. What kinds of molecules cannot pass through the phospholipid bilayer? Why?19. What is the function of the membrane carbohydrates?20. What are aquaporins?21. What are gated channels?22. What is osmoregulation?23. Describe the differences in plant and animal cells in hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic

solutions.

24. Describe the sidedness of the plasma membrane. 25. What is an electrochemical gradient?

CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESISChapter 9 Cellular Respiration

1) What chemical characteristic of oxygen accounts for its function in cellular respiration?2) Discuss the role of membranes in ATP synthesis?3) In the presence of a metabolic poison that specifically and completely inhibits the function of the

mitochondrial ATP synthase, what change would you expect in the pH across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

4) How does the structure of ATP relate to its ability to transfer energy?5) Describe glycolysis.6) What happens when a cell has enough ATP and does not need to produce anymore?7) What is a difference, and what is a similarity between oxidative phosphorylation and substrate

level phosphorylation?8) Where in the mitochondrion is the ETC located? Describe the ETC and explain its function.9) What is the function of NAD in cellular respiration?10) What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration?11) What is alcohol fermentation?12) What are the net products of the Krebs cycle?13) Define oxidation and reduction. In cellular respiration, what gets oxidized and what gets

reduced?14) Describe the structure of the mitochondrion? Where in the mitochondrion does the Krebs cycle

and ETC or oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis occur?15) The final electron acceptor of the ETC is _______ which combines with ____ electrons and ____

protons to form water.16) What must happen to pyruvate before it enters the Krebs cycle?17) Why do cells not catabolize carbon dioxide?18) What are three distinctions between fermentation and cellular respiration?19) What process do human skeleton muscles carry out after strenuous exercise?20) What is the immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis during oxidative

phosphorylation? 21) What is the evolutionary significance of glycolysis?22) What are environmental factors that can affect the rate of cellular respiration?23) A glucose-fed yeast cell is moved from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic environment. If

the cell continues to generate ATP at the same rate, how will its rate of glucose consumption compare to consumption in the aerobic environment?

24) What is the name of the four carbon molecule that reacts with the 2-carbon acetyl coA in the Krebs cycle?

25) What is the energy flow sequence in cellular respiration?

Chapter 10 Photosynthesis

Review 1 1. What is photophosphorylation? What happens during this process and where does it take place?

2. Why does the light reaction have an alternate path in cyclic electron flow?

3. What mechanisms do CAM plants use to photosynthesize?

4. What is photorespiration? Is it useful?

5. What are the functions of different pigments in a plant cell?

6. What is the Calvin cycle? What happens in it?

7. How does chemiosmosis work in plant cells?

8. What are some differences between chemiosmosis in plants and animals?

9. What are photosystems in the chlorophyll?

10. What is the pathway of the electron in noncyclic electron flow?

11. Most green plants photosynthesize efficiently under what kind of light?

12. What environmental factors affect the rate of photosynthesis in plants?

13. What mechanisms do C4 plants use to photosynthesize?

14. What role does NADP+ play in photosynthesis?

15. How does the structure of a leaf facilitate photosynthesis?

16. What happens to the CO2 as it gets ready to enter the Calvin cycle? What molecules are involved?

17. What is a spectrophotometer?

18. What kind of experiments can be used to determine the effects of different wavelengths of light on photosynthesis?

19. Where does the oxygen come from?

20. What environmental challenges do CAM and C4 photosynthesis solve?

21. How is the chloroplast similar in structure to mitochondrion?

22. What is the importance of photosynthesis?

23. What is the structure of a chloroplast?

24. What are action and absorption spectrums?

25. What is the relationship between light reactions and the Calvin cycle?

Review 2I. Photosynthesis in Nature

Autotrophs: Producers; sustains themselves without eating other organisms 1. Photoautotrophs: use _________ energy to help synthesis organic molecules 2. Chemoautotrophs: oxidize organic compounds like _________ and _________

Chloroplasts: Found in cells of _________ tissue (spongy); green from _________ Structure: Double membrane; stacks (grana) of_________ inside each chloroplast; _________: dense fluid surrounding the grana.

II. The Pathways of Photosynthesis General equation for photosynthesis:

_________ _________ _________ ___________________________The oxygen molecule comes from the splitting of _________ (photolysis). _________ can be subtracted from both sides to form a net equation.

Sunlight and pigments: Electromagnetic spectrum: entire range of radiation including visible light (380 [_________]-750 [_________] nm).Wavelength: distance between _________ of electromagnetic waves. Longer the wavelength =_________ energyPhotons: discrete particles with fixed amount of energy; the amount of energy is _________ related to the wavelength.Spectrophotometer: directs beams of light of certain wavelength through pigment solution and measures the fraction of light transmitted _________ spectrum: fraction of light absorbed/not transmitted/not reflected_________ spectrum: Effectiveness of different wavelengths of light in driving photosynthesis

Pigments Color DescriptionChlorophyll a Best with _________ and _________ light, works

directly in _________ reactions, has _________ in the molecule

Chlorophyll b Transfers to chlorophyll _________, has _________ in the molecule

Carotenoids Transfers to chlorophyll _________Xanthophyll Transfers to chlorophyll _________Anthocyanin Transfers to chlorophyll _________

Chlorophyll: porphyrin ring (light absorbing head, hydro_________, contains _________ in the middle) Hydrocarbon tail (hydro_________) A. Light Reactions

Photosystems: collection of _________, _________ and other smaller organic molecules on _________ membrane __________________: clusters of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids that gather light and transmitted to a chlorophyll a molecule in the reaction centerReaction center: special _________ loses one election to the __________________.

Noncyclic electron flow: produces _________ and NADPH in _________ amounts, noncyclic photophosphorylation Photosystem I: discovered _________, takes wavelength of _________nmPhotosystem II: discovered _________, takes wavelength of _________nmThe two photosystems occur at the same time. 1. _________: water is split to give off 2 electrons and an oxygen atom which forms O2 with another oxygen atom. 2. Electrons are excited and kept in the excited state by the _________. 3. Electron is passed down the electron transport chain (Pq __________________ Pc). Chemiosmosis: the energy from the electrons powers the proton pumps to create a H+ gradient (higher in thylakoid space, lower in stroma). When proton is diffused through _________, ATP is created. 4. The electron transport chain from Photosystem I produces NADPH.

Cyclic electron flow: produces no _________and does not release _________, cyclic photophosphorylation Goal: increases _________ level because Calvin cycle uses more _________ than NADPH

Some Similarities and Differences between Mitochondrion and ChloroplastSimilarities Mitochondrion Chloroplast_________membrane bound Cellular respiration PhotosynthesisUse _________to generate ATP; creates high H+ concentration in the “smaller” space (_________space and _________ space)

_________ and _________ phosphorylation

_________and _________ photophosphorylation

Contains own _________; can replicate by itself (could be prokaryotes)

Uses _________ and _________

Uses NADPH

B.B. Calvin Cycle: “_________ reactions”: light _________; 1 glucose molecule = 6 CO2 + ___ Calvin cycles Location: _________ Phase 1: _________

_________CO2 molecules joins 5-carbon _________ and enzyme _________

Phase 2: _________ATP (6) and NADPH (6) from _________ reactions are used to form PGAL (G3P)Output for one cycle = 1 _________

Phase 3: _______________________ 3-carbon G3P + 3 ATP = ___ 5-carbon RuBP

C. C4 and CAM PlantsProblem: When _________ close because of intense light and heat, _________ levels rise while _________ levels decrease. _________ starts to take in O2 which causes _________ (decreases efficiency)1. C4 plants: steps are separated structurally: _________ cells around vascular tissue have chloroplasts Examples: ___________________________Solution: CO2 is “stored” in oxaloacetic acid (4-carbon acid) to use in Calvin Cycle (in bundle-sheath cell)

2. CAM plants: Steps are separated by _________ (day and night) Examples: succulents like _________ and _________Solution: CO2 is “stored” during the night in crassulacean acid system to use during the day; _________ is conserved in the process

D. Overview

ECOLOGY

Chapter 50 Intro to Ecology

1) Oligotrophic lakes are: (choose all that apply) A) nutrient-poorB) nutrient-richC) deepC) ShallowD) Unproductive phytoplankton 2) In which biome are Grasses a dominant part of the plant community?3) An immature frog (a tadpole) lives in a pond or lake. The adult frog lives on land, and it possesses special adaptations that permit it to survive in a terrestrial environment. What are these adaptations?4) Why are turnovers essential for survival of organisms in lakes? 5) Water, minerals, temperature, and light are all ______ components of an environment.6) Where does the energy come from in deep-sea vent communities? 7) True or False: Most species have small geographic ranges. 8) Desert owls are inactive during the day and active at night. They also have small bodies. These are examples of which kind of adaptations? 9) Which biome is characterized by an extensive canopy that allows little light to penetrate to the ground and by the presence of epiphytes?10) What do you call the region where fresh water and salt water mix?11) Which of these is characteristic of the photic zone of a freshwater biome?12) Different species that inhabit the same type of biome, but occur in widely separated geographic regions, often appear similar due to _____. 13) Rooted plants are found only in the _____ zone of a lake. 14) Which biome is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth? 15) What could a climatograph be used for?

Chapter 51 Behavior

1. What is behavioral biology?2. Discuss the causes of behavior.3. Discuss learning vs. maturation.4. Baby monkeys and apes grasping things with their feet or hands is an example of what?5. Why does behavioral ecology emphasize the evolutionary hypothesis?6. Animal communication involves what type of sensory information? 7. What is a chemical produced by an animal as communication to another animal of the same species?8. Discuss the cognitive mechanisms used during movement through space. 9. What applies the evolutionary theory to the study or interpretation of interaction between two or more animals?10. Is imprinting triggered by chemical or visual stimuli?11. When an animal stops responding to a waring signal because the signal is not followed by am attack

it is an example of what? 12.What is Parental investment?13. Discuss the difference between classical and operant conditioning.14. What are two examples of competitive behavior?15. What are the different mating systems? Explain each. 16. A baboon may help an unrelated companion in a fight or a wolf may offer food to another wolf even though they share no kinship. 17.Explain the relationship between signals and communication. 18. What does Hamilton's rule deal with and state?19.An individual's fitness is most closely related to what? What is this called?20. A stickleback fish attacking a wood block with a red bottom is an example of what?21. When wild animals are raised in captivity they often cannot be released back into the wild because they will return to the company of humans. This is because:22. What is the survival,through altruistic behavior, of related individuals with common alleles?23. Describe the difference between kinesis and taxis.24. Karl Von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, and Niko Tinenbergen are three individuals that are known for what study? Explain this study.25. A behavior that has no apparent external goal, but may facilitate social development or practice of certain behaviors and provide exercise is what kind of behavior?

Chapter 52 Populations

1. A group of animals live in the same general area. They rely on the same resources, have a high likelihood of breeding with one another, and they are of the same species. What is that group of animals called?2. If individuals are competing for resources such as water and minerals or nesting grounds, what dispersion pattern is that called?3. Trees of the same species usually exhibit what type of dispersion pattern?4. Which dispersion pattern, also called schooling, allows for the individuals of a “school” to be protected from predators?5. What does a Type III curve indicate on a survivorship curve?6. A special type of plant has been discovered. It has similar characteristics in terms of mating compared to previously discovered plants. This type of plant seems as if it might be related to the agaves because every few years, only one reproducing plant of the newly discovered plant will grow and release thousands of offspring, then die. What this is an example of?7. How is a population of animals related to the species of the animal?8. If a human life table indicates people of the same age, then it is a…9. A group of scientists are studying herons. After a long period of tedious observation, they decide to record the heron population overtime. In the beginning of the month, the population started out at a very low count but as the weeks went by, the population skyrocketed. The sudden increase in heron population soon began to slow and eventually end at a constant population amount. What has the heron population reached?

10. What defines a logistic model?11. What does the r-selection indicate?12. In an ecosystem, the predators hunt and kill the prey that they usually hunt. If the prey population were to suddenly decrease drastically, what would become of the predator’s diet?13. If the age structure for the age group 0-4 is the highest percentage and the age structure for the age group 80+ is the lowest percentage, what does that indicate?14. What is a characteristic of iteroparity?15. In a social P.O.V. what do age-structure diagrams indicate?16. How do intrinsic factors affect population size?17. What is the Allee Effect?18. When can zero-population growth occur?19. What advantage does having a large number of seeds exhibit?20. What disadvantage does having a large number of seeds exhibit?21. What advantage does having a large seed exhibit?22. What disadvantage does having a large seed exhibit?23. In a population, if the per capita birth rate is x, and the per capita death rate is x, then what is the rate of population increase?24. In an age structure, if the shape is a bell, then what does that indicate?25. What is the most optimal shape of the age structure?

Chapter 53 Community Ecology

1. A human eats a deer, what relationship applies to the human and the deer? 2. A blood sucking tick and a dog. What relationship applies to this pair? 3. What is the difference between commensalism and mutualism? 4. In an ecosystem, what are phytoplankton? 5. What are decomposers? 6. What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? 7. Why is a new island more hospitable to the colonizing species? 8. What is the difference between relative abundance and species richness?9. A butterfly is brown and it blends in with the tree it rests on. What kind of evolutionary

adaptation is this? 10. What kind of mimicry is it when two unpalatable species look alike? 11. A butterfly resembles a moth. What kind of mimicry is this? 12. What is the belief that long food chains are less stable than short food chains?13. What are species that are not necessarily abundant in a community but exerts strong control on

the community structure?14. Difference between the rivet model and the redundancy model?15. What is the difference between a habitat and a niche?16. How can a community appear to have little diversity but is rich in species?17. What is the difference between Batesian mimicry and Mullerian mimicry?18. A mosquito leeches on to your skin and sucks out you blood. What kind of parasite is it?

19. Difference between endoparasite and ectoparasite?20. Explain the nonequilibrium model.21. What is the species area curve? 22. What relationship includes a living host and small insects that lay eggs on the host?23. What is coevolution?24. What does the concept of trophic structure of a community emphasize?25. What is the belief that all organisms in the community contribute to its integrity?

Chapter 54 Ecosystems

1. Name the trophic levels in ascending order.2. Which trophic level forms a major link between the primary producers and consumers?3. What is detritus?4. What is the second law of thermodynamics?5. The amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by an ecosystem’s autotrophs during a

given time period is called…6. What is the weight of vegetation added to the ecosystem per unit area per unit time

(grams/meters squared/year)7. Total biomass of photosynthetic autotrophs present at a given time8. What is the limiting nutrient in an ecosystem?9. What is one of the two nutrients that most often limit marine production?10. The abundant accumulation of nutrients that support a dense growth of algae and other

organisms, the decay of which depletes the shallow waters of oxygen in summer.11. The amount of chemical energy in consumers’ food that is converted to their own new biomass

during a given time period12. What is the difference between production efficiency and trophic efficiency?13. What type of pyramid would represent the number of individual organisms at each trophic

level?14. What are some factors that keep herbivores in check (according to the green world hypothesis)?15. What is nitrogen fixation and what kinds of organisms can fix nitrogen?16. What is the direct product of nitrogen fixation?17. Why is human interaction causing problems in the biosphere?18. What is a critical load?19. What is the process by which toxins become more concentrated in successive trophic levels of a

food web?20. The role of decomposers in the nitrogen cycle is to…21. The recent increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration is mainly a result of an increase in…22. Out of a salt marsh, an open ocean, a coral reef, and a grassland, which one has the lowest

primary production per square meter?

Chapter 55 Conservation

1. What is the biodiversity crisis?2. What is the first level of biodiversity?3. What is the third level of biodiversity?4. What is the difference between an endangered species and a threatened species?5. Give an example on why it is crucial to conserve natural resources.6. What are the ecosystem services?7. The 4 major threats to biodiversity are ____________________________________.8. What is the single greatest threat to biodiversity throughout the biosphere?9. What are some of the causes of habitat destruction?10.Sometimes called exotic species, _______________________ are those that humans move from the

species’ native locations to new geographic regions.11.What is overexploitation?12.More specifically what does overexploitation most often refer to?13.How can the disruption of food chains be harmful?14.What is the extinction vortex?15.What is landscape?16.How is landscape ecology important?17.What is a movement corridor?18.What is a biodiversity hot spot?19.The ________________, the area needed to sustain the grizzly bear, is more than 10 times as large

as the ________________, the actual area of the parks.20.What is a zoned reserve?21.A new sub discipline of conservation biology called _________________ applies ecological principles

in an effort to return degraded ecosystems to conditions as similar as possible to their natural, pre-degraded state.

22.What is bioremediation?23.In contrast to bioremediation, which is a strategy for _________ harmful substances, biological

augmentation uses organisms to ______ essential materials to a degraded ecosystem.24.What is required when augmenting ecosystems?25.What is the goal of the Sustainable biosphere initiative?

EVOLUTIONChapter 22 Descent with Modification

1. What is the name of the book Charles Darwin published in 1859? And what two main theories can be found in this book?

2. What is the basic idea of natural selection? What results from natural selection?3. Describe Carolus Linnaues’ system of naming organisms4. . Be able to draw an evolutionary tree/cladogram.5. What are fossils? Where are fossils found?

6. Who invented these theories and what do the theories mean? Catastrophism, uniformitarianism, gradualism

7. What theories did Lamarck come with? Were they wrong?8. What observations did Darwin make in the Galapagos Islands?9. What are the five observations and three inferences pertaining to Darwin’s theory of natural

selection?10. What was Malthus theory?11. What is artificial selection?12. What is the smallest unit that can evolve?13. What are some examples of natural selection today?14. What sorts of evidence support evolution? Ex. Fossil Record15. What is a theory? Is natural selection a theory?16. What are some examples of homologies?

Chapter 23 Evolution of Populations

1-4 Describe each of the following terms and explain how each provides evidence of evolution.i. Sickle cell anemiaii. Cytochrome c

iii. Peppered moth experiment iv. Antibiotic resistant bacteria

5-6 Describe the concepts of both gradualism and punctuated equilibrium separately. Explain what evidence one would expect to find in the fossil record to support each of the two theories.

7. The Hardy-Weinberg Principle states that allelic frequencies in a population will remain the same (equilibrium) assuming that the following 5 stipulations are met:

8. How does gene frequency change actually occur?

9. Why does p + q = 1?

10-14 A certain population of cats is represented by 9% homozygous recessive cats with white fur.A. What percentage of the alleles present in the population is recessive? B. What percentage of the alleles present in the population is dominant? C. What percentage of the population is homozygous dominant?D. What percentage of the population is heterozygous? E. What percentage of the population brown?

15. What is a species?

16. What are examples of prezygotic barriers?

17. If fertilization were to occur, what mechanisms might still isolate one species from another?

18. What are examples of allopatric speciation?

19. How does allopatric speciation result in new species given enough time?

20-21 Describe the overarching idea of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and explain how evolution affects Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

22-24 What is the frequency of each of the following?A. Homozygous dominant genotype B. Heterozygous genotype C. Homozygous recessive genotype

25-26 After 10 generations, the frequency of the dominant allele (B) is determined to be 0.60. What can be concluded about this population? Justify statements mathematically and describe conditions that may explain why this is the case.

Chapter 24 Origin of Species

1. What type of genes determine the basic arrangement of anatomical parts in an organism? 2. When a hox gene causes changes in the anatomical position information in an embryo, how

does this affect the organism? 3. Explain how heterochromy can change the rate of reproductive organ development in

comparison to the somatic organs in a species. 4. Explain the expatiation that led to the development of the eye. 5. Explain the phenomenon that led to the creation of fruits such as the grapple, tangelo, and

pluot. 6. If diversifying selection occurs in regard to bird beaks, explain how this would be expressed

phenotypically and why. 7. Explain the 2-fold disadvantage of sexual reproduction in relation to asexual reproduction. 8. Rams experience intrasexual selection amongst males of the species. Explain how and why this

occurs. 9. Explain the intersexual selection present in the case of blue-footed boobies. 10. Explain how allopatric speciation can create new species. 11. A wolf and a dog may not reproduce because they are anatomically dissimilar. Explain this

phenomenon. 12. In the case of a sheep and a goat, these organisms are closely related and are able to mate.

Explain why they do not create viable offspring. 13. A horse and a donkey can mate and successfully reproduce a hybrid zygote that is viable. Their

offspring however, the mule, cannot reproduce. Explain why they do not create fertile offspring. 14. Explain the phenomenon of Hybrid Breakdown.

15. List 3 factors that can lead to gametic isolation. 16. Give an example of what type of behavioral isolation could occur in two species of

genetically similar birds that do not reproduce. 17. Explain how a population of animals may diverge into a new species due to sympatric

speciation. 18. Explain the Punctuated Equilibrium Model of evolution. 19. Explain how adaptive radiation can occur in an archipelago. 20. Explain why ring-species exist around a geographical barrier 21. Distinguish between anagenesis and cladogenesis 22. How can changing environmental conditions affect the development of evolutionary trends? 23. Explain why autopolyploidy may occur and how it is beneficial to plant species. 24. Explain the Genealogical Species Concept. 25. Defining species based on their role in the environment (niche) is synonymous to what concept

of species?

Chapter 25 Phylogeny

1. How do paleontologists use rock layers to date fossils?2. How has continental drift has affected phylogeny?3. What does it mean when "history of life has been punctuated by periods of mass extinction?4. What is the meaning of a "parsimonious tree?"5. What do fossils serve as?6. What is the difference between relative dating and absolute dating?7. What is Linaeus's method of classification?8. What are the hierarchical classification levels?9. What is the purpose of a phylogenetic tree?10. What is a clade/how are they defined?11. What do deeper branch points in phylogenetic trees mean?12. How would describe the word "monophyletic?"13. How would describe the word "paraphyletic?"14. How would describe the word "polyphyletic?"15. What is homology?16. How is convergent evolution related more to analogy and not homology?17. What is a shared primitive character? (also give an example)18. What is a shared derived character, and what is an example of one? 19. How would you describe an outgroup and an ingroup?20. What are some ways systematics can infer phylogeny from molecular data?21. Why are phylogenetic trees considered hypotheses?22. What is a molecular clock?23. How do molecular clocks keep track of evolutionary time?24. What does parsimony suggest in terms of divergence? 25. What does a cladistic approach on evolution/phylogeny focus on?