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Week 1Victorian Revivalism:
Neoclassicism vs Gothic Revival
The History of Interior Design 2INT262
Victorian Revivalism - Contextc.1837 - 1901
- Queen Victoria reigns 1837-1901
- Period of industrialisation and commercial expansion
- Empire generates further wealth: materials are imported from colonies; goods are exported to them
- Population growth in Britain: from 18.5m in 1841 to 37m in 1901 (over 6m in London)
- Transportation (roads, canals and, more revolutionary, railways)
- All this creates unprecedented wealth for industrial and merchant classes (taking power away from church, state & aristocracy = new tastes)
Victorian Revivalismc.1837 - 1901
- Why Stylistic Variety? (Revivalism)
- Revised view of history: each civilisation should be judged on its own merits by its own criteria
- Challenging the notion of Classical authority (or any authority?)
- The aesthetic of the Picturesque and Sublime (moving away from classically ʻcorrectʼ rules of beauty to the appreciation of irregularity and the unexpected)
- Variety of styles itself a source of delight
- Styles follow each other and change quicker than ever before
Parthenon, Athens, Greece (431 B.C.)
Pantheon, Rome, Italy (126 AD)
Interior: Pantheon, Rome, Italy (126 AD)
British Museum (established 1753, present location opened 1857)Robert Smirke
John Soane’s Museum (1792 - 1824)John Soane
Refined NeoclassicismJohn Soane’s Museum (1792 - 1824)John Soane
Bank of England Rotunda (1788 - 1833)John Soane
Bank of England (1788 - 1833)John Soane
Romanticism and the Picturesque
-Edmund Burke, A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful (1757)
-Worship of nature
-A more rugged picture
Italian Coastal Landscape (1642)Claude LorraineOil on canvas
Engravings by William Gilpin
Victorian Revivalismc.1837 - 1901
Picturesque or Ornamental Gothic
An emotional or romantic response to the Gothick (relating to the Dark Ages)
Horace Walpole and Strawberry Hill
Strawberry Hill, Twickenham (from 1747)Horace Walpole et al.
Victorian Revivalismc.1837 - 1901
Structural Gothic
A.W.N. Pugin and the Revival of ancient practice and construction
- From 1830s onwards the Gothic becomes the most powerful alternative to the Classical styles
- Thought by many to be a ‘national’ style
- Growing amount of philosophy and theory to support the importance of the Gothic.
- Role of John Ruskin and A.W.N. Pugin
John Ruskin (1819-1900)
A.W.N. Pugin (1812-52)
Salisbury Cathedral, 12th century
Contrasts (1836)A.W.N. Pugin
What is being shown here?
What is being contrasted here?
Contrasts (1836)A.W.N. Pugin
New Westminster Palace (Houses of Paliament), 1844-1852Charles Barry (exterior) and A.W.N. Pugin (interior)
Peers’ LobbyA.W.N. Pugin
House of LordsA.W.N. Pugin
House of LordsA.W.N. Pugin
Sovereign’s ThroneA.W.N. Pugin
Handrail detailA.W.N. Pugin
House of CommonsA.W.N. Pugin
House of Commons, Rebuilt 1941Giles Gilbert Scott
Undercroft ChapelA.W.N. Pugin
Westminster Hall (1097)
St. Stephen’s HallA.W.N. Pugin
All Saints, Margaret Street (1849 - 59)William Butterfield
Oxford University Museum (1858)Deane & WoodwardInfluenced by John Ruskin. What style is this?
Oxford University MuseumDeane & Woodward, 1858
How is this different to Pugin’s interiors?
Why would this image be important to those like Ruskin and Pugin?
What is the relevance of this detail?
Reflective questions:
- Do you prefer classical or gothic? Neither?! Explain.- What is your opinion on Gothic Revivalism?
- Do you think architecture and design can improve our moral standards/behaviour? Why do you think Pugin and Ruskin believed this?
- Why do you think designers looked to the past for inspiration throughout the 19th century?
- Do we have ‘national’ styles today? Why did the Victorians want a national style?