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Art of the Enlightenment and Neoclassical Art
1730: Rococo
1800: Neoclassical
1830: Romanticism
1837: First photograph
“Enlightenment and Revolution: Head vs. Heart”
From rocaille meaning “pebble” or “shell”
“Trust the body” + More is MORE!
• Shift of power from monarchy (Louis XIV and Baroque) to the aristocracy (Rococo)
• Royal Academy set the taste for art in Paris
• Strong Satirical paintings
• Epitomized by paintings that show aristocratic people enjoying leisures
Rococo
Sometimes referred to as Late Baroque
Architecture: Simple exteriors, ornate interiors- Naturalistic: small stones, shells, plant forms- Feminine – delicate, undulating- Silver & gold, light- Small relief sculptures – cupids, clouds
Painting:- Small in size- Fete galante – themes of love- Frivolity, playful, sensual- Pastels, delicate curves- Dainty figures
François de Cuvilliès
the AmalienburgNymphenburg Palace Park, Munich, Germany
early 18th C.
François de Cuvilliès
Hall of Mirrors, the AmalienburgNymphenburg Palace Park, Munich, Germany
early 18th C.
François de Cuvilliès
Hall of Mirrors, the AmalienburgNymphenburg Palace Park, Munich, Germany
early 18th C.
Sculpture + Painting + Architecture in harmony
Antoine Watteau
Return from Cythera
1717-1719oil on canvas4 ft. 3 in. x 6 ft. 4 in.
Fête galanteThe French Academy – Rubenistes vs Poussinistes
Jean-Honoré Fragonard
The Swing
1766oil on canvas2 ft. 11 in. x 2 ft. 8 in.
Yinka Shonibare
PHILOSOPHY – two types of thinkers“To exist is to feel; our feeling is undoubtedly earlier than our intelligence, and we have had feelings before we had ideas. All our natural inclinations are right. Man by nature is good…he is depraved and perverted by society. Our minds have been corrupted in proportion as the arts and science have improved” - Rousseau
A taste for the ‘natural’
Voltaire (1694-1778)“What is faith? Is it to believe that which is evident? No. It is perfectly
evident to my mind that there exists a necessary, eternal, supreme, and intelligent being. This is no matter of faith, but of reason” - Voltaire
Élisabeth Louise Vigée-Lebrun
Self-Portrait
1790oil on canvas8 ft. 4 in. x 6 ft. 9 in.
William Hogarth
Breakfast Scene from Marriage à la Mode
ca. 1745oil on canvas2 ft. 4 in. x 3 ft.
Satire!What would the contemporary equivalent of this painting be?
Thomas Gainsborough, Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan, 1787, oil on canvas, 7 ft. 2 5/8 in. x 5 ft. 5/8 in.
Sir Joshua Reynolds, Lord Heathfield, 1787, oil on canvas, 4 ft. 8 in. x 3 ft. 9 in.
Benjamin West
The Death of General Wolfe
1771oil on canvasapproximately 5 x 7 ft.
John Singleton Copley
Portrait of Paul Revere
ca. 1768-1770oil on canvas2 ft. 11 1/8 in. x 2 ft. 4 in.
The ENLIGHTENMENTScience and Technology
- Empirical reasoning and the scientific method - Sir Isaac Newton & John Locke tangible data & concrete
experiences, individuality and empowerment
- Diderot – theEncyclopédie
Joseph Wright of Derby
A Philosopher Giving a Lecture at the Orrery
ca. 1763-1765oil on canvas4 ft. 10 in. x 6 ft. 8 in.
Abraham Darby III and Thomas E. Pritchard
Iron Bridge at Coalbrookdale
Coalbrookdale, England
1776-1779
- 379 tons of iron
- Pieces cast separately
- “made to fit” so each part is a little different
- Opened New Years day 1781
The Industrial Revolution- The Steam Engine - Power of steam, coal,
iron, oil, steel and electricity
- Building construction and photography!
NEOCLASSICISM (1750-1815)• Enlightenment brought about the rejection of royal and aristocratic authority
• Supported by Napoleon in order to associated himself with the successes of the Ancient Roman's Empire.
• Jacques-Louis David becomes First Painter
• Neoclassical art was more democratic
• Current events depicted have classical influences
INSPIRED by the excavation of Pompeii & Heculaneum- Grand Tour of Italy – A MUST!
Angelica Kauffmann
Cornelia Presenting Her Children as Her Treasures or Mother of the Gracchi
ca. 1785oil on canvas3 ft. 4 in. x 4 ft. 2 in.
Exemplum virtutis
Jacques-Louis David
Oath of the Horatii
1784oil on canvasapproximately 11 x 14 ft.
The French Revolution – 1789David became Neoclassical painter-ideologistPatriotism & sacrifice!
Jacques-Louis David
The Death of Marat
1793oil on canvasapproximately 5 ft. 3 in. x 4 ft. 1 in.
Marat = extremely powerful during the Revolution, journalist, David’s portrait is more propaganda than portrait
Corday’s letter of introduction. “My great unhappiness is sufficient reason to entitle me to your kindness.” (She actually claimed to have information about royalist rebels)
Bloody murder weapon – Made to look like Corday fled the scene though she was arrested
NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE
- Innovations: Cast iron
Characteristics: revision of classical principals on a modern framework- Inspired by: Palladio & Inigo Jones- Symmetry, balance, composition and order- Some buildings has special rooms such as the Green Room or
Etruscan Room
Jacques-Germain Soufflot
The Panthéon (Sainte-Geneviève)
Paris, France
1755-1792
Pierre Vignon
La Madeleine
Paris, France
1807-1842
Pierre Vignon
La Madeleine
Paris, France
1807-1842
Richard Boyle and William Kent
Chiswick House
near London, England
begun 1725
Richard Boyle and William Kent
Chiswick House
near London, England
begun 1725
Thomas Jefferson
Monticello
Charlottesville, Virginia
1770-1806
Thomas Jefferson neoclassicism
Palladio + local materials
Jean-Antoine Houdon
George Washington
1788-92marble6 ft. 2 in. high
Horatio Greenough
George Washington
1832-1841marbleapproximately 11 ft. 4 in. high
Jean-Antoine Houdon
Voltaire
1778marble18 7/8 in. high