Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
• I •
czT ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; tWikia xopj;jy;
epiyikf;Fs;
“epiyNgwhd rpW kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopypd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhd rh;tNjr
jd;dhu;t topfhl;ly;fs;”
Published by arrangements with theFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation
By theNational Fisheries Solidarity Movement [NAFSO]
i. ,jd; Muk;g gjpg;G If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; czT kw;Wk; tptrha mikg;gpdhy;
Mq;fpy nkhopapy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,jd; jkpo; nkhopahf;fk; Njrpa kPdt
xj;Jiog;G ,af;fj;jpdhy;(NAFSO) jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; cs;slf;fj;jpy;
jtWfs; ,Ug;gjhf czUk; re;ju;gj;jpy; Muk;g nkhop ntspaPl;bd; tpsf;fk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
ii. ,g;Gj;jfj;jpy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s juTfspy; ve;jnthU fUj;Jf;fNsDk; cyf
czT kw;Wk; tptrha mikg;gpd; epiyg;ghl;il gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy.
mNjNghy ve;jnthU ehl;bdJk; epy gpuNjrj;jpy;" efuj;jpy; my;yJ Ml;rp
mjpfhuj;jpy; rl;l uPjpahf my;yJ mgptpUj;jp epiyikfs; kl;LgLj;jg;gly;
my;yJ tiuaiwfs; ftdj;jpy; vLf;fg;glkhl;lhJ. ,g;Gj;jfj;jpy;
tpNrl rkhfq;fs; my;yJ cw;gj;jpf;F cfe;e 'Nglz;l; mDkjpg;gj;jpuk;"
,Ue;jhYk; ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; NtW rkkhd cw;gj;jpfs; my;yJ rkhfq;fis;
fl;LgLj;jp mjw;F mDkjp toq;Fjy; my;yJ rpghupR nra;jy; cyf czT
mikg;gpdhy; elhj;jg;gltpy;iy. ,g;Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;l tplaq;fs;
,jid ntspapl;l vOj;jhsupd; fUj;Jf;fNsad;wp ,J cyf czT kw;Wk;
tptrha mikg;gpd; fUj;Jf;fshf ve;j tplj;jpYk; gpujpgypf;fhJ.
iii. Njrpa kPdt xj;Jiog;G ,af;fk;.(NAFSO)"2015"(jkpo; nkhopngau;g;G) FAO 2015(English edition)
iv. ISBN No:978-955-8103-26-5
• II •
• III •
• IV •
,t; jd;dhu;t topfhl;liy jahhpg;gjw;F Njhy;nfhLj;j re;jpupf;fh
rh;kh rNfhjhp njhlh;ghd xU Fwpg;G
2008k; Mz;L jha;yhe;jpd; 'gq;Nfhf;" efhpy; eilngw;w epiyahd rpWkPdt
ifj;njhopiy ghJfhf;Fk; cyfyhtpa khehL njhlf;fk;> epiyahd kPdt
ifj;njhopypd; ghJfhg;G njhlh;;ghd jd;dhu;t topfhl;ly; 2014 I{d; khjk; 13k;
jpfjp cyf czT kw;Wk; tptrha mikg;gpd; kPdt FOtpy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;
tiuapyhd fbdkhd rptpy; nraw;ghl;il cyfyhtpa uPjpapy; xUq;fpizj;jNjhL>
,jw;fhf rpW kPdt ifj;njhopypd; ed;ik fUjp ghLgLfpd;w E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd
kPdt" kdpj chpik" Rw;whly; mikg;Gf;fs;" njhopw;rq;fq;fisg; NghyNt
cyfyhtpa tu;j;jfq;fs; ghupa xj;Jiog;ig toq;fpdhu;fs;.
Rkhh; 20 ehLfspy; rptpy; mikg;Gf;fs; ,J njhlh;ghf Njrpa Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis
eilKiwg;gLj;jp rpW kPdtDf;F jk; ehl;bYs;s Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd
mwpf;iffis jahh; nra;jNjhL ,t;tidj;ijAk; xd;W Nru;j;J ru;tNjr
rptpy; mikg;Gf;fspd; gFg;gha;T mwpf;if jahhpg;gjw;fhd ngWk; gq;fspg;ig
're;jpupf;fh ru;kh" ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpy; kPdt Copah;fspd; cupikf;fhf xd;wpide;j
xj;Jiog;ig toq;fpatuhthh;.
Njrpa kPdt xj;Jiog;G ,af;fk; ,r; nraw;ghl;bDs; elhj;jpa tya kw;Wk;
ru;tNjr jiyaPLfspd; NghJ ru;kh rNfhjup vkf;fspj;j xj;Jiog;ig ehk;
nfsutgLj;Jfpd;Nwhk;. ,t; nraw;ghl;bw;F jiyikj;Jtj;ij toq;fp mtu;
ngw;Wf;nfhLj;j Nrit rpWkPdtDf;F NghyNt mjd; mikg;GfSf;Fk; ve;ehSk;
epidtpypUf;Fk;.
• V •
2013 I{d; khjk; kw;Wk; 2014 khrp khjk; ,j;jhypappd; Nuhk; efuj;jpy; cyf czT
kw;Wk; tptrha mikg;gpdhy; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l ,j; jd;dhu;t topfhl;ly;
njhlh;ghd mur mikg;GfspilNa eilg;ngw;w njhopy;El;g MNyhrid
topf;fhl;ly; mwpf;if FOtpy; rptpy; mikg;Gf;fspd; tiyaikg;G rhu;ghf ru;kh
rNfhjhp jiyikj;Jtk; toq;fp mjpy; gq;Fgw;wpdhu;. ,Ug;gpDk; 2014k; Mz;L
I{d; khjk; ,t;topfhl;liy epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf eilngw;w filrp
njhopy;El;g MNyhrid FOtpw;F ,tNuhL xd;W Nru;tjw;fhd ghf;fpak; vkf;F
fpilf;ftpy;iy.
'nkhq;Nfhypahtpy;" ,yd;ge;Jhupy; eilngw;w mku;tpy; fye;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf
vjpu;ghuhj tpjj;jpy; fhzhky; Nghd MH 370 Mfha tpkhdj;jpy; Gwg;gl;l
re;jpupf;fh rNfhjup kWgbAk; vq;fSld; xd;W NruKbatpy;iy vd;W vq;fs;
midtiuAk; fz;zPupy; Mo;j;jptpl;L mtNuh jiykiwe;Jtpl;lhu.; rpWkPdt
ifj;njhopypy; tpNrl tpjkhf mj;Jiwapy; ngz;fSf;F ,iof;fg;gLk; ghjpg;G
Kw;Wg;Gs;spaw;wjhFk;. ,ij ehq;fs; tpNrlkhf czue;;jJ 2014k; Mz;L I{d;
khjk; rpWkPdt ifj;njhopypd; jd;dhut topfhl;liy eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F
Kd; xd;wpide;j re;jh;g;gj;jpyhFk;. MdhYk; midj;Jk; eilngw;whfptpl;lJ.
ru;kh rNfhjup ,g;nghOJ vk;kj;jpapy; ,y;iy.
re;jphpf;fh rNfhjhp fhzky; Nghdjpdhy; kPdt Jiwf;F tpNrlkhf rpWkPdt Jiwf;F
Vw;gl;l ghjpg;ig vjph;fhyj;jpy; ,d;Dk; mjpfkhf czuf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
mjw;Fk; Nkyhf re;jpupf;fhTld; neUf;fkhf ,Ue;jtu;fSf;F ,JnthU Ngujpu;r;rp.
2014 I{d; khjk; Nuhkpy; Xd;W $bath;fs; ,ij ed;F czu;e;jdu;. re;jpupf;fhtpd;
ez;gu;fspd; Nfhupf;iffSf;F nrtpnfhLj;j cyf czT kw;Wk; ifj;njhopy;
mikg;gpd; kPdt FO> rpWkPdt ifj;njhopypd; epiyahd jd;ikia ghjfhg;gjw;fhd
jd;dhh;t topfhl;liy re;jpupf;fh ru;kh rNfhjhpapd; ngaupy; epiwNtw;wpaJ.
• VI •
czT ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; tWikia xopj;jy;
epiyikf;Fs;
“epiyg;Ngwhd rpW kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopypd;
ghJfhg;Gf;fhd rh;tNjr jd;dhu;t topfhl;ly;fs;.”
VG - SSF
,e;j topfhl;lypd; cs;sf Nehf;fkhdJ rpW kPd;gpb ifj;njhopy;> czT
ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd gq;fspg;ig mjpfupj;jy;> czTf;fhd
cupikia cWjpr; nra;tjw;fhf xj;Jiog;Gfis toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; mJ
njhlu;ghd jPu;khdq;fis vLj;jy;> jkJ cupikfis mDgtpg;gjw;F
kw;Wk; kPd;gpb tsq;fspd; epiyahdj; jd;ikia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
nghWg;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;witfSf;F rpW kPd;gpb r%fj;ijg;
gyg;gLj;jy;.
If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; czT kw;Wk; tptrha mikg;G
2015 Nuhk;
• VII •
czT ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; tWikia xopj;jy; epiyikf;Fs;
“epiyNgwhd rpW kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopypd;
ghJfhg;Gf;fhd rh;tNjr jd;dhu;t topfhl;ly;fs;.”
ntspaPL : Njrpa kPdt xj;Jiog;G ,af;fk;
ISBN ,yf;fk; : 978-955-8103-26-5
Kjy; gjpg;G : 2015
gjpg;ghrpupau;fs; : md;ldp NIRjhrd;
jPgh Rgh\pzp fkyehjd;
fzzpkakhf;fk; : gpujPg; yf;rpwp
jkpo; nkhopg;ngah;g;G : RNu\;tud;
njhlh;GfSf;F : [email protected]
njh.Ng. : 031.2239750/ 0773184532
tpyhrk; : ,y.10> ky;tj;j tPjp> ePu;nfhOk;G
<nkapy; : [email protected]
gf;]; : 94-314 870658
,izaj;jsk; : www.nafso-online.org
gjpg;gfk; : mFu gjpg;gfk; kw;Wk; ntspapl;lhsufs;
263> nrd;l; N[hrg; tPjp> ePu;nfhOk;G.
njh.Ng. 031-2233826
• VIII •
rpW kPd;gpb njhopypd; epiyj;jpUf;ff;$ba jd;ikia
ghJfhg;gjw;fhf ru;tNjr topfhl;ly; njhlu;ghf Njrpa
kPdt xj;Jiog;G ,af;fj;jpd; gjpg;G(
rpW kPd;gpb njhopypd; epiyahdj; jd;ikia ghJfhg;gjw;fhf cyf
czT kw;Wk; tptrha mikg;ghdJ (Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nation- FAO) cyf kl;lj;jpyhd kPdt khehL xd;iw 2008k; Mz;L
jha;yhe;J ehl;bd; ngq;nfhq;fpy; xOq;F nra;jpUe;jJ. cyf kPdt kf;fs;
rk;Nksdk; kw;Wk; kPd;gpb njhopyhsu;fspd; xj;Jiog;Gf;fhf ru;tNjr
xj;Jiog;Gld; rptpy; mikg;Gf;fspd; ru;tNjr khehL xd;Wk; xOq;F
nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ. ,e;jr; re;ju;g;gkhdJ ,e;j ru;tNjr topfhl;Ljypd;
nraw;ghLfSf;F Kf;fpa mtfhrkhf mike;jJ. rpW kPd;gpb njhlu;ghf
jha;yhe;jpy; eilg;ngw;w khehl;by; Kf;fpakhd %d;W tplaq;fs;
njhlu;ghd mtjhdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.
• epiyj;jpUf;ff; $ba Kiwapy; tsq;fis gad;gLj;jy; kw;Wk;
cupikfSf;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fis ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;sy;
• mWtilf;Fg; gpd;duhd cw;gj;jpfspd; ,yhgj;ij ghJfhj;jy;
• r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;
If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; cyf czT kw;Wk; tptrha mikg;gpd; kPdtu;
FO(Committee of Fisheries-COFI) rpghupRfspd; mbg;gilapy; 2012k; Mz;L
mjd; 30tJ khehl;by; cyf czT kw;Wk; tptrha mikg;gpd; ,af;Fdu;
N[hNr f;uhrpahNdh j rpy;th mtu;fs; epiyj;jpUf;ff; $ba rpW kPd;gpb
njhopypd; ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghf ru;tNjr topfhl;ly;fs; njhlu;ghd
njhopy;El;g MNyhridfis tutioj;jhu;. 2013k; Mz;L Nk khjk;
20-24k; jpfjpfspy; ,j;jhyp ehl;bd; Nuhk; efupy; njhopy;Elg khehL
eilg;ngw;wJ. mjw;F mLj;J mij epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; khehL 2014.
khrp khjk; 3-7k; jpfjp tiu ,j;jhyp ehl;bd; Nuhk; efupy; FAO mikg;gpd;
jiyikr; nrayfj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;wJ.
njhopy;El;g MNyhridf; FO khehl;bw;F FAO mq;fj;jtu;fs; 98 Ngu;
gq;Fgw;wpaNjhL> ru;tNjr murhq;fs; 11> ru;tNjr mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs;
• IX •
ehd;F kw;Wk; rptpy; mikg;Gf;fspd; 59 gpujpepjpfs; fz;fhzpg;ghsu;fshfTk;
,e;j khehl;by; fye;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. ,jDila rfy jfty;fisAk;
www.fao,org/fishery/nems/40424/en. %yk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;. gq;Fjhupfs;
4000 NgUf;F mjpfkhdtu;fs; Neubahf gq;Fgw;wp gue;j mwpitg; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;ldu;.
cyf kPdt kf;fs; rk;Nksdj;jpDlhf 22 ehLfspd; gq;Fgw;Wjypy;
jahupf;fg;gl;l rptpy; r%f gFg;gha;T mwpf;iff;F ,yq;ifapd;
gq;fspg;ig ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F Njrpa kl;;lj;;jpyhd nrayku;Tfs; %d;iw
xUq;fpizg;gjw;F Njrpa kPdt xj;Jiog;G ,af;fk; Kd;te;jJ. ,jd;
cs;slf;f fhuzpfs; rpWkPdt rKjhaj;jpd; mDgtq;fs; kw;Wk; Njitfs;
Kd;itf;fg;gLtNjhL mjid mtjhdj;jpw;F cw;gLj;jp ,t;topfhl;ly;fis
Gj;jf ,whf;iffspy; mLf;fg;gLk; ,d;DnkhU Gj;jfkhf;fg;glhky;
eilKiwgg; gad;ghl;L kl;lj;jpw;F nfhz;L tUtjw;fhf mjp Kaw;rpapy;
rpWkPdt rKjhak;> kPdt mjpfhuj;jpYs;stu;fs; cl;gl midtupdJk;
nghWg;ghFk;. vq;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l nkhopg;ngaug;ig ,d;Dk;
Kd;Nw;Wtjw;F kw;Wk; ,yFgLj;Jtjd; %yk; kPdt rKjhaj;jpdupilNa
gpugy;ag;gLj;Jtjw;F Njrpa kPdt xj;Jiog;G ,af;fk; vd;w uPjpapy; ehq;fs;
cWjp $Wfpd;Nwhk;. ,jw;fhf Mu;tKs;s midtUlDk; if Nfhu;j;J
nfhs;tjw;F ehq;fs; Maj;jkha; ,Ug;gNjhL mjw;fhf midtiuAk;
miof;fpd;Nwhk;.
• X •
epiyj;jpUf;ff;$ba rpW kPd;gpbj; njhopiyg;
ghJfhg;gjw;fhd ru;tNjr topfhl;lypd; rhuk;rk;:
topfhl;liy jpUj;jp nkU$l;Ltjw;fhd nghWg;ig cyf czT
kw;Wk; tptrha mikg;G Vw;w Ntz;Lk; vd kPdtu; FO mjDila 29
kw;Wk; 30tJ mkuT;fspy; rpghupR nra;jJ.
rpW kPd;gpb njhopypd; czT ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; tWikia Kw;whf
xopj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njhlu;ghf me;j mku;Tfspy; gue;j cld;ghL
fhzg;gl;lNjhL mjpy; fhzg;gl;l rpf;fiy jPu;g;jw;F cyf czT
kw;Wk; tptrha mikg;gpd; xj;Jiog;G mtrpak; vd Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lJ.
,jw;F mg;ghy;; rpW kPd;gpb njhopy; njhlu;ghf ru;tNjr tpsf;fj;jpw;fhf
cld;gLtJ fbdk; vd;W mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; fUj;J Kd; itj;jd.
me;je;j ehLfspd; epiyikf;Nfw;gNt ,e;j topfhl;ly;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;w cld;ghl;Lf;F te;jdu;.
2010 Kjy; 2013 tiu elhj;jg;gl;l ru;tNjr MNyhrid nraw;ghL; ,e;j
mwpf;if jahupg;gjw;F mbg;gilahf mike;Js;sJ. tya kl;lj;jpy; MW
khehLfs; elhj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mitfspd; mwpf;iffs; kw;Wk; MNyhrid
FO njhlu;ghd Nkyjpf jfty;fs; Nghd;wd www .fao.org/ssf/guidelines/en vd;w jdpahd xU ntg;jsj;jpy; gjpT nra;J ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,e;j topfhl;lypd; jd;dhu;t jd;ikia ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L mjd;
jiyiyg;ig “czT ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; tWikia xopj;jy; epiyikf;Fs;
eppiyg;Ngwhd rpW kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopypd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhd rh;tNjr
topfhl;ly;fs;” vd ngaupl Ntz;Lk; vd cld;gl;ldu;.
2013 mku;T ,Wjpapy; njhopy;El;g MNyhrid rigapdhy; KfTiu
kw;Wk; Mtzg;gLj;jpa topfhl;ly; mwpf;fifapd; cs;lf;fq;fs; njhlu;ghf
fye;Jiuahlg;gl;bUe;jJ. 1. Nehf;fk; 2. ,ay;G kw;Wk; tplag;gug;G 3.
topfhl;ly; nfhs;iffs; 4. Vida ru;tNjr mwpf;iffs; kw;Wk; njhlu;Gfs;
5. Ml;rpAupik kw;Wk; ts Kfhikj;Jtk; 6. r%f mgptpUj;jp> Ntiytha;g;G
kw;Wk; jFe;j njhop;yfs; 7. ngWkjpfs; kw;Wk; mWtilf;Fg; gpd;duhd
cw;gj;jp> re;ij. 7.9 tiuf;Fk; epiwT nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ.
• XI •
2014 khrp khjk; 7 gpuptpd; Vida tplaq;fs; ngWkjp kw;Wk; mWtilf;Fg;
gpd;duhd cw;gj;jp> re;ij njhlu;ghf fye;Jiuahlg;gl;bUe;jJ. 8.
Mz; ngz; rkj;Jtk; 9. mdu;j;j mghak; kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 10.
Nfhl;ghLfspd; njhlu;G(xg;gPL) 11. jfty;fs;> Ma;T kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly;
12. Mw;wy; gu];guk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp 13. Xj;Jiog;G> fz;fhzpg;G
nraw;ghLfis eilKiwg;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghf cld;ghLfs; fpl;lg;gl;lJ.
6.18 jtpu Vida tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf njhopy;El;g MNyhrid FO
fye;Jiuahb cld;ghl;Lf;F te;jJ. 6.18 gFjp (khw;W MNyhridfSld;
nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ) kPdtu; FOtpd; mtjhdk; nrYj;jg;gLtjw;fhf
milg;Gf;fs; milf;fg;gl;lJ.
2008 ngq;nfhf; khehL kw;Wk; 2010 Mz;L eilg;ngw;w %d;W tya
khehLfspd; gpujpgyd;fshf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;s tifapy; cs;sf kw;Wk;
fly; rpW kPd;gpb vd;w ,U JiwAk; cs;slf;fg;gLk; tifapy; ru;tNjr
topfhl;ly;fs; mika Ntz;Lk; vd kPdtu; FO 29tJ mku;tpy; KbT
nra;jJ. mjd; NghJ mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUk; ehLfs; njhlu;ghf ftdk;
nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdTk;> nghWg;Gld; $ba kPd;gpb njhopYf;fhd
topfhl;ly;fis cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk; KbntLf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;j topfhl;lypd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhdJ rpW kPd;gpb njhopiy mgptpUj;jpr;
nra;jy; czT ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhd mjpf xj;Jiog;ig
toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; cztpw;fhfTs;s cupikia ghJfhg;gjw;fhf xj;Jiog;G
toq;Fjy;. kdpj cupikfis ikag;gLj;jpa epiyikfis Nkk;gLj;jp
mitfspDlhf tWikia xopj;jy;> rkj;jtkhd mgptpUj;jpia tpUj;jpr;
nra;jy;> epiyahd jd;ikapy; tsq;fis gad;gLj;Jjiy Nkk;gLj;jTk;
vjpu;g;ghu;f;fpwJ.
nghWg;Gld; $ba kPd;gpb njhopYf;fhd gpuNtrpg;gf;F Nkyjpfkhf Njrpa
czT ghJfhg;G epiyikf;Fs; fhzp> kPd;gpb> fhL Nghd;witfspd;
Ml;rpAupikia njhlu;ghf topfhl;Ljypy; czit ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba
cupikia ntd;nwLg;gjw;fhf jd;dhu;t topfhl;Ljy;fSk; ,e;j
epiyj;jpUf;ff;$ba kPd;gpb njhlu;ghd topfhl;LjYf;F rf;jpia ngw;Wf;
nfhLf;Fk;.
• XII •
czT ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; tWikia xopj;jy; epiyikf;Fs;
“epiyNgwhd rpW kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopypd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhd
rh;tNjr jd;dhu;t topfhl;ly;fs;.”
cs;slf;fk;RUf;f Fwpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; milahsg; ngau;fs; XVIKd;Diu XV
Kjy; gFjp:mwpKfk;
1. Nehf;fk; 01
2. ,ay;G kw;Wk; tplag;gug;G 02
3. topfhl;ly; nfhs;iffs; (Nfhl;ghLfs;) 04
4. Vida ru;tNjr topfhl;ly;fs; mwpf;iffs; cld; njhlu;G 07
,uz;lhk; gFjp:nghWg;Gkpf;f kPd;gpbj;njhopy; kw;Wk; epiyahd mgptpUj;jp
5. rpW kPd;gpb njhopypd; fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtk; 09
5.m. nghWg;Gld; $ba Ml;rp fl;Lg;ghL 09
5.M. epiyahd ts Kfhikj;Jtk; 14
6. r%f mgptpUj;jp> njhopy; nghWg;G> jFe;j njhopy; 18
7. ngWkjp Rl;b> mWtilf;Fg; gpd;duhd cw;gj;jp> re;ij 25
8. Mz; ngz; rkj;Jtk; 29
9. mdu;j;j mghak; kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 30
%d;whk; gFjp:
topfhl;liy gyg;gLj;jtjw;F mtrpakhd #oiy miljy; kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xj;Jiog;ig toq;Fjy;
10. nfhs;iffSf;fpilapyhd njhlh;G> epWtd cld;ghL kw;Wk;
xj;Jiog;G 35
11. jfty;fs;> Ma;T kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; 37
12. jfikfs; mgptpUj;jp 40
13. nraw;ghl;Lf;fhd xj;Jiog;G kw;Wk; fz;fhzpg;G 41
• XIII •
RUf;f Fwpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; milahsg; ngau;fs;
CCA - fhyepiy khw;wj;Jld; ,ire;JNghjy;
CEDAW - ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd vy;yhtpj tbtq;fspYkhd
ghugl;rq;fis ,y;yhnjhopg;gJ kPjhd rkthak;
COFI - cyf czt kw;Wk; tptrha mikg;gpd; kPdt FO
CSO - rptpy; r%f epWtdq;fs;
DRM - mdu;j;j ,lu; Kfhikj;Jtk;
EAF - kPd;gpbf;fhd Rw;whly; njhFjp mZFKiw
FAO -
HIV/AIDS - kdpj Neha; vjpu;g;Gr; rf;jp Fiwe;J Nghjy; mwpFwp
ICESCR - nghUshjhu> r%f fyhrhu cupikfs; kPjhd ru;tNjr cld;gbf;if
IGO - murhq;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd epWtdk;
ILO - ru;tNjr njhopyhsu; ];jhgdk;
IMO - ru;tNjr fly;rhu; epWtdk;
IUU (fishing) - rl;lj;jpw;F khwhd mwpf;ifaplg;glhj kw;Wk; xOq;FgLj;jg;glhj
MCS - fz;fhzpg;G> fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; Gydha;T
NGO - mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs;
Rio+20 - ePbj;J epiyf;ff;$ba mgptpUj;jpf;fhd (Rio+20)
If;fpa ehLfs; kfhehL
The Code - nghWg;ghd kPd;gpbf;fhd elj;ijf; Nfhit (FAO&
UN - If;fpa ehLfs;
UN DRIP - RNjr kf;fspd; cupikfs; kPjhd If;fpa ehLfs; gpufldk;
UNFCCC - fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd; kPjhd If;fpa ehLfs; rl;lfNtiy rkthak;
WTO - cyf tu;j;jf rk;Nksdk;
• XIV •
Kd;Diu
czTg; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; tWikia ,y;yhnjhopj;jy; vDk;
#oiktpy; epiyNgwhd rpW kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopiyg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd
,e;j RNaw;;irahd topfhl;ly;fs;> 1995Mk; Mz;L czT kw;Wk;
tptrha mikg;gpdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gld; $ba kPd;gpbf;
ifj;njhopYf;fhd xOf;f newpf;Nfhitf;Fupa (Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheriesor [CCRF]) xU Fiwepug;G vd;w tifapy;> mjpYs;s
xl;Lnkhj;j nfhs;iffSf;Fk; Vw;ghLfSf;Fk; Mjutspg;gjd; Kfkhf
jahhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mjd; gpufhuk;> rpW kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopy; gw;wpa
ghh;it (Visibility) > rpWkPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopy; kPJ fhl;lg;gLk; fhprid>
mjw;fhd tuNtw;G kw;Wk; jw;Nghija epiyikapYk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf;
nfhz;Ls;s nraw;nghWg;G vd;gtw;iw Kd;Ndw;wp> gl;bdp kw;Wk; tWik
vd;gtw;iw Kw;whf ,y;yhnjhopg;gjw;fhd Njrpa kw;Wk; rh;tNjr
hPjpahd Kaw;rpfSf;F gq;fspg;G ey;Fjy; ,e;j topfhl;ly;fspd; %yk;
vjph;g;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. rpWkPd;gpb njhopy; kw;Wk; kPdt njhopyhsu;fs;
kw;Wk; mjDld; njhlu;Gila nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; mtjhd epiyapy;
cs;stu;fs; cl;gl Gwfzpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kf;fs; cl;gl mtu;fspd;
kdpj chpikfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mZFKiwia njhlu;ghd
fz;Nzhl;lj;ijr; nrYj;jp ,e;j topf;fhl;ly;fs; topahf jw;fhy
kw;Wk; vjph;fhy re;jjpapdhpd; eyd; nghUl;L nghWg;Gkpf;fjhd kPd;gpb
njhopYf;fhd kw;Wk; epiyNgwhd r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp
vd;gtw;Wf;F ,t;topfhl;ly;fspd; %yk; gf;fgyk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,jd; topf;fhl;ly;fs; jd;dhu;tkhdJk;> tplag;gug;G vd;w tifapy;
cyfkakhdJk;> mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUk; ehLfspd; Njitg;ghLfs;
kl;by; ikakhfTk; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
mWtilf;F Kd;;> mWtil ngWjy; kw;Wk; mWtilf;Fg; gpd;;
vdg;gLfpd;w ngWkjpr; rq;fpypapd; (Value Chain) ( mWtil ngWtjw;F
Kd;dh;> mWtil ngWjy; kw;Wk; mWtil ngw;wgpd; vDk;
• XV •
nrad;Kiwapd;) rfy nraw;ghLfisAk; cs;thq;fp> Mz;fshYk;
ngz;fshYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w rpW mstpyhd kw;Wk; njhopyhsh;
kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopy;fs1> czTg; ghJfhg;Gk; Nghf;Fk;2> tWik
(,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gLjy; my;yJ Fiwf;fg;gLjy;)> ePjpahd mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk;
epiyNgwhd tsg; gad;ghL rk;ge;jkhf Kf;fpakhd nraw;nghWg;gpid
epiwNtw;Wfpd;wd. rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopypd; %yk;
gpuNjr> Njrpa kw;Wk; rh;tNjr re;;;;;;;ijf;Fg; Nghrhf;;FkpF czTfis
toq;Fjy;> gpuNjr kw;Wk; Njrpa nghUshjhuq;fSf;F MjuT toq;Ffpd;w
tUkhdq;fis <l;bf; nfhLj;jy; kw;Wk; nghUk;ghYk; kPd; tsk; epiyNgwhf
gad;gLj;jg;gLjy; vd;gd tYT+l;lg;gLjy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.3
cyf kPd; mWtilapy; Rkhh; miuthrp rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbf;
ifj;;njhopypd; gq;fspg;Gld; cw;gj;jpr; nra;ag;gLtJld;> Neub kdpj
Efh;Tf;fhf gpbf;fg;gLfpd;w kPdpd;; msTld; xg;gpLifapy; ,e;j cg gphptpd;
%yk; fpilf;fg;ngWfpd;w gq;fspg;ghdJ 2/3 gq;F mstpyhd cah;kl;l
1 ,e;j cg gpuptpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w gue;jstpyhd gy;tifj; jd;ik kw;Wk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s gjg;gpuNahfq;fspd; gy;tifj;jd;ikahdJ – nkhopfs;>
ehLfs; kw;Wk; tyaq;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapy; - Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;L “rpW mstpyhd kPd; gpbf; ifj;njhopy;” kw;Wk;; “ njhopyhsu; kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopy;” Mfpa gjg; gpuNahfq;fs; ,e;j Mtzj;jpw;fhd Nehf;fj;jpd; nghUl;L kPd;gpbj;
Jiwapy; xNu gpuptpid gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;tjhf fUjg;gl;Ls;sd. glFfisg;
gad;gLj;jhj> rpW glFfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w kw;Wk; rKjha mbg;gilapyhd
kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopy;” vDk; gpuNahfj;jpidg; guprPypj;Jg;ghu;f;FkhWk; rPNuh l;uhg;l;
Mtzj;jpy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fUj;jf;fspdhYk; Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j
topfhl;ly;fs; gw;wpa tiuT efypy; “rpW mstpyhd kPd; gpbf; ifj;njhopy;” vDk; gjg; gpuNahfkhdJ mj;jifa gy;NtWgl;l gpupTfis cs;thq;Ftjw;fhf
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.nrhw;fyQrpaf;; Nfhl;ghlhdJ> “ ,aw;if kw;Wk; tplag;
gug;G” vDk; 2 Mk; mj;jpahaj;jpd; 1 Mk; gpuptpd; gb> rpW mstpyhd kPd; gpbf;
ifj;njhopy; vd;gjd; njspthdNjhu; nghUs; Nfhliy gpuNjr my;yJ Njrpa
kl;lj;jpy; cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tij Njtg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
2 rpW mstpyhd kPd; gpbf; ifj;njhopYf;fhd topfhl;ly;fs; “ czT ,iwik” rhu;ghfTk; Vw;Gilajhff; nfhs;sNtz;Lnkd Kd;itf;fg;gl;bUe;j tpku;rdq;fspd; %yk; Kd;nkhopag;gl;bUe;jd. vt;thwhapDk; cyf czTg; ghJfhg;Gg; gw;wpa FOtpy; jw;NghJ fhzg;gLfpd;w nrhw;fyQ;rpaj;jpd; gb jw;Nghija tiuT Mtzj;jpd; %yk; czTg; ghJfhg;Gk; Nghf;Fk; njhlu;ghf Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.
3 ,e;j Mtzj;jpy; “kPd;gpb tsk;” vd;gjd;%yk; mWtilf;F cs;shFk; rfy
capNuhl;lkhd ePupay; tsq;fSk; mutizf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. (fly ePu; kw;Wk; ed;ePu;
Mfpa ,uz;bYk; cs;s jhtuq;fs;> fly; rpg;gpfs; vd;gd cs;slq;Fk;)
• XVI •• XVI •
msthFk;. mt;tifapy; cs;sf kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopy; tpNrlkhf
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtJld>; rpW mstpyhd kPd; czT cw;gj;jpahdJ
,e;j cg gphptpYs;s Vida gFjpfis tpQ;rpAs;sJ. cyfj;jpYs;s
kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopyhsh;fs; kw;Wk; kPd;gpb njhopyhsh;fs; vd;Nghhpy;
E}w;Wf;F 90 tPjkhdth;fs; rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbj; Jiwapy; <Lgl;L
tUtJld; mth;fSs; Rkhh; miuthrpapdh; ngz;fshfTk; cs;sdh;.
KONeu my;yJ gFjpasT Neu kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopyhsh;fs; my;yJ
kPd;gpbj; njhopyhsh;fs; kPd;gpbj; Jiwiar; Nrh;e;j Copah;fshf
Nritapy; <Lgl;bUg;gjw;F Nkyjpfkhf> gUtfhy my;yJ ,ilf;fpil
kPd;gpbj; njhopypy; <LgLtJk;> kPd;gpbAld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l eltbf;iffspy;
<LgLtJk; kpy;ypad; fzf;fhd kf;fspd; tho;thjuj;jpy; Kf;fpakhd
Nkyjpf tUkhd topahf mike;Js;sJ. ,j;jifa nraw;ghLfs; gpujhd
nraw;ghLfshftd;wp ,ilawhj nraw;ghLfshf mikayhnkd;gJld;
Fwpg;ghf fbdkhd fhyq;fspy; Kf;fpakhfTk; mikayhk;. rpW
mstpyhd kPd; gpbahsh;fSk;> kPd;gpbj;Jiwapy; <Lgl;Ls;sth;fSs;
ngUk;ghyhdth;fSk; Ranjhopy;fspy; <Lgl;LtUfpd;wth;fshf cs;sJld;
jkJ FLk;gq;fSf;Fk; r%jhaq;fSf;Fk; Neubahf czT toq;FtjpYk;
<Lgl;L cs;sdh;. mNjNitis> th;j;jf kPd;gpbj;Jiwapy; jahhpg;G kw;Wk;
tpw;gidapYk; <Lgl;L tUfpd;wdh;. kPd;gpb kw;Wk; mjDld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
nraw;ghLfs; flw;fiu> Fsq;fs; kw;Wk; ejpfs; vd;gtw;iw mz;ba
gpuNjrq;fspd; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F epjKk; cjtpaspg;gNjhL Vida
Jiwfspy; gyjug;gl;l ngWNgWfisf; nfhz;L jUfpd;w nghwpKiwahfTk;
mike;Js;sJ.
rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopyhdJ gytifahdJk; kughh;e;jJkhd
xU cg gphpT vd;gJld; epjKk; fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g Gyk;ngaUk; gz;gpidAk;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,e;j cg gphpTf;fhd Jy;ypakhd gz;Gfs; miktplj;jpw;Nfw;g
khw;wkilfpd;wd. cz;ikapNyNa rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopyhdJ
epjKk; mUfhikapy; mike;Js;s kPd; tsq;fSf;fhd njhlh;Gfs;> kuGfs; kw;Wk;
ngWkjpfs; vd;gtw;iwf; fhl;b> r%f xUikg;ghl;Lf;F cjtpaspj;J> gpuNjr
rKjhaq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; ,Wf;fkhf epiyehl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ngUk;ghyhd rpW
mstpyhd kPdth;fSf;Fk; mf; ifj;njhopiy mz;bAs;s njhopyhsh;fSf;Fk;
kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopyhdJ tho;thjhunkhd;iw gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;tJld; me;j
• XVII •• XVII •
cg gphptpy; rh;tNjr hPjpapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j gy;tifj; jd;ikiaAk;>
nropg;Gj; jd;ikiaAk; cs;slq;fpAs;sJ. Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l epiyf;Fk;> mdh;j;j
epiyikfSf;Fk; cs;shff;$ba kw;Wk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;Ls;s FOf;fs;
cs;slq;fshf ngUkstpyhd rpW kPdth;fSk;> mf; ifj;njhopiy mz;bAs;s
njhopyhsh;fSk;> rKjhaq;fSk; kPd;gpb tsq;fs; kw;Wk; epyg; gpuNjrq;fSf;fhd
gpuNtrk; vd;gtw;wpd; kPJ Neubahf mz;btho;fpd;wdh;. kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopYf;fhd
Jizr; (cg) nraw;ghLfs; (jahhpj;jy; kw;Wk; tpw;gid nra;jy; cs;slq;fshf)
> tPlikg;G kw;Wk; Vida to;thjhu cjtp eltbf;iffSf;Fg; gpuNtrpg;gij
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf trjp toq;Ftjd; nghUl;L fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fis
mz;bajhfTs;s fhzpfspd; mDgt chpikahdJ kpfTk; jPh;;khdfukhf
cs;sJ. ePhpay; Rw;whly; Kiwikia mz;bajhd caphpdg; gy;tifikapd;
MNuhf;fpaj; jd;ikahdJ mth;fsJ tho;thjhuq;fSf;Fk;> xl;Lnkhj;j
eyNdhk;gYf;Fk; gq;fspg;G ey;Ftjw;fhf cg gpupT nfhz;Ls;s Mw;wYf;F xU
mbg;gilahd mbj;jskhFk;.
rpW mstpyhd kPdtr; rKjhaq;fs; vt;tsT Kf;fpakhdjhf ,Ug;gpDk;>
mtw;Ws; ngUk;ghyhd rKjhaq;fs; njhlh;r;rpahf Xuq;fl;lg;gl;L ,Ug;gJld;
mth;fSf;Fk; VidNahUf;Fk; ed;ikfs; fpilf;ff;$ba czTg; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;
Nghrhf;F> tWik (,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gLjy; my;yJ Fiwf;fg;gLjy;) > ePPjpahd
mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; epiyahd tsg; gad;ghL vd;gtw;Wf;fhf mth;fsplkpUe;;;;;;;;;;;;;J
fpilf;fg;ngWfpd;w gq;fspg;gpid KOikahf mtu;fs; ngw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy.
rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopypd; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;w
gq;fspg;gpid ghJfhg;gjpYk; Nkk;gLj;JtjpYk; ngUkstpyhd rthy;fSf;Fk;
kl;Lg;gLj;jy;fSf;Fk; Kfq;nfhLf;f Neh;e;Js;sJ. fle;j %d;W> ehd;F jrhg;j
fhyg;gFjpapy; kPd;gpbj; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;ljhd mgptpUj;jpahdJ ngUk;ghyhd
re;jh;g;gq;fspy; cyfk; KOtjpYk; mjpf tsg; gad;ghl;Lf;Ff; fhuzkhf
mike;Js;sNjhL ePh; tho; caphpdq;fspd; tho;tplq;fSf;Fk; Rw;whly;
KiwikfSf;Fk; mr;RWj;jiyAk; Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. rpW mstpyhd kPd;
gpbf; ifj;njhopYf;fhd tsq;fspd; ed;ikfis Ntwhf;Fjy; kw;Wk; gfph;e;J
nfhs;tjw;;;;fhfTs;s> gy guk;giufshf ,Ue;J te;jpUf;ff;$ba kuGhPjpahd
tof;fq;fs; > gq;Nfw;G my;yhj kw;Wk; epjKk; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l kPd;gpb
Kfhikj;Jt Kiwikfs; vd;gd rLjpahd njhopy;El;g mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk;
• XVIII •
Fbj;njhif guk;gy; (Fbj;njhif mjpfhpg;G ) vd;gtw;Wf;fhd khw;wq;fspd;
ngWNgwhf gytPdkhd epiyikf;F cs;shf;fg;gl;Ls;sd my;yJ khw;wq;fSf;F
cs;shf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbj;Jiw rKjhaq;fs;
rkepiyaw;w mjpfhuj; njhlh;Gfspd; fhuzkhfTk; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rpy
,lq;fspNy ghhpa mstpyhd kPd;gpb eltbf;ifspd; fhuzkhf Vw;gLfpd;w
Nkhjy;fs; xU gpur;rpidahf khwpAs;sd. mj;Jld; rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbf;
ifj;njhopYf;Fk;> Vida gphpTfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; mjpfhpj;J tUfpd;w
cah;kl;lj;jpyhd gu];gu jq;fpapUg;Gk; Nghl;bAk; fhzg;gLfpd;;wd. epjKk;
typikkpF murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu mOj;jq;fis Vw;gLj;jf;$ba
Nkw;gb Vida JiwfSf;Fs; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw> ePh;tho; caphpdr; nra;if>
tptrhak;> tYr;rf;jp> kw;Wk; Ruq;f mfo;Tf; ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk;
cl;fl;likg;G trjp mgptpUj;jp vd;gd cs;slq;Ffpd;wd.
rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbr; rKjhaq;fspd; tWikahdJ gy;tbt jd;ikiaf;
nfhz;l re;ijf;Fs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l my;yJ ghjfkhd gpuNtrj;ijf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. mNjNtis> ngUk;ghyhf> J}ug; gpuNjrq;fspy; cs;s rpW
mstpyhd kPdtr; rKjhaq;fSf;F Rfhjhuk;> fy;tp kw;Wk; Vida r%fr;
NritfSf;F Fiwe;j gpuNtrNk fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Kiwrhh; fy;tpf;fhd
Fiwe;j trjpfs;> RfaPd epiyikfs; fhzg;gLjy; (rhjhuz kl;lj;ij
tpl mjpfsthf fhzg;gLfpd;w vr;ItP my;yJ va;l;]; cs;slq;fshf)
kw;Wk; Fiwe;j r%f me;j];Jf;fSk; r%f tuNtw;GfSk; nghJg;
gz;GfSf;F kj;jpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kPdtr; rKjhak; vd;w tifapy;
fpilf;fg;ngWfpd;w tha;g;Gf;fs; Fiwthf cs;sjdhy; rpW mstpyhd
kPdtr; rKjhakhdJ khw;W tho;thju topaw;w> ,sk; re;jjpapdUf;fhd
njhopypd;ik> Rfhjhuj;jpw;Fg; ghjfkhd kw;Wk; ghJfhg;gw;w Ntiyj;js
#oy;fs;> gyhj;fhukhf Ntiyfisg; ngWjy; kw;Wk; rpWth;fis
Ntiyfspy; mkh;j;Jjy; Nghd;w gpur;rpidfshy; Jd;gg;gLfpd;wJ.
Coy;fs;> Rw;whly; hPjpahd khrilT (Environmental Degradation)> fhy epiy khw;wq;fspd; fhuzkhf Vw;gLfpd;w jhf;fk; kw;Wk; ,aw;iff;
fhuzq;fs; kw;Wk; kdpjr; nraw;ghLfspd; fhuzkhf Vw;gLfpd;w
mdh;j;jq;fs; vd;gd rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbr;; rKjhak; Kfq;nfhLj;Js;s
• XIX •
gpur;rpidfis NkYk; jPtpug;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,t;tidj;Jg; gpur;rpidfs;
fhuzkhfTk; rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbahsh;fSf;Fk; mj;Jiwapy;
njhopy; GhpAk; VidNahUf;Fk; $l;lhf jkJ Fuiy vOg;Gtjw;Nfh>
jkJ kdpj chpikfisAk; mDgtpg;G chpikfisAk; (Tenure Rights) ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Nfh> jhk; jq;fptho;fpd;w kPd;gpb tsq;fSf;fhd
epiyNgwhd gad;ghl;bid ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Nfh rpukkhf cs;sJ.
rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbr; rKjhaq;fSf;fhd gpujpepjpfspdJk;> rptpy;
r%f mikg;GspdJk;> murhq;fq;fspdJk;> gpuNjr mikg;GfspdJk>;
Vida jug;Gf;fspdJk; gq;Nfw;GlDk; gq;Nfw;G kw;Wk; MNyhridr;
nraw;ghnlhd;wpd; %yKk; ,t;topfhl;ly;fs; (Guidelines) jahhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. (,jd; gpd;dh; cyf czT kw;Wk; tptrha mikg;gpdJ
njhopy;El;gj; jfty;fis Muha;e;;J topfhl;ly;fs; gw;wpa xU kPsha;T
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.) ,q;Nf rkj;JtKk; ghFghL ,d;ikAk;> gq;Nfw;Gk;>
cs;slf;fpf; nfhs;SjYk; (Inclusiveness)> tifg;nghWg;Gk; rl;lj;jpd;
Ml;rpAk; kw;Wk; rfy kdpj chpikfSk; rfyUf;Fk; ePjpahd > gphpf;f
Kbahj (Indivisible) ,ilj;njhlh;Gfisf; nfhz;l kw;Wk; xd;iwnahd;W
rhh;e;j (Interdependent) Nfhl;ghLfis cs;slq;fpAs;s> gue;j tPr;rpyhd>
ftdQ; nrYj;jg;glNtz;ba Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fSk; Nfhl;ghLfSk;
fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j topfhl;ly;fs; rh;tNjr kdpj chpikj;
juhjuq;fSf;F mikthf cs;sJld; mtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
nghWg;Gtha;e;j kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopYf;fhd ed;elj;ijf;Nfhit (Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries-CCRF) kw;Wk; mjd;> nghWg;G tha;e;j
kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopYf;fhd njhopy;El;g topfhl;ly;fs; ,yf;fk; 10>
“tWikiaf; Fiwj;jYk; czTg; ghJfhg;Gf;fhd gq;fspg;gpid
mjpfhpj;jYk;” Nghd;w mjd; njhopy;El;g hPjpahd topfhl;ly;fs;
mNjNghd;W nghWg;Gtha;e;j fhzpfs;> kPd;gpb kw;Wk; fhLfspd; mDgtpg;G
(gad;ghL) gw;wpa topfhl;ly;fs; kw;Wk; Njrpa czTg; ghJfhg;G #oiktpy;
(vDk; tplaj;jpy;) NghJkhd msT czT ngWtjw;fhd chpik gw;wpa
topfhl;ly;fs; (Right to Food) gy rh;tNjr hPjpahd fUtpfSf;F(International Instruments) Vw;Gilajhf miktNjhL> mtw;Wf;F gf;f gyj;ijAk;
• XX •
ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fpd;wd. Vw;Gilajhd gpizg;Gfs;> RNar;irahd
mh;g;gzpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; eilKiwapYs;s topfhl;ly;fs; vd;gtw;iw
G+uzkhf ,izj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; muRfs; (States)> rpW mstpyhd
kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopYld; ,ize;Js;s nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs; kw;Wk; Vida
jug;gpdh;fs; cs;slq;fshf ,e;j kPd;gpb rk;ge;jg;gl;l topfhl;ly;fis
gpd;gw;Wfpd;wth;fs; Vida topfhl;ly;fisAk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l rh;tNjr kw;Wk;
tya hPjpahd fUtpfisAk; Muha;e;J ghh;g;gjw;F Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gLthh;fs;)
• XXI •
Kjyhk; gFjp:
mwpKfk;
1. Nehf;fk;
1.1 ,t; topfhl;bfspd; Nehf;fq;fshtd:
a) cyfshtpa czTg; ghJfhg;gpw;Fk; Nghrhf;fpw;Fk; rpwpastpyhd
kPd;gpbapd; gq;fspg;gpid mjpfupj;jYk; Nghjpa czTf;fhd cupikapd;
Kd;Ndw;wfukhd epiyehl;lYf;F Mjutspj;jYk;,
b) ePbj;J epiyf;ff;$ba kPd;gpb Kfhikj;Jtr; #oikTf;Fs; kPd;gpb
kw;Wk; kPd;gpbg; gzpahsu;fspd; r%f nghUshjhu epiyikia
Kd;Ndw;WtJk; tWikia xopg;gJk; rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpb
rdr%fq;fspd; r%f nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tJk;,
c) ePbj;J epiyf;ff;$ba gad;ghL> Gj;jpG+u;tkhdJk; nghWg;Gzu;thdJkhd
Kfhikj;Jtk; nghWg;ghd kPd;gpbf;fhd elj;ijf;Nfhit kw;Wk;
njhlu;Gila fUtpfSld; cld;gLk;gbahf kPd;gpb tsq;fisg;
ghJfhj;jy; vd;gtw;iwr; rhjpj;jy;,
d) rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpbfspd; gq;fspg;ig vjpu;fhy Nfhsj;jpw;Fk;
kf;fSf;Fk; ePbj;J ,Uf;ff;$ba tifapy; xU nghUshjhu r%f
kw;Wk; #oypay; uPjpapy; Cf;Ftpj;jy;,
e) nghWg;Gzu;thdJk; ePbj;J epiyf;ff;$baJkhd rpwpastpyhd
kPd;gpbapd; mjpfupg;Gf;fhf el;Gwthd rhfpa Kiwikapd; tpUj;jpf;Fk;
mKy;gLj;Jiff;Fk; kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;wy; nfhs;iffSf;Fk;
je;jpNuhghaq;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; rl;luPjpahd rl;lf Ntiyff;Fkhd
muRfs; kw;Wk; gq;fhz;ikahsu;fshy; guprPypf;ff;$ba
topfhl;Ljy;fis toq;Fjy;
f) guk;giuahdJk; ghuk;gupakhdJkhd mwpT kw;Wk; mjDld;
njhlu;Gila tiuaiwfs; kw;Wk; re;ju;g;gq;fis guprPypj;J
rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpbfspd; fyhrhuk;> tfpgq;F gq;fspg;G kw;Wk;
,aYikfs; kPjhd mwptpd;Kd;Ndw;w Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk; nghJ
tpopg;Gzu;it mjpfupj;jy;.
• 01 •
1.2 ,t; ,yf;Ffshdit kdpj cupikfs; mbg;gilapyhd Cf;Ftpg;gpd;
Clhf rhjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,itfis rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpbr;
rdr%fq;fis ngz;fs; Mz;fs; cl;gl jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;
nrad;Kiwapy; gq;Fgw;wr; nra;jy; kPd;gpb tsq;fis ePbj;J
epiyf;ff;$ba tifapy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nghWg;Gf;fis
Muk;gpj;jy; mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUk; ehLfspd; Njitfs; kw;Wk;
ghjpf;ff;$ba kw;Wk; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l FOtpdupd; tpUj;jpf;fhd
Njitfspy; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis itj;jy; vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf
rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpb rdr%fj;ij tYT+l;Ljyhy; ,t; Nehf;fq;fis
rhjpf;f KbAk;.
2. ,ay;G (jd;ik) kw;Wk; tplag;gug;Gk;
2.1 ,e;j topfhl;Ljy;fs; ,ay;gpy; jd;dhu;tkhdit. topfhl;Ljy;fshdit
rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpbfSf;F vy;yh tiffspYk; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. tPr;nry;iyapy; cyfshtpayhdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
MdhYk; mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehLfspd; Njitfs; kPJ tpNrl ftdk;
nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
2.2 ,t; topfhl;Ljy;fshdit> rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpbapy; fly; kw;Wk;
cs;sf ePu; kPd;gpbfspYk; ngz;fSk; Mz;fSk; ngWkhdr;
rq;fpypAld; nraw;ghLfspy;> KO tPr;rpYk; mWtilf;F Ke;jpa gpe;jpa
nraw;ghLfspYk; ,t; topfhl;Ljy;fs; nghUj;jkhditahf cs;sd.
rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpb kw;Wk; ePuf tsq;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd
Kf;fpa ,izg;ghdJ mq;fPfupf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; ,e;j
topfhl;Ljy;fshdit Kf;fpakhf kpd;gpbapNyNa ftdk;
nrYj;JfpwJ.
2.3 ,t; topfhl;Ljy;fshdit FAO cWg;gpdu;fs; cWg;gpdu;fsy;yhjtu;fs;
vy;yh kl;lq;fspYKs;s muRfs; kw;Wk; cg gpuhe;jpa>> ru;tNjr>
kw;Wk; murhq;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; rpwpastpyhd
kPd;gpb nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; (kPd;gpbahsu;fs;> kPd;gpbj; njhopyhsu;fs;
mtu;fsJ rdr%fq;fs; ghuk;gupa kw;Wk; toikahd mjpfhupfs;
kw;Wk; njhlu;Gila njhopy;thz;ik epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; rdr%f
• 02 •
epWtdq;fs;) vd;gtw;iw ftdj;jpy; vLf;fpwJ. mitfs; Ma;T
kw;Wk; fy;tp epWtdq;fisAk; jdpahu;Jiw> murrhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs;
kw;Wk; Vida kPd;gpbj;JiwNahL rk;ge;jg;gl;l VidNahu; fiuNahu
kw;Wk; fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp> fly; ePuf Rw;whlypd; gad;ghL> vd;gd
kPJk; mitfs; ftdk; itf;fpd;wd.
2.4 topfhl;Ljy;fshdit rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpbfspd; ngUk;
gy;tifj;jd;ikia mq;fPfupg;gJld; ,t; cgJiwapy; jdpj;j
my;yJ toq;fg;gl;l tiutpyf;fzk; ,y;iy. mjd; gpufhuk;
,t; topfhl;Ljy;fshdit rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpbf;fhd epak
tiutpyf;fzj;ij vLj;Jf;$wTk; ,y;iy xU Njrpa #oiktpy;
vt;thW topfhl;Ljy;fs; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdTk; $wtpy;iy.
,t; topfhl;Ljy;fshdit rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpbahsupd; gpiog;ghjhuk;
jhf;fg;glf;$ba kPdt kf;fSld; tpNrlkhf njhlu;Gilajhf
cs;sJ. ,t;topfhl;Ljy;fspd; gpuNahfj;jpd; ntspg;gilj;jd;ik
kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$wiy cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F vd;d nraw;ghLfSk;
eltbf;ifahsu;fSk; rpwpastpyhditfSf;F cupad vd
epr;rag;gLj;JtJ Kf;fpakhdJ. mj;Jld; jhf;fg;glf;$ba Xuq;fgl;l
FOtpduhfpa ngupa ftdk; NjitahNdhiu ,dq;fhZtJ
Kf;fpakhdJ. ,itfs; cg gpuhe;jpa> gpuhe;jpa> Njrpa kl;lq;fspy;
nghWg;ngLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; vd;d #oikTfspy; mitfs;
gpuNahfpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpd; gpufhuk; nghWg;ngLf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thwhd milahsq; fhZiffSk; gpuNahfq;fSk;
mu;j;jG\;bahdJk; fzprkhd gq;Fgw;WifAld; $baJk;> MNyhrpg;Gld;
$baJk; gy kl;lj;jpyhdJk; Fwpf;Nfhs; nrad;KiwahfTk;
,Ug;gij muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; Mz;fs;
ngz;fshfpa ,U rhuhupdJk; Fuy;fSk; Nfl;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
,t;thwhd nrad;Kiwapy; nghUj;jkhdJk; njhlu;ghfTkhf vy;yhj;
jug;Gf;fSk; Mjutspj;J gq;Fgw;w Ntz;LtNjhL xj;Jiog;G ey;f
Ntz;Lk;.
2.5 ,e;j topfhl;Ljy;fshdit Njrpa rl;l Kiwikfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd;
epWtdq;fspd; gpufhuk; nghUs;Nfhlg;gl;L gpuNahfpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
• 03 •
3. topfhl;ly; nfhs;iffs;
3.1 ,e;j topfhl;Ljy;fshdit ru;tNjr kdpj cupikfs; epakq;fs;>
nghWg;Gzu;thd kPd;gpb epakq;fs; kw;Wk; gof;fq;fs; ePbj;j
mgptpUj;jpf;fhd (Rio+20) tpisT Mtzk; ehk; tpUk;Gk;
vjpu;fhyk; vd;gJ kPjhd If;fpaehLfs; kfhehl;bd; gpufhukhd
ePbj;J epiyf;ff;$ba mgptpUj;jp> jhf;fg;glf;$ba Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l
FOf;fSf;F Fwpg;ghf ftdk; nrYj;Jk; NtW cupa Mtzq;fs;
kw;Wk; Nghjpa czTf;fhd cupikapd; Kd;Ndw;wfukhf
epiyehl;Ljtjw;F Mjutspg;Gf;F Njitahdtw;iw ,e;j
topfhl;Ljy;fs; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sd.
1. kdpj cupikfSk; kfj;JtKk;: vy;yhj; jdpegu;spdJk; ,ize;j
kfj;Jtk; rkijahdJk; jtpu;f;fKbahjJkhd kdpj cupikfs;
vd;gtw;iw mq;fPfupj;J vy;yhj; jug;Gf;fSk; kdpj cupikf;
nfhs;iffis kjpj;J Cf;Ftpj;J ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld;
ru;tNjr kdpj cupikfspy; Fwpj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl;lthwhf kPd;gpbfs;
kPJ jq;fpapUf;Fk; rdr%fq;fSf;F mtw;wpd; gpuNahfk; ,Ug;gij
mq;fPfupj;jy; cyfshtpa jd;ik@ kiwf;fg;gl Kbahj jd;ik>
gpupf;fg;glhj jd;ik> xd;wpy; xd;W jq;fpapUj;jy; kw;Wk; xd;wpnyhd;W
njhlu;Gilajhf ,Uj;jy; ghugl;rkpd;ik> rkj;Jtk; gq;Fgw;wYk;
cs;slf;FjYk; @ nghWg;Gf;$wy; @ rl;lk; xOq;F. rpwpastpyhd
kPd;gpbfs; mtu;fspd; Ntiy kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gtu;fspd;
cupikfis kjpj;J muRfs; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
murrhu;gw;w vy;yh nraw;ghl;lhsu;fSk; njhlu;Gila
njhopy;Kaw;rpfSkhfpa rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpbapdiu ghjpg;Nghu; kdpj
cupikfis kjpg;gjw;F nghWilNahuha; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. muRfshdit
murhu;gw;w nraw;ghl;lhsu;fspd; rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpb nraw;ghLfspd;
tPr;nry;iyapy; xOq;FgLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,itfs; ru;tNjr kdpj
cupikfs; epakq;fSld; xl;bnahOFtij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F
mtw;iw xOq;FgLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• 04 •
2. fyhrhuj;ij kjpj;jy; : rpwpa mstpyhd kPd;gpb rdr%fq;fs;
RNjrpa kf;fs; cl;gl ,d rpWghd;ikapdu; ngz; jiyikj;Jtj;ij
Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd vy;yh tifahd
ghugl;rq;fisAk; ,y;yhnjhopg;gJ kPjhd rkthaj;jpd; 5 Mk;
cWg;Giuia fzf;fpy; vLj;jy;.
3. ghugl;rkpd;ik: nfhs;ifapYk; tof;fj;jpYk; vy;yh tifahd
ghugl;rq;fisAk; ,y;yhnjhopg;gjw;F rpwpa mstpyhd kPd;gpbia
Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
4. ghy;epiy rkj;JtKk;: Mz; ngz; rkj;Jtk; vd;gJ kw;Wk; epahak;
rfy mgptpUj;jp nraw;ghLfSf;Fk; mbg;gilahFk;. rpwpastpyhd
kPd;gpbapy; ngz;fspd; tfpgq;fpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mq;fPfupj;J rk
cupikfs; kw;Wk; re;ju;g;gq;fs; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
5. epahaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; rkj;JtKk; : ePjpia Cf;Ftpg;gJ xU epahakhd
eltbf;ifahFk;. rl;luPjpahfTk; tof;fj;jpYk; vy;yh kf;fspdJk;
rk cupikfs; kw;Wk; kdpj cupikfis mDgtpj;jy; vd;gtw;iw
Cf;Ftpj;jy;. mNjNtisapy; ngz;fs; Mz;fSf;fpilapyhd
NtWghLfs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;ba rkj;Jtj;ij
Jupjg;gLj;Jtjw;F tpNrl Vw;ghLfs; vLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ
rkijahd ntspaPLfis Fwpg;ghf ghJfhf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk;
Xuq;fg;gl;lg;gl;l FOf;fSf;F rhjpf;f Njitg;gLk; ,lq;fspy; tpUg;g
eilKiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
6. MNyhridfSk; gq;Fgw;WifAk;: rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpb rdr%fq;fs;>
RNjr kf;fs; cl;gl RNjr kf;fspd; cupikfs; kPjhd Ieh gpufldj;ij
fzf;fpy; vLj;J kPd;gpb tsq;fs; kw;Wk; rpwpa kPd;gpb nraw;gLk;
,lq;fs; kw;Wk; xl;ba fhzpg;gFjpfs; guprPypg;Gf;F cl;gLk; NtWgl;l
jug;Gf;fspd; mjpfhurkdpiyfs; vd;gtw;iwf; fzf;fpy; vLj;J
Jbg;ghdJk; Rje;jpukhdJk;> tpidj;jpwdhdJk;> mu;j;jG\;bahdJkhd
mwptpf;fg;gl;l gq;Fgw;WifiaAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;. gq;fspg;Gf;F
gjpyspj;J ,itfs; vLf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;gjhf jPu;khdq;fshy;
ghjpf;fg;glf;$batu;fsplkpUe;jhd gpd;D}l;ly; kw;Wk; MjuT
vd;gtw;iw ,J cs;slf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• 05 •
7. rl;lj;jpd; xOq;F: gpuNahfpf;fg;glf;$ba nkhopfspy; gutyhff;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l rl;lq;fs; vy;NyhUf;Fk; gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba rkijahf
mKy;gLj;jf;$ba RahjPdkhf jPu;khdk; vLf;ff;$ba ru;tNjr
Njrpa rl;lq;fspd; fPo; jw;NghJs;s flg;ghLfSld; xj;Jg;Nghfpd;w
gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjrf; fUtpfspd; fPo; jd;dhu;t
mh;g;;gzpg;Gf;fSf;F cupa ftdk; mspf;fpd;w rl;lq;fs; Clhf
rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpbapdUf;fhf rl;l mbg;gilapyhd mZFKiwiaf;
iff;nfhs;sy;.
8. ntspg;gilj;jd;ik: rl;lq;fs;> kw;Wk; nfhs;iffs;
gpuNahfpf;fg;glf;$ba nkhopfspy; nrad;Kiwfs; vd;gtw;iw njspthf
tiutpyf;fzk; nra;jYk; gue;j uPjpapy; gfpuq;fg;gLj;jYk; mj;Jld;
vy;NyhUf;Fk; fpilf;ff;$ba toptiffspy;> gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba
nkhopfspy; jPu;khdq;fisg; gue;jstpy; gfpuq;fg;gLj;jYk;
9. nghWg;Gf;$wy;: rl;lk; xOq;F nfhs;iffspd; gpufhuk; jdpegu;fs;>
nghJKftu;fs; mur rhu;gw;w nraw;ghl;lhsu;fspd; nraw;ghLfSf;Fk;
jPu;khdq;fSf;Fk; nghWg;ghf itj;jpUj;jy; kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpd;
xOq;FfSf;F mikthf jPu;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
10. r%f> nghUshjhu> Rw;whly;> ePbj;J epiyf;Fk; jd;ik: tpUk;gj;jfhj
tpisTfs; kPd;gpb tsq;fspy; mjPjk; Ruz;ly; cl;gl kw;Wk; ghjfkhd
Rw;whly; r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu jhf;fq;fSf;F vjpuhd fhty;fSf;F
Kd;ndr;rupf;if mZFKiw kw;Wk; ,lu;Kfhikj;Jtq;fisg;
gpuNahfpj;jy;.
11. KOikahdJk; xd;wpize;jJkhd mZFKiwfs;: kPd;gpbf;fhd
rhfpaKiwikapd; mZFKiwia xU Kf;fpakhd topfhl;ly;
nfhs;ifahf mq;fPfupj;J rhfpaKiwikapd; vy;yhg; gFjpfspd;
ePbj;J epiyf;Fk; jd;ikiaAk; rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpb rdr%fq;fspd;
tho;thjhuj;jpd; vz;zj;ijAk; mutizj;J rpwpastpyhd
kPd;gpbahdJ gy Vida Jiwfs; kPJ jq;fpapUg;gjhfTk; neUf;fkhf
,ize;jpUg;gjdhYk; JiwfSf;fpilapyhd xUq;fpizg;ig
cWjpg;gLj;JtijAk; mq;fPfupj;jy;.
• 06 •
12. r%fg; nghWg;G: rdr%f If;fpaj;ijAk; $l;Lg;nghWg;igAk;
Cf;Ftpj;jy;. gq;fhz;ikahsu;fspilNa $l;Liog;ig Cf;Ftpf;Fk;
xU #oikit tsu;g;gjhdJ Cf;Ftpf;fg;;gl Ntz;Lk;.
13. rhj;jpaj;jd;ik kw;Wk; r%f nghUshjhu ,aYk; jd;ik:
rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpbapd; MSif kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd
nfhs;iffs;> je;jpNuhghaq;fs;> jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfis
cWjpg;gLj;JtjhdJ r%f uPjpahfTk; nghUshjhu uPjpahfTk; ,aYk;
jd;ikailjy;.
4. Vida ru;tNjr topfhl;ly;fs; mwpf;iffs; cld; njhlu;G
4.1 ,t; topfhl;Ljy;fshdit jw;NghJs;s cupikfs;> flg;ghLfs;
kw;Wk; Njrpa ru;tNjrr; rl;lq;fs; gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk;
ru;tNjrf; fUtpfspd; fPohd jd;dhu;t mu;g;gzpg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghf
cupa kupahijAld; cupa nghUl;Lld; ,zf;fkhf ,Uf;fj;jf;f
tifapy; nghUs;Nfhlg;gl;L gpuNahfpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mitfs;
G+uzkhditahfTk; kdpj cupikfs; nghWg;ghd kPd;gpb kw;Wk;
ePbj;J epiyf;ff;$ba mgptpUj;jp vd;gtw;Wf;F ftdk; nrYj;Jk;
Njrpa gpuhe;jpa ru;tNjr Kidg;Gf;fSf;F Mjutspg;gdthfTk;
cs;sd. ,t; Mjutspg;Gfshdit nghWg;ghd kPd;gpb MjuT kw;Wk;
,jd; fUtpapd; gpufhukhd ePbj;J epiyf;ff;$ba tsg;gad;ghL
elj;ijf; Nfhit vd;gtw;iw G+u;j;jpnra;AkhW tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ.
4.2 ru;tNjr rl;lj;jpd; fPo; murhdJ cl;gl;L ,Uf;Fk; ve;jtpj
cupikfisNah flg;ghLfisNah tiuaWg;gjhfNth
fPo;epiyg;gLj;JtjhfNth ,e;j topfhl;Ljypy; cs;s vitAk;
thrpf;fg;gl KbahJ. ,t; topfhl;Ljy;fshdit jpUj;jq;fis
topelj;JgitahfTk; Gjpa my;yJ Fiwepug;G rl;lthf;fk; kw;Wk;
xOq;FgLj;jy; Vw;ghLfis J}z;LtdthfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
• 07 •
• 08 •
,uz;lhk; gFjp :
nghWg;G tha;e;j kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopYk;
epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jpAk;.
5. rpW kPd;gpb njhopypd; fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtk;
5.1. jw;fhy kw;Wk; vjph;fhy re;jjpapdhpd; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; Rw;whly;
uPjpahd Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf ePh;tho; caphpdg;
gy;tifikiaAk; ,aw;if tsq;fisAk; nghWg;Gtha;e;j
tifapYk; epiyNgwhd tifapYk; gad;gLj;Jtjd; Njit
,e;j topfhl;ly;fs; %yk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. rpW
mstpyhd kPdtr; rKjhaq;fSf;F jkJ r%f> fyhrhu kw;Wk;
tho;thjhuq;fspdJk; epiyahd mgptpUj;jpapdJk; mbj;jsj;ij
jahhpj;J toq;Fk; tsq;fs; kPJ ghJfhf;fg;gl;ljhd mDgtpg;G
chpik ,Ug;gJ mtrpakhFk;4. Rw;whly; KiwikfisAk; kPd;gpbf;
ifj;njhopiyAk; nghWg;Gtha;e;j tifapy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
nra;tjd; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w ed;ikfis epahakhf
gfph;e;jspj;;jy;> rpW mstpyhd kPdth;fSf;Fk; kPd;gpbj; Jiw
njhopyhsh;fshfpa Mz;> ngz; ,U ghyhUf;Fk; nfhilfis
toq;Fjy; Nghd;wtw;wpd; kPJ tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLtJ ,e;j
topfhl;ly;fspd; %yk; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
5. (m) nghWg;G tha;e;j tifapy; Ml;rpAupik
5.2. kdpj chpikfs;> czTg; ghJfhg;G > tWikia ,y;yhnjhopj;jy;>
epiyNgwhd tho;thjhuk;> r%f ];jpuj;jd;ik> tho;tplg; ghJfhg;G>
fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp> r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp
vd;gtw;iw epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L> kPd;gpbj; Jiwf;Fhpa
fhzpfspdJk; fhLfspdJk; mDgtpg;gpid nghWg;Gtha;e;j
4 “mDgtpg;G cupik” vDk; gjk; mDgtpg;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l topfhl;ly;fspd;
cs;slf;fj;jpw;F mikthf gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjhy; mDgtpg;G vd;w gjj;jpd;
fUj;J %yk; VNjDk; xU ,aw;if tsk;> vtNuDk; xU Ms; > vj;jifa
fhyj;jpw;F kw;Wk; vj;jifa epge;jidfspd; fPo; gad;gLj;j KbAk; vd;gij
epu;zapf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt> “gpuNtr cupik” “gad;ghl;L cupik” kw;Wk;
“Kfhikj;Jt cupik” vDk; gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w gjq;fSk; mjd;
%yk; mutizf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
• 09 •
tifapy; epUtfpg;gjw;fhf ikag;gLj;jg;gl;L ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;gl
Ntz;Lnkd;gij rfy jug;gpdh;fSk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;5
5.3. eilKiwapYs;s rl;lj;jpw;F mikthf> rpW kPdth;fs;>
mj;Jiwapy; Nritapy; <Lgl;Ls;s njhopyhsh;fs; kw;Wk;
mth;fsJ rKjhaq;fs;> kPd;gpb tsq;fs; ( fly; kw;Wk; cs;sf
ePh;j; Njf;fq;fs;) kw;Wk; ngz;fs; nfhz;Ls;s mDgtpg;G chpikfs;
vd;gtw;wpd; kPJ tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;jp> rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbf;
ifj;njhopy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; mtw;iw
mz;ba epyq;fSf;Fk; ghJfhg;G hPjpahfTk; > ePjpahfTk; r%f
kw;Wk; fyhrhu hPjpahfTk; Vw;Gilajhd mDgtpg;G chpikfs;
fpilf;fg;gLtij muRfs; (States) cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
5.4. rfy jug;Gf;fSk; mth;fsJ epajpr;rl;lq;fspd; gpufhuk;
nghUj;jkhd re;jh;g;gq;fspy; kuGhPjpahd chpikfisf;
fUj;jpw;nfhz;L rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbr; rKjhaq;fs; mDgtpj;j
fhzpfs;> ePhpay; tsq;fs; kw;Wk; kPd;gpb epyq;fSf;fhd ePjpahd
chpikfs; vd;gtw;iw Vw;Wf;nfhz;L mtw;Wf;F kjpg;gspg;gJld;
mDgtpg;G chpikfis ghJfhf;fTk; Ntz;Lk;. Kiwahf
mwpf;ifaplg;gl;bUe;jhNyh> ,y;yhtpl;lhNyh6>rl;lhPjpahd mDgtpg;G
chpikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sth;fisAk;> mth;fsJ chpikfisAk;
,dq;fhz;gjw;Fk; mwpf;ifapLtjw;Fk; mtw;Wf;F kjpg;gspg;gjw;Fk;
muRfs; chpa eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
cs;ehl;L ,dg; gphpTfs; cs;slq;fshf rpW mstpyhd kPdtr;
rKjhaq;fs; nfhz;Ls;s gpuhe;jpa tho;f;if Kiwfs;> tof;fhWfs;>
kw;Wk; kPd;gpb tsq;fSf;Fk; fhzpfSf;Fk; nfhz;Ls;s kuGhPjpahd
,d;Nwy; tpUg;G hPjpahd mDFKiwia Vw;Wf;nfhz;L mtw;Wf;;F
kjpg;gspj;J rh;tNjr kdpj chpikj; juhjuq;fSf;Fk;> cs;Sh;
5 mDgtpg;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l tofhl;ly;fspd; 4.1 vDk; gpupit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
6 fhzpmDgtpg;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l topfhl;ly;fspd; 3.1 vDk; gpupit mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L
• 10 •
,df; FOkq;fspd; chpikfs; gw;wpa If;fpa ehLfspd; cyfg;
gpufldj;jpw;Fk; Vw;Gilajhd tifapy; mtw;iwg; ghJfhf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tplaj;ijNa If;fpa ehLfspd; cs;ehl;L ,df;
FOkq;fSf;fhd chpikfs; gw;wpa gpufldk; (kw;Wk; Njrpa my;yJ
,dhPjpahd> rka kw;Wk; nkhophPjpahd rpW ghz;ikapdUf;Fhpa
egh;fspd; chpikfs; gw;wpa gpufldq;fs; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;.
murpayikg;G hPjpahd my;yJ rl;lhPjpahd kWrPuikg;Gfspd; %yk;
ngz;fspd; chpikfis tYt+l;b mth;fsJ tof;fq;fSldhd
Nkhjy; epiyikfspd;NghJ mj;jifa khw;wq;fis kuG uPjpahd
mDgtpg;G Kiwf;F Vw;Gilajhd tifapy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
rfy jug;gpdh;fSk; xj;Jiog;G ey;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;7
5.5. kPdtr; rKjhaq;fSf;Fk; cs;Sh; kf;fSf;Fk; ePhpay; kw;Wk;
fiuNahu Rw;whly; Kiwikfis (jhgpg;gjw;F)> (Ngzpg;
ghJfhg;gjw;F) ghJfhg;gjw;F kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjw;F
cs;s chpikia muRfs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
5.6 ePh; (kPd;gpb tsq;fs; cs;slq;fshf) kw;Wk; fhzp Mfpa
tsq;fs; mur cilikahf ,Uf;fpd;w my;yJ murhq;fj;jpdhy;
epUtfpf;fg;gLfpd;w re;jh;g;gq;fspy; gue;j rKjha> nghUshjhu
kw;Wk; Rw;whly; uPjpahd Nehf;fq;fspd; gpufhuk; me;j tsq;fspd;
gad;ghLk; mDgtpg;;G chpikfSk; mth;fshy; jPhkhdpf;fgLjy;
Ntz;Lk;8. rpW mstpyhd kPdtr; rKjhaq;fspdhy; $l;lhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w kw;Wk; Kfhik nra;ag;gLfpd;w
muRf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd tsq;fs; muRfshy; chpa Kiwapy;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLjYk; ghJfhf;fg;gLjYk; Ntz;Lk;. chpa $l;Lg;
gad;ghL> Kfhikj;Jt jahhpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; nghwpKiwfs; vd;gd
mth;fshy; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. tho;thjhuq;fspd;
mbg;gilia cUthf;fpj;jUfpd;w tsq;fspd; mDgtpg;G chpikfs;
7 fhzpmDgtpg;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l topfhl;ly;fspd; 9.6 vDk; gpuptpypUe;J gpupj;njLf;fg;gl;l
gFjp
8 fhzp mDgtpg;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l topfhl;ly;fspd; 8.1 vDk; gpupit mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L mDgtpg;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l topfhl;ly;fspd; 4.5 vdk; gpupit mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L
• 11 •
rKjhaj;jplk; jq;fpAs;snjd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,e;j
eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
5.7. Fwpg;ghf> mdh;j;jq;fSf;F cs;shff;$ba my;yJ ghjfkhd
epiyikfspy; ,Uf;fpd;w ,df;FOf;fs; cs;slq;fshf gy;NtWgl;l
,df;FOf;fSf;fhf ePjpahd ngWNgWfis milar; nra;tpf;Fk;
Nehf;Fld; nghWg;Gtha;e;j kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopYf;fhd ed;elj;ijf;
Nfhitapd; 6.18 Mk; gphptpid chpa Kiwapy; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L
muRfshy; Njrpa fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPOs;s nghUj;jkhd ePh; gug;Gf;fspy;
kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopypd; nghUl;L> rpW mstpyhd kPdth;fSf;F
tpUg;G mDFKiwf;F ,lkspf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; mjid
ghJfhj;jy; my;yJ Nkk;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. Vida tplaq;fSf;F
kj;jpapy; rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopYf;fhf kl;Lk;
xJf;fg;gl;l tyaq;fis eph;khzpj;jy; kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
Nghd;w tpNrl eltbf;iffis Muha;e;J ghh;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;. %d;whk;
ehLfSlDk; %d;whk; jug;GfSlDk; tsq;fSf;fhd mDFKiw
gw;wpa xg;ge;jq;fSf;F tUtjw;F Kd;dh; rpW mstpyhd kPdtr;
rKjhaq;fs; njhlh;ghf (chpa Kiwapy; my;yJ Kjd;ikahf)
Muha;e;J ghh;f;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
5.8. (nghJ eyd; Vw;gLk; tiu) Njrpa czTg; ghJfhg;G vd;w tplaj;jpd;
NghJ fhzpfs;> kPd;gpb kw;Wk; fhLfspd; mDgtpg;G vd;gtw;iw
nghWg;G tha;e;j Kiwapy; epUthfk; nra;jy; gw;wpa RNar;irahd
topfhl;ly;fspdJ Vw;ghLfspd;gb> Njrpar; rl;lq;fSf;F mikthf
rpW mstpyhd kPdtr; rKjhaq;fSf;F kPd;gpb tsq;fSk; fhzpfSk;
njhlu;ghf ePjpahd mDFKiwnahd;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gjw;fhf>
trjpfis toq;ff;$ba fhzpfis kPsg;gfph;e;jspf;Fk; kWrPuikg;G
eltbf;iffs; kPJ muRfs; ftdk; Ftpg;gJ nghUj;jkhFk;.
5.9 rpW mstpyhd kPdtr; rKjhaq;fs; jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhf
ntspNaw;wg;glkhl;lhh;fs; vdTk;> mth;fsJ rl;lhPjpahd mDgtpg;G
chpikfs; rl;lhPjpaw;witapy; ,uj;Jr;nra;ag;glNth kPwg;glNth
• 12 •
khl;lhJ vdTk; muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;9. tsq;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wjhd Vida gphpTfspypUe;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w
Nghl;bj;jd;ik mjpfhpj;J tUfpd;wnjd;gijAk;> rpW mstpyhd
kPdtr; rKjhaq;fs; Fwpg;ghf> mdh;j;jq;fSf;F cs;shfpd;wJk;>
Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l FOf;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wJk;> Vida JiwfSld;
Vw;gLfpd;w gpur;rpidfspd; NghJ epjKk; gytPdkhd FOthf
khWfpd;wJkhd FOthf ,Ug;gjhy;> Vida JiwfSf;fhd
mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfspd; %yk; ,th;fsJ tho;thjuq;fspd;
kPJ mr;RWj;jy; Vw;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; ,th;fSf;F tpNrl cjtpfs;
Njitg;gLk; vd;gJ muRfshy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
5.10 muRfs; cs;spl;l rfy jug;gpdh;fSk; ghhpa mstpyhd mgptpUj;jpj;
jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;gjhf> mOj;jq;fs; gw;wpa
fw;ifnahd;;;;;;;wpdJk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l rKjhaj;jpd; tpopg;G+l;lg;gl;l
,zf;fg;ghnlhd;wpdJk; Clhf mtw;wpd; %yk; rpW mstpyhd
kPdtr; rKjhaq;fSf;F Vw;gLfpd;w r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk;
#oypay; jhf;fk; njhlh;ghf muha;e;J ghh;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;. (kPdtr;
rKjhaj;jpd; tho;f;if Kiwf;Fk; epyg; gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; jhf;fk;
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wjhd jdpahh; Jiwapd; ghhpa mstpyhd th;j;jf
my;yJ mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fspy; KjyPLk; Kd;Ndw;ghLfSf;F
Kd;dh; rpW mstpyhd kPdtr; rKjhaj;jplkpUe;J mu;j;jkpF kw;Wk;
gaDs;s MNyhridfis Muha;jy; Ntz;Lk;.)
5.11 murhq;fkhdJ mdh;j;jq;fSf;F cs;shff;$ba kw;Wk;
Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;Ls;s FOf;fs; cs;slq;fshf rpW mstpyhd
kPdtr; rKjhaq;fSk; jdp egh;fSk; mDgtpg;G chpik njhlh;ghd
gpzf;Ffis jPh;j;Jf;nfhs;Sk; (Njrpa rl;l KiwikfSf;F
Vw;Gilajhf jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;) khw;W eltbf;if Kiwfs;
cs;slf;fg;gl;l tifapy;> Nkw;gb chpikfs; njhlh;ghd gpzf;Ffis
jPh;f;Fk; fhyj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd> nryTfis nra;af;$ba kw;Wk;
gaDs;s KiwfSf;fhf gf;fr;rhh;gw;w> nghUj;jkhd ePjp kw;Wk;
epUthf epWtdq;fspd; Clhf mZFKiwiag; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f
9 • 13 •
Ntz;Lnkd;gJld>; nghUj;jkhdthW Nkd;KiwaPLfis
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd chpikAk; cs;slq;ff;$ba gaDs;s
khw;W eltbf;iffis toq;f Ntz;Lk;. (Njrpa rl;lq;fSf;F
Vw;Gilajhf) mj;jifa khw;W eltbf;iffis Jhpjkhf
mKy;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; mjpy; kPskh;j;jy;> ,og;gPL toq;Fjy;
(el;lq;fis nrYj;Jjy;) (epahakhd ) el;l<L toq;fg;gLjy;>
kw;Wk; Nrj ,og;gPlspj;jy; vd;gd cs;slf;fg;glyhk;.
5.12 kPd;gpb tsq;fspd; epiyNgwhd jd;ikiaf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L> ,aw;if
mdh;j;jq;fspdhNyh MAj Nkhjy;fspdhNyh mfjpfshf;fg;gl;Ls;s
rpW mstpyhd kPdt kf;fSf;F mth;fsJ ghuk;ghpa kPdt
epyq;fSf;Fk; flw;fiu fhzpfSf;Fk; gpuNtrpg;gjw;fhd
cupikia kPsg;ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gjw;F muRfs; Kaw;rpj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. kpf NkhrkhdthW kdpj chpikfs; kPwg;gl;Ls;s
kPdt kf;fSf;F mth;fsJ tho;f;ifiaAk; tho;thjuq;fisAk;
fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhfj; Njitg;gLfpd;w cjtpfis toq;Ftjw;fhf
muRfs; nghwpKiwnahd;iw cUthf;fNtz;Lk;. ,aw;if
mdh;j;jq;fs; my;yJ MAjg; Nghuhl;lq;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Nkw;gb
eltbf;iffspd;NghJ mDgtpg;G rk;ge;jkhd nfhs;ifspy;
ngz;fSf;F vjpuhfTs;s ghFghLfis ,y;yhnjhopj;J mtw;iw
cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
5. (M) epiyNgwhd ts Kfhikj;Jtk;
5.13 muRfSk;> kPd;gpb Kfhikj;Jtj; Jiwapy; <Lgl;Ls;s Vida
rfyUk; kPd;gpb tsq;fis ePz;lfhy hPjpapy; Ngzpg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk;>
epiyNgwhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk>; czT cw;gj;jpf;fhd Rw;whly;
mbg;gilia ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; eltbf;ifnaLf;f Ntz;Lk;. mth;fs;
rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbj; Jiwapd; NjitfSf;Fk; tha;g;Gf;fSf;Fk;
chpa tuNtw;gpidg; ngw;Wj;jUfpd;w nghWg;Gtha;e;j kPd;gpbf;
ifj;njhopYf;fhd ed;elj;ijf; Nfhit cs;slq;fshf Njrpa
kw;Wk; rh;tNjr rl;lj;jpw;Fk;> RNar;irahd nghWg;Gf;fspd; fPo;
• 14 •
jw;NghJ mKypy; cs;s gpizg;Gf;fSf;Fk; mikthf nghWj;jkhd
Kfhikj;Jt Kiwikfis Nkk;gLj;JjYk; eilKiwg;gLj;JjYk;
Ntz;Lk;.
5.14 chpikfSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk; xd;whf ,ize;J tUfpd;wnjd;gij
rfy jug;gpdh;fSk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. mDgtpg;G chpikfs;
flg;ghLfspd; %yk; rkepiyj;jd;ik miltJld; tsq;fis
ePz;l fhy hPjpapy; Ngzpg;ghJfhg;gJk; epiyNgwhd gad;ghl;Lf;F
kjpg;gspg;gJk; czT cw;gj;jpf;fhd Rw;whly; mbg;gilia
ghJfhg;gJk; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. rpW kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopYf;Fhpa
ePhpay; #oYf;F my;yJ mjDld; mz;ba ePh; tho; caphpdq;fSf;Fr;
Nrjq;fisf; Fiwf;fpd;wJk; tsq;fspd; epiyNgwhd jd;ikf;F
cjtpaspf;fpd;wJkhd kPd;gpb Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.
5.15 rpW mstpyhd kPdtr; rKjhaq;fs; jkJ rl;lhPjpahd mDgtpg;G
chpikfis fUj;jpw;nfhs;tjw;fhfTk;> jkJ eyNdhk;gy; rhh;ghf
jhk; jq;fptho;fpd;w kw;Wk; jkJ tho;thjhuq;fspd; nghUl;L
kuGhPjpahf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w tsq;fis Kfhikj;Jtk;
nra;tjw;fhfTk;> nghWg;Gfis Vw;gjw;Fk;> gq;Nfw;gjw;Fkhf
murhq;fk; mth;fSf;F gapw;rpaspj;jy;> trjp toq;Fjy; kw;Wk;
cjtpaspj;jy; vd;gtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. mjw;F
Vw;Gilajhf murhq;fq;fs; (Gwf;fzpg;Gf;F cs;shfpAs;s kw;Wk;
mdh;j;jq;fSf;F cs;shff;$ba FOf;fs; cs;slq;fshf)
Kfhikj;Jt eltbf;ifis tFj;jy; (kw;Wk;) jpl;lkpLjy; (kw;Wk;
eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;) vd;gtw;Wf;fhf rpW mstpyhd kPdtr;
rKjhaq;fis cs;slf;fpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;> mjw;fhf
tho;thjhu khw;W topfs; kPJ jhf;fk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w ghJfhf;fg;gl;l
tyaq;fSk; cs;slf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. Njrpa (kw;Wk; rh;tNjr)
rl;lq;fSf;F mikthf ,iz Kfhikj;Jtk; Nghd;w gq;Nfw;G
Kfhikj;Jt Kiwfs; Nkk;gLj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. (muRfs;>
Fwpg;ghf cs;Sh; kw;Wk; kuGhPjpahd mwptpidAk; KiwfisAk;
gad;gLj;jp> rl;lhPjpahd nfhs;ifr; rl;lnkhd;iwg; gad;gLj;jp>
fPopUe;J Nky;tiu nry;Yk; Kfhikj;Jt Kiwfspd; Clhf kuG
• 15 •
hPjpahfTk;> gpuNahf hPjpahfTk; (customary)(tof;fkhf) fhzg;gl;l
epWtdq;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; Gj;Japu; mspg;gjw;Fk; eltbf;if
vLf;f Ntz;Lk;)
5.16 rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopYf;F cfe;j tifapYk;>
nghUj;jkhd tifapYk; jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nkw;ghh;it> epUthf kw;Wk;
Ma;T Kiwikfs; (MCS) chpa Kiwapy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtij
my;yJ Gjpjhf jhgpf;fg;gLtij murhq;fk; cWjpg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. nghUj;jkhd tifapy; rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbj;Jiw
nraw;ghl;lhsh;fis ,izj;Jf;nfhz;Lk; ,izKfhikj;Jt
#oiktpy; gq;Nfw;G tof;fq;fis Kd;Ndw;wpAk; muRfs; mj;jifa
KiwikfSf;F cjtp toq;f Ntz;Lk;. cs;sf my;yJ fly;rhh;
Rw;whly; KiwikfSf;Fg; ghjfkhd ngWNgWfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w
mopTfukhd kw;Wk; my;yJ rl;ltpNuhjkhd kPd;gpb KiwfisAk;
jlq;fy;fisAk; jLg;gjw;Fk; KOikahf ePf;Fjtjw;Fkhf
gad;kpF Nkw;ghh;it kw;Wk; mKy;gLj;jy; Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iw
muR cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. nraw;ghLfs; gjpT nra;ag;gLtij
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf muR Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;. rpW mstpyhd
kPdth;fs; Nkw;ghh;it> epUthfk; kw;Wk; Ma;T Kiwikfs; (MCS) vd;gtw;Wf;F cjtp toq;f Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; nraw;ghLfis
Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjw;fhf mur mjpfhu rigfSf;Fj; Njitahd
jfty;fisAk ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5.17 chpa jug;Gf;fspdJk; nghWg;ghsh;fspdJk; (gq;fPL ghl;lhsh;fspdJk;)
(Stake Holders) ,iz Kfhikj;Jt tof;fq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w
tfpghfq;fSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk; njspthd gq;Nfw;Gr; nrad;Kiw
kw;Wk; rl;l hPjpahd cjtpiaf;nfhz;l nrad;Kiwnahd;wpd; %yk;
,zf;fk; fhzg;gl;lit vd;gij muRfs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sr; nra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. ,zf;fk; njhptpf;fg;gl;l Kfhikj;Jt nraw;nghWg;gpid
Vw;Wf;nfhz;L nraw;gLtJ midj;Jj; jug;Gf;fspdJk; nghWg;ghFk;.
mjd; %yk; rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbj;Jiw nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l cs;Sh; kw;Wk; Njrpa njhopw; rq;fq;fs; kw;Wk;
kPdth; rigfspd; Clhf gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;ag;gLtjw;Fk; chpa
• 16 •
jPh;khdk; tFj;jy; kw;Wk; kPd;gpbj; Jiwf;fhd nfhs;if tFj;jy;
nrad;KiwfSs; capNuhl;lkhd tifapy; gq;Nfw;fr; nra;tjw;Fk;
rfy Kaw;rpfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
5.18. ,izKfhikj;Jtk; vDk; tplaj;jpYk; nghWg;Gtha;e;j
kPd;gpbf;ifj;njhopiy Nkk;gLj;JtjpYk; Kd; mWtil> kw;Wk;
mWtilf;Fg; gpd; njhopw;ghLfs; Mfpa vjpy; <Lgl;lhYk;
Mz;>ngz; ,UghyhUk; nfhz;Ls;s jdpr;rpwg;ghd mwpT> mth;fspd;
Nehf;F> kw;Wk; Njitfs; vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp ,UghyhhpdJk;
tfpghfq;fisAk; jiyaPLfisAk; Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fk; mjw;F cjtp
Ghptjw;Fk; muRfSk; rpW mstpyhd kPdtr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;fSk;
eltbf;ifnaLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ngz;fspd; epahakhd gq;Nfw;gpid
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Njitapd; kPJ rfy jug;Gf;fSk; tpNrl
ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; chpa fhyr; rl;lfq;fspDs;
,e;j Fwpf;Nfhs;fis miltjw;fhf tpNrl topfis tFf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
5.19 ehLfSf;fhd vy;iyfSf;fpilapy; gpur;rpidfs; fhzg;gLfpd;w
kw;Wk; mjw;F xg;ghd gpw rpf;fy;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;w (cjhuzk; :
$l;lhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w ePh;g;;gug;GfSk; kPd;gpb tsq;fSk;)
re;jh;g;gq;fspy; mur epahahjpf;fj;jpd; (epUthfj;jpd;) fPOs;s
gpuNjrq;fSf;Fhpa epiyikfSf;F Vw;Gilajhf rpW mstpyhd
kPdtr; rKjhaq;fspd; mDgtpg;G chpikfs; fpilf;fgLtijAk;
ghJfhf;fg;gLtijAk; cWjpnra;tjw;fhf muRfs; xd;wpize;J
nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.
5.20 rpW kPd;gpb njhopy;fSf;F ,d;dy;fis tpistpj;J mjpf tsr;
Ruz;liy Vw;gLj;jf;$ba mjp fzuf nraw;ghLfSf;fhd mDkjpf
nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; epjpr; nraw;ghLfspypUe;J muR tpyf Ntz;Lk;.
• 17 •
6. r%f mgptpUj;jp> njhopy; nghWg;G> jFe;j njhopy;
6.1 tho;thjhuq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w rpf;fy; jd;ikapidf;
fUj;jpw;nfhs;fpd;wJk;> kdpj chpikfs; kPJ mbg;gilahdJk;>
xd;Wlndhd;W nghUe;Jfpd;wJkhd xd;wpize;j kw;Wk; KOikahd
(vy;NyhUk; cs;slq;fpa) mDFKiwfs;> epUtfpg;gjw;Fk;
mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk; Njitg;gLfpd;wnjd;gJ rfy jug;Gf;fshYk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. rpW mstpyhd kPdtr; rKjhaq;fs;
tYT+l;lg;gl;Ls;snjd;gijAk; mth;fsJ chpikfis mth;fs;
mDgtpf;fyhnkd;gijAk; cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;fhf r%f
mgptpUj;jp kPJ $ba ftdk; nrYj;JtJ mtrpakhFk;.
6.2 Rfhjhuk;> fy;tp> vOj;jwpT kw;Wk; Vida jpwd; gapw;rpfis
toq;Fjy; Nghd;w kdpj ts eltbf;iffSf;fhf KjyPL nra;tjpy;
muRfs; xj;Jiog;G ey;f Ntz;Lk;. ,r;Nritfisg; Nghd;W
nghUj;jkhd tPlikg;Gfs;> Jg;guNtw;ghL> Rj;jkhd FbePh; kw;Wk;
kpd;rhuk; cs;spl;l Vida mj;jpahtrpa nghJr; NritfisAk; rpW
mstpyhd kPdtr; rKjhaq;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhnkd;gij muRfs;
cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. rkkhd ed;ikfs; fpilf;fg;gLfpd;wnjd
cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;fhf Njitg;gLk;NghJ> Nritfis
toq;Fk; NghJ> kw;Wk; ghFghL fhl;Ljiyj; jtph;j;jy; kw;Wk;
Vida kdpj chpikfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; NghJk; ngz;fSf;Fk;
ghjpg;GW epiyapYs;s kw;Wk; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;Ls;s (ghjpg;GW epiyf;Fk;
Gwf;fzpg;Gf;Fk; cs;shd) FOf;fSf;Fk; tpNrl fhprid fhl;Ltij
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sr; nra;J Nkk;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
6.3 rpWkPdt ifj;njhopiy mz;ba Nritfspy; <LgLgth;fSf;fhf
r%f ghJfhg;G Mtuzj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F muR mDruid
ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. toq;fg;gLfpd;wjhd Nrit
,d;ikf; fhg;gWjp kw;Wk; r%fg; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lq;fspd; %yk;
mutizf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;fs; vd;gij muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
• 18 •
rpWkPdt ifj;njhopypYs;s RtpNr\khd mq;fk;>r%f ghJfhg;G
Kd;nkhopT Kiwfspd; Clhf ftdj;jpy; vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mj;NjhL mt;thwhd Kd;nkhopT Kiwfis KOikahd kPdt
ngWkhdq;fSf;F cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
6.4 rpWkPdt gpuiIfSf;F cfe;j kw;Wk; Njitahd Nritfis
jahhpj;jy; kw;Wk; mtw;wpw;F gpuNtrpg;gjw;fhf murhq;fqfspdhy;
eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.cjhuzkhf>Nrkpg;Gf;fs;> fld; kw;Wk;
fhg;GWjpj; jpl;lq;fSld; ,izf;fpd;w rpW mstpyhd kPdtr;
rKjhaq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Vida Nritfs; ngz;fshYk;
milag;gLtij cWjpg;gLj;JtJ njhlh;ghf tpNrl typAWj;jYld
mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf muRfs; cWjpaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;;
6.5 ePhpNyh my;yJ epyj;jpNyh> ngz;fspdhNyh my;yJ Mz;fspdhNyh>
nghUshjhuj;jpd; Kiwrhh; JiwapNyh Kiwrhh;gw;w JiwapNyh>
rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpb ifj;njhopYf;fhd tpiyr; rq;fpypapd; (Value Chain) mWtilngw Kd;G my;yJ gpd;G Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w
xl;Lnkhj;j nraw;ghLfSk; nghUshjhu kw;Wk; njhopy;rhh;
njhopw;ghLfshf muRfs; Vw;wf;nfhs;sg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. gFjp
Neukhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w> mhpjhf my;yJ jq;fptho;tjw;fhf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wjhd midj;J nraw;ghLfSk;
fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. kpfTk; ghjpg;GW epiyapy; cs;s
(mdh;j;jq;fSf;F cs;shff;$ba) FOf;fshfpa mWtilf;Fg;
gpd; gzpGhpAk; kPdt Copah;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fs; vd;NghUf;fhf
njhopy;rhh; mgptpUj;jp tha;g;Gfs; tpNrlkhf Nkk;gLj;jg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
rpWkPdt ngWkhdq;fspy; gue;jsT cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;w G+uzkhd
cw;gj;jpfs; my;yJ kPs;cw;gj;jpfs; ePupay; Rw;whlypy; my;yJ
fiuNahuj;jpYk; ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Mz;fspdhy; elj;jg;gLk;
nghUshjhu kw;Wk; njhopy; nraw;ghLfs; murpdhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl
ntz;L;k;.
• 19 •
midj;J nraw;ghLfisAk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.mjhtJ
miu ehs; my;yJ ,Ue;Jepd;W elhj;Jk; my;yJ jq;fpthOk;
nraw;ghLfs; cs;slq;Fk;.njhopy; uPjpahf my;yJ epWtd
mgptpUj;jp re;jh;g;gq;fis Cf;fg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.,jpy; tpNrlkhf
mdh;j;jq;fSf;Fs;shd FOf;fs; mWtilf;F gpd;dwhd
cw;gj;jpfspy; <LgLk; gpuptpdh; kw;Wk; rpWkPdt ifj;njhopypy;
<LgLk; ngz;fs; FOf;fs; njhlh;ghf tpNrl ftdj;ij nrYj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
6.6 Kiwrhu; kw;Wk; Kiwrhuh ,U njhFjpfspdJk; cs;slq;Ftjhf
rpWkPdt ifj;njhopypy; <LgLgth;fSf;F tho;tjw;F NghjpasT
njhopYf;fhf murhq;fqfspdhy; mDruid ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;.rpWkPdt ifj;njhopypd; epiyahd jd;ikia cWjp
nra;tjw;F ehl;by; eilKiwapy; cs;s rl;ljpl;lq;fSf;F
mikthf Kiwrhu; kw;Wk; Kiwrhuh kPdt njhFjp ,uz;bYk;
nraw;ghLfis ftdj;jpy; vLg;gjw;fhf murhq;fk; cfe;e Rw;whliy
cWthf;f Ntz;Lk;.
6.7 fdprkhd kw;Wk; cau; tho;f;if kl;lj;jpw;Fk; rh;tNjr kdpj
chpik juhjuq;fSf;Fk; mikthff; flikahw;Wtjd; nghUl;Ls;s
chpikfSf;F muRfs; kjpg;gspf;f Ntz;Lk.; rpW mstpyhd kPdtr;
rKjhaq;fspd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf Mw;wiy Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapyhd
Rw;whliy cUthf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. rfyiuAk; cs;thq;Ffpd;w>
ghFghLfis jtph;f;fpd;w> tYthd nghUhsjhu>cs;sf kPdt
Jiw kw;Wk; fhzpg; gad;ghl;Lf; nfhs;iffis muRfs; gpd;gw;w
Ntz;Lk;. mjD}lhf> Fwpg;ghf> ngz;fis cs;spl;l rpW mstpyhd
kPdtr; rKjhaj;jpdUf;Fk;> Vida czT cw;gj;jpahsh;fSf;Fk;
mth;fsJ ciog;G> %yjdk;> kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gtw;Wf;fhf
epahakhd mD$yq;fisg; ngWtjw;F ,lkspf;fg;gLtJld;
,aw;if tsq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk>; epiyNgwhf Kfhik
nra;tjw;Fk; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLk;.
• 20 •
6.8 NjitNaw;gLk; tifapy; tsq;fis ePLWjpahfg;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk>; tho;thjhu gd;Kfg;gLj;jYf;fhfTk; rpW
mstpyhd kPd;gpb rKjhaj;jpdUf;F kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopYld;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l nraw;ghLfspd; %yk; ngwg;gLfpd;w tUkhdj;jpw;F
Nkyjpfkhf epug;Gf;$W kw;Wk; khw;W tUkhq;fis <l;bf;nfhs;tjd;
nghUl;L jw;NghJs;s tha;g;Gf;fSf;F cjtp toq;fTk;> Nkyjpf
tha;g;Gf;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhLg;gjw;Fk; muRfs; eltbf;if
vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpuNjr nghUshjhuj;jpDs; rpW mstpyhd
kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopypd; tfpgq;F kw;Wk; ghhpa mstpyhd
nghUshjhuj;Jld; ,t;TggphpT nfhz;Ls;s njhlh;G vd;gtw;iw
,dq;fz;L mtw;wpd; %yk; ed;ikfis mile;J nfhs;sy;
Ntz;Lk;. rKjha mbg;gilapyhd Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; (nghOJ
Nghf;Ff;fhf kPd;gpbj;jy; cs;slq;fshf ) kw;Wk; rpW mstpy;
nghWg;Gld; $bajhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w ePhpay; jhtuq;fisAk;
tpyq;fpdq;fisAk; tsh;j;jy; Nghd;wjhd tsh;r;rpapy>; rpwpa
mstpyhd kPdtr; rKjhaq;fSk; epahakhd tifapy; ed;ik ngw
Ntz;Lk;. vt;thwhapDk;> rpW mstpyhd kPdth;fSk; kPd;gpbj;
njhopyhsh;fSk; ,ilawhJ jkJ njhopypy; <LgLtjw;fhd
tpUg;gj;ij njhptpf;Fk;NghJ> kPd;gpbf; nfhs;iffSk; Kfhikj;Jt
epUthf mjpfhu rigfSk; mth;fsJ tpUg;gj;jpw;F kjpg;gspf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
6.9 rpW kPdtr; rKjhaj;jpd; ngz;fsJk; Mz;fsJk; Fw;wr; nray;fs;
(Rw;whly; kw;Wk; kPd;gpbf; Fw;wr; nray;fs; cs;slq;fshf )>
td;Kiwfs;> nfhs;isf; Fk;gy; nraw;ghLfs;> flw;nfhs;isfs;>
jpUl;Lf;fs;> ghypay; J\;gpuNahfq;fs;> Nkhrbr; nraw;ghLfs;
kw;Wk; mjpfhuj; J];gpuNahfq;fs; mw;wnjhU #oypy; kPd;gpbf;
ifj;njhopy; nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba epiyikfis
muRfs; cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. tPl;L td;Kiw cs;slq;fshd
ghypay; td;Kiwfis ,y;yhnjhopj;jy; kw;Wk; mj;jifa
td;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfSf;F cs;shfpAs;s ngz;fis ghJfhj;jy;
vd;gtw;iw ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf
rfy jug;gpdh;fSk; eltbf;ifnaLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. tPl;bDs; my;yJ
• 21 •
rKjhaj;jpDs; td;KiwfSf;Fk; J];gpuNahfq;fSf;Fk; cs;shfp
ghjpf;fg;gl;NlhUf;F ePjpf;fhd gpuNtrk; cs;snjd;gij muRfs;
cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
6.10 Gyk;ngah;ntd;gJ rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopypy;
,ay;ghff; fhzf;$ba tho;thjhu cgha khh;f;fk; vd;gjdhy;>
kuG hPjpahd kw;Wk; rk;gpujha mjpfhu rigfs; cs;slq;fshf
murhq;fKk; rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;fSk; Gyk;ngah;
kPdth;fspdJk; kPdtj; njhopyhsu;fspdJk; tfpgq;fpidg; Ghpe;J>
Vw;Wf;nfhz;L mjw;F kjpg;gspf;f Ntz;Lk;. muRfSk; rpW
mstpyhs kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopw; nraw;ghl;lhsh;fSk; kPd;gpbf;
ifj;njhopYf;fhfd tsq;fs; ePLWjpahd tifapy; gad;gLj;Jtjpy;
<Lgl;Ls;s kw;Wk; gpuNjr rKjha mbg;gilapyhd kPd;gpbf;
ifj;njhopypd; epUtfhj;jpw;Fk; mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; ,ilA+Wfis
tpistpf;fhjtu;fSkhd Gyk;ngah; kPd;gpbahsh;fs; epahakhfTk;
fdprkhd mstpYk; r%fj;jpy; ,izj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLtij
cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
6.11 fly; vy;iyfis jhz;Ltjw;fhd fhuzpfs; kw;Wk; mjdhy; Vw;gLk;
tpisTfis fz;lwpe;J mjw;fhf nraw;gl Ntz;bAs;sNjhL rpW
kPd;gpb njhopypd; epyj;jpUf;ff;$ba jd;ikia ghjpf;fpd;w fly;
vy;iy gpur;rpidia jPu;g;gjw;fhf muR cldb eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
6.12 Vida tplaq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf> rh;tNjr kdpj chpikj;
juhjuq;fs;> nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk; fyhrhu chpikfSf;fhd
rh;tNjr rkthak;(ICESCR) kw;Wk; cyf njhopyhsh; mikg;gpd;
chpa xg;ge;jq;fSf;F Vw;GilajhdthW Njitahd rl;ljpl;lq;fis
tFj;J mJ eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjd;
%yk; muRfs; glFfisAk;> fliyAk; gad;gLj;jpf; ifj;njhopy;fspy;
<Lgl;Ls;s rfy kPd;gpbahsh;fspdJk>; kPd;gpbj; njhopYf;fhd
Copah;fspdJk; njhopy;rhh; Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfisAk;> ePjpahd
gzp epiyikfisAk; jPh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. kPd;gpb ifj;njhopy;
• 22 •
Kfhij;Jtj;jpw;fhd vy;yh mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffspdJk;
Muk;gj;jpy;; mj;jpahtrpakhd mq;fkhftpUf;fpd;w njhopy;>
Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l mq;fk; cs;slq;Ftij
cWjpg;gLj;Jtw;F rfy jug;gpdh;fSk; Kaw;rpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
6.13 rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopy; cs;slq;fshf kPd;gpbf;
ifj;njhopw; Jiwapy; gyhj;fhukhf Copak; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtij
Kw;WKOjhf ,y;yhnjhopf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; muRfs; gyhj;fhukhf
Ntiyngwg;gLtij epWj;jp> ngw;w flidr; nrYj;jpj; jPh;g;gjw;fhf
ngz;fSk; Mz;fSk; gps;isfSk; gyhj;fhukhf Ntiyapy;
<LgLj;jg;gLtij jLj;J kPdth;fisAk; kPdt Copah;fisAk;
ghJfhg;gjw;fhf gaDs;s eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;;;
Ntz;Lk;.
6.14 rpW mstpyhd kPdtr; rKjhaj;jpdJ Njitfisg; G+h;j;jp
nra;fpd;w kw;Wk; ,isQh;fSf;Fk; AtjpfSf;Fk;> rpWth;fSf;Fk;
rpWkpfSf;Fk; rktha;g;Gf;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;J mth;fsJ
njhopy; tpUg;GfSf;F trjpfis toq;Ffpd;w ghlrhiyfisAk;
fy;tpapidAk; ngw;wf;nfhLg;gjw;Fk; mtw;wpy; gpuNtrpg;gjw;Fk;
tha;g;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F muRfs; nghWg;Gg; $w Ntz;Lk;.
6.15 gps;isfspd; eyNdhk;giyAk;> gps;isfisg; NghyNt
xl;Lnkhj;j r%fj;jpdJk; vjph;fhyj;jpw;fhf fy;tp toq;fg;gLtjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; rpW mstpyhd kPdtr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs;
Ghpe;J nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. gps;isfs; ghlrhiyfSf;Fr;
nry;y Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; rfy tpjkhfTk; ,lk;ngWfpd;w
J~;gpuNahfq;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg;ngw;W rpWth;fspd; chpikfs;
gw;wpa rkthaj;jpw;F Vw;GilajhdthW mth;fs; mtu;fsJ rfy
chpikfSf;Fkhd fhprid fhl;ly;fSf;F cs;shf Ntz;Lk;.
6.16 flypy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ghJfhg;Gg; gw;wpa gpur;rpidapd; (ehl;Lf;Fs;NsAk;
flypYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wjhd kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopypd; NghJ)
rpf;fy;;jd;ik kw;Wk; NghJkhd ghJfhg;gpd;ik vd;gtw;Wf;Fg;
• 23 •
gpd;dhYs;s gy;jug;gl;l fhuzq;fis chpa jug;gpdh;fs;
,dq;fhZjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,J rfy kPd;gpbr; nraw;ghLfSf;Fk;
(glFfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l kw;Wk; mt;thww;w ) Vw;Gilajhf
mikAk;. rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopypd; NghJ kPd; gpb
eltbf;iffspYk;;; flypYk; ghJfhg;gpd; nghUl;L> cyf czT
kw;Wk; tptrha mikg;gpdJk;> cyf njhopyhsh; kw;Wk; rh;tNjr
fg;gy; mikg;gpdJk; rh;tNjr topfhl;ly;fSf;F Vw;Gilajhd
tifapy; nghUj;jkhd Njrpa rl;lq;fisAk; xOq;FtpjpfisAk;
tFj;jy;> tpjpj;jy;> kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;jy; ,lk;ngWtjw;F
muRfs; nghWg;Gg; ghh;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
6.17 njhopy;> Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G vd;gd cs;slq;Fk;
rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopypd; nghUl;L (ehl;Lf;F
cs;NsNaAk; ngUk; flypYk;) flypy; cr;rkl;lg; ghJfhg;gpidg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F Vw;wthW tya xj;Jiog;Gld; xd;Wlndhd;W
,ize;jJk;> xUq;fpize;jJkhd Njrpa cghaq;fisj;
jahhpg;gjd; %yKk; mtw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjd; %yKk;
Nkw;nfhs;syhk; vd;gij muRfs; ,dq;fhz Ntz;Lk;. Vida
tplaq;fSf;F kj;jpapy;> rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopypd;
ghJfhg;Gf;fhf Njrpa jpBh; tpgj;J mwpf;ifapliyg; NgzptUjy;>
eLf;flypy; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghd tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;Jk;
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy; kw;Wk; rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbf;
ifj;njhopypd;NghJ eLf;flypy; ghJfhg;Gg; gw;wpa nghUj;jkhd
rl;ljpl;lq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy; vd;gtw;Wf;fhf muRfs; cjtp
toq;f Ntz;Lk;. Vw;Gilajhd jd;ikia Nkk;gLj;Jtjd; nghUl;L
juTfisj; jpul;Ltjw;fhfTk;> gapw;rp kw;Wk; tpopg;G+l;lYf;fhfTk;>
Nrhjid kw;Wk; fhg;ghw;Wk; eltbf;iffSf;fhfTk; Vw;fdNt
,aq;fptUfpd;w epWtdq;fspypUe;Jk; rKjha mbg;gilapyhd
fl;likg;GfspypUe;Jk; cr;rkl;lg; gaidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
6.18 Njrpa czT ghJfhg;G #oikTf;Fs; fhzp>kPdt nraw;ghL kw;Wk;
tdhe;jpu nghWg;Gld; $ba Ml;rpAupikf;fhf cUthf;fpapUf;Fk;
jd;dhu;t topfhl;ly;fspy; 25cWg;Giuapy; ftdj;jpy; v:j;J MAj
• 24 •
Nghuhl;lq;fspy; rpf;fpAs;s gpuNjrq;fspy; thOk; midj;J rpWkPdt
gq;fhsh;fspd; kdpj cupikfs; kw;Wk; ru;tNjr kdpjhgpkhd
rl;lj;jpw;F mikthf jq;fSla ghuk;gupa kPdt fhzp ghtpg;Gf;F
,lkspj;jYk; kw;Wk; ghuk;gupa kPdt fhzpfSf;F cl;gpuNtrpg;gjw;F
,lkspj;jYk; kw;Wk; mth;fspd; fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk; tho;f;if
Kiwfis ghJfhj;jYk; eilngw Ntz;Lk;.jq;fSf;F ghjpg;ig
Vw;gLj;Jk; midj;J jPh;khdq;fs; vLf;Fk; re;jh;g;gq;fspy; mth;fspd;
Kiw rhue;j gq;fgw;WjYf;fhd trjpia toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
7 ngWkjp Rl;b> mWtilf;Fg; gpd;duhd cw;gj;jp>
re;ij
7.1 tsg; gad;ghL (epuk;gy;) kw;Wk; Efh;T (Nfs;tp) vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapy;
njhlh;gpid cUthf;fp rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopypd;
mWtilf;Fg; gpd;duhd cg gphpTk; mjd; nraw;ghl;lhsh;fSk;
tpiyr; rq;fpypapy; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w tfpgq;fpid rfy
jug;Gf;fSk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ngWkjpr; rq;fpypapd;
nraw;ghl;lhsh;fSf;fpilapy; rkepiyaw;w mjpfhuj; njhlh;Gfs;
rpy rkaq;fspy; epyTfpd;wd vd;gijAk;> ghjpg;GW epiyapYk;
xuq;fl;lg;gl;Ls;s epiyapYk; cs;s ( mdh;j;jq;fSf;F
cs;shff; $ba kw;Wk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;Ls;s) FOf;fSf;F tpNrl
cjtpfs; Njitg;glyhk; vd;gijAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; mNjNtis>
mWtilf;Fg; gpd;duhd nraw;ghl;lhsh;fSk; chpa jPh;khdq;fs;
tFf;fg;gLk; gzpfspy; ,izfpd;whh;fs; vd;gijAk; rfy
jug;gpdu;fSk;; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
7.2 mWtilf;Fg; gpd;duhd cg gphptpy; ngUk;ghYk; ngz;fshy;
epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;w tfpgq;fpid rfy jug;gpdh;fSk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;L
Ntiyfspd; nghUl;L ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;Gf;F trjp toq;Fjiy
Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhf cjtp toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. mWtilf;Fg;
gpd;duhd cg gphptpy; mth;fsJ tho;thjhuj;ijg; Ngzpr;
nry;tjw;fhfTk.; Nkk;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;fhfTk; Njitg;gLfpd;wjhd
kw;Wk; nghUj;jkhd trjpfSk; NritfSk; ngz;fSf;F
cs;snjd;gij muRfs;; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
• 25 •
7.3 Vw;Wkjpf;fhfTk;; cs;ehl;Lr; re;ijf;fhfTk; cau; juj;jpidAk;;
ghJfhg;gpidAk; nfhz;l kPd;gpb cw;gj;jpfis nghWg;Gtha;e;j
tifapYk; ePLWjpahd tifapYk; cw;gj;jp nra;tjd; Kfkhf
rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopypd; mWtilf;Fg; gpd;duhd
cg gphpTf;F cjtp kw;Wk; ijhpak; vd;gtw;iw toq;Ftjd;
nghUl;L muRfs; nghUj;jkhd cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs;> epWtdf;
fl;likg;Gfs; kw;Wk; rhj;jpa ts Nkk;ghL Mfpa Jiwfspy;
KjyPL nra;tjw;fhf xJf;fPLfis toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; Mw;wy;fis
cUthf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
7.4 mth;fsJ tUkhdk; kw;Wk; tho;thjuj;jpd; ghJfhg;Gj; jd;ik
vd;gtw;iw Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhf muRfSk; mgptpUj;jpg; gq;fhsh;fSk;
Njrpa rl;l Kiwikf;F Vw;Gilajhf kPdth;fspdJk; kPdtj;
njhopyhsh;fspdJk; kuGhPjpahd epWtdf; fl;likg;Gfis
Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; ngWkjpr; rq;fpypapd; rfy
fl;lq;fspYk; cs;s rpwpa mstpyhd kPdtj; njhopyhsh;fspd;
epWtd hPjpahd Mw;wy;fis (Capacity) Nkk;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
mjd;gb $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs;> rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbj; Jiwapd;
njhopw; rq;fq;fs;> Vida epWtdf; fl;likg;Gfs; kw;Wk; th;j;jfg;
nghwpKiwfs; (cjhuzk;;- nghUj;jkhd tifapy; Vytpw;gid
,lq;fs;) vd;gtw;iw mikj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; mgptpUj;jp
nra;tjw;Fk; cjtpaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
7.5 elg;gpYs;s kuG hPjpahd kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L nrytpd tpidj;jpwd;kpF
njhopy;El;gk;> cs;Sh; Gj;jhf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; fyhrhu hPjpahfg;
nghUj;jkhd njhopy;El;g xg;gilfs; vd;gtw;iw Kd;Ndw;wp
mWtilf;Fg; gpd;duhd Nrjj;jpid Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhfTk;>
ngWkjpfis Nrh;;g;gjw;fhd Kiwfis fz;Lgpbg;gjw;fhfTk; rfy
jug;gpdu;fSk; Kaw;rpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rpW mstpyhd kPd;fisf;
nfhz;L njhopy;Kiwfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ Rw;whly; hPjpapy;
epiyNgwhd tof;fq;fis Nkk;gLj;jp cs;sPLfspd; (ePh;> tpwF
Nghd;wtw;wpd;) tpuaj;ij jLj;Jr; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.
• 26 •
7.6 rpW mstpyhd kPd; kw;Wk; kPd; cw;gj;jpfspd; tpahghuj;ij
epahakhfTk; ghFghL ,d;wpAk; Nkk;gLj;jp gpuNjr> Njrpa> tya
kw;Wk; rh;tNjr re;ijf;Fg; gpuNtrpg;gjw;fhd trjpfs; muRfshy;
toq;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopypd;
cw;gj;jpfis tya hPjpahf th;j;jfk; nra;tjw;F cjtpaspf;fpd;wjhd
th;j;jf xOq;F tpjpfisAk; Kiwapay;fisAk; mwpKfk;
nra;tjw;F muRfs; xj;Jiog;Gld; gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk;. (cyf
th;j;jf rq;fj;jpy; jhgpf;fg;gl;l xg;ge;jq;fspd;gb mjd; tpjpfs;>
fl;lisfs;> Nfhl;ghLfs;> chpikfs; kw;Wk; gpizg;GfSld;
xj;jpiritf; fhl;Lfpd;wit)
7.7 rh;tNjr hPjpahf kPd; kw;Wk; kPd; cw;gj;jpr; nraw;ghLfspy;
<LgLtjw;Fk;> gpuNjr hPjpahd rpW mstpyhd kPdth;fs;>
kpd;gpbj; njhopyhsh;fs; kw;Wk; mth;fsJ rKjhaq;fSf;fpilapy;
fhzg;gLfpd;w fpilahd xUikg;ghl;bd; ngWNgWfs; njhlh;ghfg;
Ghpe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk; muRfs; Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;. rh;tNjr kPd;
tpahghuk; kw;Wk; Vw;Wkjp cw;gj;jpfs; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jtjd;
%yk;> rkg;gLj;jf;$ba czT %yq;fis ,yFthfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
Kbahj my;yJ <LnfhLf;ff;$ba tpiyf;Fg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
Kbahjjd; fhuzkhf rkepiyahd Nghrhf;Ff;nfhz;l czT
Ntisf;fhf kPid czTld; Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;tjhdJ mth;fsJ
Rfhjhuj;jpw;Fk; eyDf;Fk; Kf;fpakhdjha; mikfpd;w Ml;fspd;
czTf;fhd chpikf;Fk; Vida kdpj chpikfSf;Fk; ghjfkhf
jhf;fk; Vw;gLj;j khl;lhnjd;gjpid muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk10;.
7.8 epahakhd Kiwapy; gfph;e;jspf;fg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy;> jkJ
cw;gj;jpfSf;fhff; fpilf;fg;gLfpd;w cah;thd Vw;Wkjpj;
njhifapy; ed;ikfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAnkd;gij
muRfSk;> rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;fSk;> ngWkjpr;
rq;fpypapd; Vida nraw;ghl;lhsh;fSk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
vt;thwhapDk;> nghWg;Gtha;e;j kw;Wk; gaDs;s kPd;gpb Kfhikj;Jt
10 czTf;fhd cupik gw;wpa rkthaj;jpd; 11.2.15 I mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
• 27 •
Kiwiknahd;W xOq;fhd Kiwapy; jhgpf;fg;gltpy;iynadpy;>
mJ rh;tNjr re;ijapy; mjpfhpf;Fk; Nfs;tpapdhy; mehtrpakhd
Rwz;ly;fSf;Fj; J}z;Ljy;fis Vw;gLj;jyhnkd;gnjhL
mJ czTg; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; Nghrhf;Ff;Fk; mr;RWj;jyhfTk;
mikayhnkd;gij muRfs; mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. re;ijapd;
Nfs;tpf;F Vw;wthW nghWg;Gtha;e;j mWtilf;Fg; gpd;duhd
tof;fq;fs;> nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; eltbf;iffs; vd;gtw;Wld;$ba
gad;kpF kPd;gpb Kfhikj;Jt Kiwnahd;W ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
7.9 Rw;whly; kw;Wk; r%f hPjpahd tpOkpaq;fs; cs;slq;fshf
nfhs;iffisAk; nrad;KiwfisAk; epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjd;
%yk; rh;tNjr re;ijapd; Clhf Rw;whlYf;Fk;> rpW mstpyhd
kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopy; tho;thjhuj;jpw;Fk; czTg; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w ghjfkhd mOj;jq;fs; ePjpahd Kiwapy;
jPh;f;fg;gLk; vd;gij muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,J rk;ge;jkhf
Cf;fk; fhl;Lfpd;w jug;gpdh;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; Muhag;gLtJk;
,f;nfhs;if kw;Wk; nrad;Kiwapd; xU gFjpahf mikjy;
Ntz;Lk;11
7.10 rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopYf;fhd ngWkjpr; rq;fpypapy;
cs;s jug;gpdh;fSf;F cyfk; G+uhfTk; gutpAs;s fly;rhh; czT
th;j;jfj;jpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; cyfkakhf;fypd;
Vida mk;rq;fs;> epiyNgwhd jd;ik> gpd;dh; fz;Lgpbf;f
Kbfpd;wik> rl;lj;jpw;F Kuzhd> mwpf;ifaplg;glhj> rl;lj;jpdhy;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhj kPd;gpb eltbf;ifs; (Illegal, Unreported, Unregulated Fisheries-IUU) kw;Wk; czTg; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Nghrhf;F
Nghd;wit njhlh;ghfTs;s re;ij kw;Wk; re;ijj; jfty;fSf;fhf
muRfs; gpuNtrj;jpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. khw;wkilAk;
re;ij epiyikfSld; ,irthf;fk; miltjw;fhf cjtp toq;Fk;
11 nghWg;Gtha;e;j kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopYf;fhd “cyf czT mikg;Gf;fhd
njhopy;El;g topfhl;lypd; 61 Mk; gpupT 1 ,d; kPJ mbg;gilahf
mike;Js;sJ.(,yf;fk; 11 nghWg;G tha;e;j kPd; tpahghuk;)
• 28 •
nghUl;L rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopy; jug;gpdh;fSf;F chpa
Neuj;jpy; re;ij gw;wpa rhpahd jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd
gpuNtrk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,lk;ngwf;$ba ghjfkhd
mOj;jq;fisf; Fiwj;Jf;nfhz;L> cyfg;Nghf;FfSf;Fk; gpuNjr
epiyikfSf;Fk; ,irthf;fk; miltjd; nghUl;L rpW mstpyhd
kPdt Copah;fspd; Fwpg;ghf ngz;fspdJk; ghjpg;GWk; epiyapYk;
Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l epiyapYk; cs;s FOf;fspdJk; Mw;wy;fis
tpUj;jp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
8. Mz; ngz; rkj;Jtk;
8.1 ghy;epiy rkj;Jtj;ij epiyehl;Ltjw;fhf rfyUk; xj;Jiog;Gld;
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kaw;rp mtrpakhdnjdTk;> ghy;epiy rkj;Jtj;ij
gpujhd r%fg; Nghf;Fld; ,izg;gjhdJ rfy rpW mstpyhd
kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopy; cghakhh;f;fq;fspdJk; xUq;fpize;j
mj;jpahtrpakhd gFjpahf mika Ntz;LnkdTk; rfy
jug;gpdh;fSk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j cghakhh;f;fq;fs;
fyhr;rhu $Uzu;T kpf;fjhf ,Uf;fNtz;baJld; gy;NtWgl;l
fyhrhug; gpd;dzpfspy; ,jw;fhd gy;NtWl;l gpuNtrq;fSk;
,Uf;fpd;w mNjNtis ngz;fis tpj;jpahrkhf ftzpf;fpd;w
nraw;ghLfSf;F vjpuhf rthy;tpLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
8.2 muRfs;> jhq;fSk; mq;fj;Jtk; tfpf;fpd;w rh;tNjr kdpj chpikfs;
gw;wpa rkthaq;fSf;F Vw;g nraw;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;> Fwpg;ghf
CEDAW, Beijing Declaration, Platform of Action cs;spl;l fUtpfis
eilKiwg;gLj;jTk; Ntz;Lk;. rptpy; r%f mikg;GfSf;F
Fwpg;ghf> ngz; kPdtj; njhopyhspfs; kw;Wk; mth;fsJ
mikg;GfSf;F ,f;fUtpfs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtij Nkw;ghh;it
nra;tjw;F mtfhrk; mspj;J ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd ghFghLfis
,y;yhnjhopg;gjw;F jdpj;Jtkhd eltbf;iffis muRfs;
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopYld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
mikg;Gfs; gq;Nfw;gjd; nghUl;L ngz;fis cw;rhfg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; Fwpj;j mikg;GfSf;F mgptpUj;jp hPjpahd
cjtpfisAk; toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• 29 •
8.3 ghy;epiy rkj;Jtj;ij mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhf NghJkhd
msT nfhs;iffs; eilKiwapYs;snjd;gijAk;> rl;lq;fs;
,aw;wg;gLfpd;wnjd;gijAk; muRfs; nghWg;Gg; ghhj;jJf;nfhs;sy;
Ntz;Lk;. ghy;epiy rkj;Jtj;Jld; Vw;Gilajhfhj nfhs;iffs;>
rl;lq;fs; jpUj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. Vida tplaq;fSf;F
Nkyjpfkhf> tp];jhpg;Gg; gzpahl;njhFjpahf Mz; ngz;
,UghyhiuAk; Ml;Nrh;g;Gr; nra;jy;> ghy;epiyf; $Uzh;TkpF
kPd;;;;gpbj; njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk; Vida Jiwfs; njhlu;ghf
gzpahl;njhFjpapdUf;F gapw;rp toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; Mz; ngz;
,UghyhUf;Fk; kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopYld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tp];jhpg;G
kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gr; NritfSf;Fg; gpuNtrpg;gjw;fhd Mw;wiy
cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;wtw;iw Nkw;nfhz;L ghy;epiy rkj;Jtj;ij
Nkk;gLj;Jk; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; muRfs; Kjyplk;
tfpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
8.4 rpWkPdt ifj;njhopypy; ngz;fs; Nritfs; njhlh;ghf Nahf;fpakhd
kw;Wk; Kf;fpakhd kpf cfe;j njhopy;Dl;gj;jpid cUthf;Ftjw;F
midj;J gFjpapdiuAk; Cf;fg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
9. mdh;j;j mghak; kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk;
9.1 epiyahd rpWkPdt ifj;njhopypy; #oikTf;Fs; fhyepiy
khw;wq;fSld; NghuhLtjpdhy; mtru kw;Wk; vjph;ghh;g;Gld;
nraw;gLtjpw;F murhq;fq;fspdhy;; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.,jd;
eilKiwg;gLj;jy; eilngw Ntz;Lk; epiyahd mgptpUj;jp
njhlh;ghf If;fpa ehLfspd; upnah20 fUj;juq;fpy; ngWNgW ' vkf;F
mtrpakhd vjph;fhyk;" vDk; Mtzj;ij ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L
fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; njhlh;ghf If;fpa ehLfspd; mbg;gil Kiw
gpuflzj;jpy;(UNFCCC) cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiwfs; Nfhw;ghLfs;
kw;wk; nfhs;iffSf;F rhh;ghdjhFk;
• 30 •
9.2 ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; kw;Wk; kdpju;fshy Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w
mdu;j;jq;fs; xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; tpj;jpahrk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vdTk;>
fhyepiy khw;wj;jpdhy; rpW kPd;gpbapy; <LgLfpd;wtu;fs; kw;Wk;
mjpy; jq;fp thOfpd;wtu;fNs mjpfkhf ghjpf;fpd;whu;fs; vd;gij
midtUk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. epy - ePh; Kfg;ghdJ Gtpapd;
mjpf nraY}f;fj;Jld; $ba xU Rw;whlyhf mike;Js;sjd;
gpufhuk; rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbr; rKjhaq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; ,aw;if
mdh;j;jq;fspdJk; fhyepiy khw;wq;fspdJk; ghjpg;Gf;fSf;F
cs;shFk; gpuNjrq;fspNyNa epiynfhz;Ls;sd. mgha Neh;T
Kfhikj;Jtk; (Disaster Risk Management-DRM) kw;Wk; fhyepiy
khw;wq;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;F ,irthf;fk; milAk; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk;
jiyaPLfspd; NghJ rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopypd;
jdpr; rpwg;ghd gz;Gfs; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
toik epiyf;F tUtjw;fhf gf;fgykspj;jy; kw;Wk; Mz; ngz;
,UghyhupYk; kpfTk; rpukj;Jf;Fk; Xuq;fl;lYf;Fk; cs;shfpAs;s
FOf;fs; kPJ tpNrl ftdQ; nrYj;jp> Mz; ngz; ,UghyhUk;
cs;slq;Fk; tifapy; kPdtr; rKjhaq;fSld; KOikahd
kw;Wk; rhjfkhd jfty;fis MuhAk; fye;Jiuahly;fis
elj;jp> kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; fhyepiy khw;wq;fspdhy;
Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; jhf;fq;fis ,y;yhnjhopg;gjw;fhd nfhs;iffSk;
jpl;lq;fSk; muRfshy; tFf;fg;gl ntz;Lnkd;gJld; Fwpg;ghf
fhyepiy khw;wq;fspd;NghJ mtw;Wf;F ,irthf;fk; miljy;>
jhf;fj;jpidf; Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; kw;Wk; toik epiyf;F
tUjy; gw;wpa cj;jpKiwfs; njhlh;ghf ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gLjYk;
Ntz;Lk;. fhyepiy khw;wq;fspd; fhuzkhf tpNrlkhf> czT
kw;Wk; Ngh~hf;F gw;wpa rpf;fy;fs; Vw;gLtjw;fhd mtfhrk; cs;s
rpwpa jPTfspy; tho;fpd;w rpW mstpyhd kPdtr; rKjhaq;fs; kPJ
tpNrl ftdk; nrYjjg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
9.3 rpW mstpyhd kPd;gpbj;Jiwapy; mgha Neu;TfisAk; fhyepiy
khw;wq;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l rpf;fy;fisAk; jPu;g;gjw;fhff; FWf;F
gf;fthl;L xj;Jiog;G cs;spl;l xUq;fpize;j kw;Wk; KOikahd
mZFKiwfSf;fhf fhzg;gLfpd;w Njitapidr; rfy
• 31 •
jug;gpdu;fSk; ,dq;fhz Ntz;Lk;. kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopw;WiwAld;
njhlu;Gglhj kdpjr; nraw;ghLfspd; fhuzkhf ,lk;ngWfpd;w
khrilT> flyupg;G kw;Wk; flw;fiuia mz;bajhf tho;tplq;fs;
moptilfpd;wik rk;ge;jg;gl;l gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf
muRfs; eltbf;ifnaLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jfia epiyikfspd;
%yk; kPdtr; rKjhaq;fspd; tho;thjhuq;fs; kPJk;> Vw;glf;$ba
fhyepiyj; jhf;fq;fSf;F ,irthf;fk; miltjd; nghUl;L
mtu;fs; nfhz;Ls;s Mw;wy;fs; kPJk; ghuJ}ukhd ghjpg;G Vw;gLk;.
9.4 fhyepiy khw;wq;fspdhYk; ,aw;ifapdhy; kw;Wk; kdpju;fshy;
Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; rfytpjkhd mdu;j;jq;fspdhYk; ghjpg;gilfpd;w rpW
mstpyhd kPdtr; rKjhaq;fSf;F mtu;fsJ njhopiy toik
epiyikf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtijAk; my;yJ mtu;fsJ tpUg;gj;jpd;gb
mj;Jiwia mz;bajhf njhopy; tha;g;G toq;fg;gLtjidAk;>
Gdu;tho;T kw;Wk; el;l<L toq;FjiyAk; muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
9.5 kdpjh;fspdhy; Vw;gLj;jpa mdu;jq;fs; rpWkPdt ifj;njhopypy;
ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; re;jh;g;gq;fspy; cfe;j nghwg;Gs;sth;fs;
nghWg;Gf;$wy; Ntz;Lk;
9.6 fhyepiy khw;wq;fSk; mdu;j;jq;fSk; mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa kw;Wk;
tu;j;jf cgJiwfspy; kPd;tiffs; kw;Wk; njhiffspyhd khw;wq;fs;>
juq;fspyhd khw;wq;fs; mitfs; itj;jpUf;fg;gLk; fhyk; re;ij
tpw;gid ,lq;fs; njhlu;ghf cs;s jhf;fq;fs; vd;gd njhlu;ghd
tbtq;fspd; jhf;fj;ij vy;yhj; jug;Gf;fSk; fzf;fpy;; vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vjpu;kiwj; jhf;fq;fisf; Fiwf;Fk; Kfkhf rupnra;T Vw;ghLfs;
njhlu;ghf rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpb gq;fhsu;fSf;F muRfs; MjuT
toq;f Ntz;Lk;. Gjpa njhopy;El;gq;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk;nghOJ
kPd;tiffs;> cw;gj;jpfs;> re;ijfs;> fhyepiy khWiffspd;
vjpu;fhy khw;wq;fSf;F mitfs; nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ikahditahfTk;
nghUe;jf;$baitahfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• 32 •
9.7 vt;thW mtrufhy gjpw;nraw;ghL kw;Wk; mdu;j;j jahu;epiy
vd;gd rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpbfSld; njhlu;Ggl;L ,Uf;fpd;wd vdg;
Gupe;J nfhz;L epthuz cUthf;fy; njhlu;r;rpapd; vz;zf;fUtpd;
gpuNahfpg;gjw;F muRfs; Gupe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ePz;lfhy
mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffshdit mtrufhyj; njhlu;G G+uhfTk; guprPypf;f
Ntz;bapUg;gJld; cldb epthuzf; fl;lk; Gdu;tho;;T> Gdu;epu;khzk;>
kPs;epiyf;Fj; jpUk;Gjy;(bulding back better) Nghd;wd jhf;fg;gL
jd;ikiaAk; vjpu;fhy mr;RWj;jy;fisAk; Fiwg;gjw;fhf guprPypf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
9.8 fhyepiykhw;wk; njhlu;Ggl;l Kaw;rpfspy; rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpbfspd;
tfpgq;if vy;yhj; jug;gpdUk; Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld;
cgJiwapYk; kPd;gpb KOg;ngWkhdr; rq;fpyp> mWtilf;Fg;
gpe;jpa epiy> re;ijg;gLj;jy;> tpepNahfk; cl;gl;ltw;wpYk; rf;jp
tpidj;jpwdhdJ Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;L Mjutspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
9.9 muRfshdit rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpb rdr%fj;jpw;F ntspg;gilahd
jfty; epjpaq;fis ntspg;gilahf mile;Jnfhs;sy; trjpfs; kw;Wk;
/ my;yJ fhyepiy khw;wj;ij cupa tifapy; jOtpf;nfhs;Sk;
fyhrhu uPjpahf nghUj;jkhd njhopy;El;gq;fs; vd;gtw;iw fpilf;fr;
nra;jiy guprPypf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• 33 •
• 34 •
%d;whk; gFjp :
topfhl;liy gyg;gLj;jtjw;F mtrpakhd #oiy miljy; kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xj;Jiog;ig toq;Fjy;
10. nfhs;if nghWj;jg;ghLfs;> epWtd xUq;fpizg;G kw;Wk; xj;Jiog;G
10.1 Njrpa rl;lthf;fk; ru;tNjr kdpj cupikfs; rl;lk;> Vida
ru;tNjrf; fUtpfs; Mjpthrp kf;fSld; njhlu;Gila nghUshjhu
mgptpUj;jpf; nfhs;iffs;> rf;jp> fy;tp> nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; fpuhkpaf;
nfhs;iffs;> Rw;whly; ghJfhg;G> czTg;ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Nghrhf;F
nfhs;iffs; njhopy; kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;Gf;nfhs;iffs;> tu;j;j
nfhs;iffs;> mdu;j;j ,lu; Kfhikj;Jtk;> fhyepiy khw;wj;jpw;F
gofpg;Nghjy; nfhs;iffs;> kPd;gpb fpilf;Fk; Vw;ghLfs;> Vida
kPd;gpbf; nfhs;iffs;> jpl;lq;fs; nraw;ghLfs; rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpb
rdr%fq;fspd; KOikahd mgptpUj;jpia Cf;Ftpf;Fk; Kfkhd
KjyPLfs;> vd;gd njhlu;ghf nfhs;if xl;Lzu;it Nehf;fp Ntiy
nra;tjw;fhd Njitia muRfs; mq;fPfupf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; NghJ
Mz; ngz; rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; epahaj;ij cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
10.2 muRfshdit nghUj;jkhd tifapy; ,lk;rhu; jpl;lkply;
mZFKiwfis cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; fly; rhu; jpl;lkply;fis
rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpbapdupd; tpUg;gq;fis Kd;dpl;L epfOk;
mt;thwhditfisAk; xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l fiuNahu tya
Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; tfpgq;FfisAk; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cupa tifapy; tpUj;jp nra;J gad;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. fye;Jiuahly; gq;Fgw;Wif> gfpuq;fg;gLj;Jif> ghy;epiyf;
$Uzu;Tf; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l ,lk;rhu; jpl;lkply;
rl;lq;fs; cupa tifapy; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. nghUj;jkhd
,lq;fspy; tha;g;ghl;L jpl;lkply; KiwikfisAk; rpwpastpyhd
kPd;gpbapduhYk; Vida r%fj;jpduhYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; toikrhu;
clikAupik KiwikfisAk; mr; rdr%fq;fspys;s jPu;khdk;
vLf;Fk; nrad;KiwfisAk; guprPypf;f Ntz;Lk;.
10.3 fly; kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L ePu;epiyfs;> rhfpa Kiwikfs; vd;gtw;iwg;
ghjpf;Fk; nfhs;iffis xUikg;gLj;Jtij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F
,j;Jiw kPd;gpb tptrhak; kw;Wk; Vida ,aw;ifts nfhs;iffis
• 35 •
,e;j Jiwfspy; ,Ue;J tUk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlHghd
tho;thjhuq;fis $l;lhf mjpfupf;fr; nra;tijAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F
muRfshdit tpNrl nfhs;if Vw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
10.4 kPd;gpbf; nfhs;ifapd;gb> ePbj;J epiyf;ff;$ba rpwpastpyhd
kPd;gpbf;fhf xU ePz;lfhy Nehf;if toq;FtijAk; grpiaAk;
tWikiaAk; xopg;gijAk; xU rhfpa Kiw mZFKiwiag;
gad;gLj;JtijAk; muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. kPd;gpbapd;
xl;Lnkhj;j nfhs;ifr; rl;lf NtiyahdJ ePz;lfhy ghu;it
Nehf;Fld; xl;Lzu;thf ,Ug;gJld; rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpb kw;Wk; kdpj
cupikfSf;fhd rl;lNtiyf; nfhs;ifiaf; nfhz;bUg;gijAk; mJ
Fwpg;ghf jhf;fg;glf;$ba kw;Wk; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l kf;fSf;F ftdk;
nrYj;JtijAk; muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
10.5 muRfshdit epWtdf; fl;likg;Gf;fs;> ,izg;Gf;fs;> cs;Su; Njrpa
gpuhe;jpa cyfshtpa ,izg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; tiyg;gpd;dy;fs; nfhs;if
xl;Lzu;Tfis rhjpg;gjw;F Njitahditfs; JiwfSf;fpilapyhd
$l;Liog;Gf;fs; kPd;gpbj;Jiwapy; KOikahdJk; midj;ijAk;
cl;gLj;jpaJkhd rhfpa mZFKiwfs; vd;gtw;iw muRfs;
epWtp Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mNjNtisapy; rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpb
rdr%fq;fSf;fhf ed;F tiutpyf;fzk; nra;ag;gl;l> mur
mjpfhupfSld; njhlu;Gg;Gs;spfSk; njspthd nghWg;Gzu;Tf;fhd
NjitfSk; mNjNtisapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
10.6 rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpbg; gq;fhz;ikahsu;fs; jkJ njhopy;thz;ik
rq;fq;fs; kPd;gpbf; $l;Lj;jhgdq;fs;> rdr%f epWtdq;fs;
vd;gtw;Wf;fpilNa $l;Liog;ig Cf;Ftpf;fNtz;Lk;. mtu;fs;
tiyg;gpd;dy;fis mikg;gJld; mDgtk;> jfty;fs; kw;Wk;
rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpbahsu;fs; njhlu;ghd nfhs;if jPu;khdk; vLg;Gf;fs;
<Lghl;il trjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhd NkilfisAk;
epWt Ntz;Lk;.
10.7 #oypay; Kiwik mZFKiwiaAk; fUj;jpy; vLj;J Njrpa
rl;lq;fspd; gpufhuk; rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpbfspd; xU tpidj;jpwdhd
Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;af;$ba cs;Su; MSiff;
fl;likg;Gf;fis cupa Kiwapy; muRfs; Cf;Ftpj;J mq;fPfupf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
10.8 rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpbfspd; njhlu;r;rpj;jd;ikiag; ghJfhg;gjpy; ru;tNjr
gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; cggpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;ig muRfs; Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• 36 •
muRfs; ru;tNjr> gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; cggpuhe;jpa epWtdq;fs; cupa
tifapy; rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpbahsupd; Gupe;Jzu;it mjpfupg;gjw;Fk;
cggpuhe;jpa my;yJ gpuhe;jpa ru;tNjr $l;Liog;ig Ntz;b epw;Fk;
tplaq;fspy; cgJiwf;F cjTtjw;Fk; cupajk; nghUj;jkhdJk;
gu];gu ,zq;fg;gl;l njhopy;El;g khw;wq;fs; cl;gl ,aYik
mgptpUj;jpf;F cupa tifapy; mitfs; Mjutspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
11. jfty;> Ma;T+ kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly;
11.1 muRf;fshdit kPd;gpbj; juTfisr; Nrfupg;gjw;F capu; rhfpatpay;
r%f nghUshjhu uPjpahd rpwpastpyhd kpd;gpbfspd; ePbj;J
epiyf;Fk; Kfhikj;Jtj;Jtk; kPjhd jPu;khdk; vLg;gpw;fhd cupa
nghUshjhu fyhrhu r%fj; juTfs; cl;gl mr; #oypay; Kiwfspy;
ePbj;J epiyf;Fk; jd;ikia cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;Fld; kPd;gpb ,Ug;G
cl;gl;ltw;iw ntspg;gilahd Kiwapy; mitfSf;F vd muRfs;
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ghy;epiyahfg; gpupf;fg;gl;l cj;jpNahfG+u;t Gs;sp
tpguq;fis rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpbapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Kd;Ndw;wfukhf
Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; fhz;gjw;Fk; mDkjpf;Fk; juTfis mj;Jld;
NtWgl;l cs;sPLfs; r%f nghUshjhu mk;rq;fs; vd;gtw;iw
cs;slf;fp nra;tjw;F Kaw;rpfs; vLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
11.2 tpidj;jpwdhd jPu;khdk; vLj;jYf;F mj;jpatrpakhfpa njhlu;ghly;
kw;Wk; jftypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vy;yhg; gq;fhz;ikahsu;fSk;
rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpb rdr%fq;;fSk; czu;e;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
11.3 muRfshdit Coiyj; jLg;gjw;F Fwpg;ghf mjpfupj;j
ntspg;gilj;jd;ik> jPu;khdk; vLj;jYf;F nghWg;Gf;$wy; vd;gtw;wpid
jLg;gjw;F Kaw;rp vLg;gJld; eLepiyahd jPu;khdq;fs; cldbahfTk;
cupa gq;Fgw;wy; rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpb rdr%fq;fSldhd cupa
gq;Fgw;wy; njhlu;ghly; %ykhf vLf;fg;gLtijAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.
11.4 vy;yhj; jug;Gf;fSk; rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpb rdr%fq;fis mwptpidf;
nfhz;bUg;gtuhfTk; toq;FgtuhfTk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;gtuhfTk;
mq;fPfupj;jy;. Fwpg;ghf rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpb rdr%fj;jpdu; cupa
jfty;fis nrd;wiltjw;fhd Njitiag; Gupe;Jnfhs;tJ
Kf;fpakhdJ. mtu;fspd; jw;NghJs;s gpur;rpidfSld; mtu;fs;
vjpu;nfhs;tjw;F cjTtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ tho;thjhuj;ij
• 37 •
Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F tYT+l;Ltjw;Fk; Fwpg;ghf Kf;fpakhdJ. ,e;j
jfty; Njitg;ghLfshdit mr; rdr%fq;fs; vjpu;nfhs;Sk;
jw;NghJs;s gpur;rpidfs; kPJ jq;fpapUg;gJld; kPd;gpb kw;Wk;
tho;thjhuq;fspd; capupay; rl;l nghUshjhu r%f fyhrhu
mk;rq;fspd; mf;fiwAilajhfTk; cs;sJ.
11.5 nghWg;ghd rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpb kw;Wk; ePbj;J epiyf;ff;$ba
mgptpUj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fis rl;luPjpahdit
mwpf;ifg;gLj;jg;glhj xOq;FgLj;jg;glhj kPd;gpbfs; cl;gl
Njitahd jfty;fs; fpilf;fr; nra;tij muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. ,J kw;wtu;fSld; mdu;j;j ,lu; fhyepiykhw;wk;>
tho;thjhuq;fs;> czTg; ghJfhg;G mj;Jld; jhf;fg;glf;$ba
kw;Wk; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l FOf;fspd; epiyikapy; Fwpg;ghf ftdk;
nrYj;JtNjhL njhlu;Ggl;litahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Fiwe;j
juT NjitfSldhd jfty; Kiwikfshdit juTf; FiwT
epiyikfSf;fhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;..
11.6 rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpb rdr%fq;fspd; RNjr kf;fs; cl;gl mtu;fspd;
mwpT fyhrhuk;> ghuk;gupaq;fs;> gof;fq;fs; cupa tifapy;
mq;fPfupf;fg;gLtijAk; Mjutspf;fg;gLtijAk; mtu;fSf;F
nghWg;ghd cs;Su; MSif kw;Wk; ePbj;j mgptpUj;jp nrad;Kiwfs;
mwptpf;fg;gLtijAk; vy;yhj; jug;Gf;fSk; cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. ngz; kPdtu;fs; kw;Wk; kPd;gpbj; njhopyhu;fspd; tpNrbj;j
mwpT mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;L Mjutspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. muRf;fs;
ghuk;gupa kPd;gpb mwpT kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gq;fis ePbj;j kPd;gpb
ghJfhg;G Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpapd; gpuNahfj;ij kjpg;gPL
nra;Ak;nghUl;L tprhuiz nra;J Mtzg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
11.7 muRfSk; Vida njhlu;Gila jug;Gf;fSk; rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpb
rdr%fq;fSf;F Fwpg;ghf RNjr kf;fSf;F ngz;fs; kw;Wk;
tho;thjhuj;jpw;fhf kPd;gpbapy; jq;fpapUg;NghUf;F cupa tifapy;
njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; epjp cjtpfis xOq;FgLj;jpf;nfhs;sTk; NgzTk;
ePuf tho;T tsq;fs;> ghuk;gupa mwpTfis Kd;Ndw;wpf;nfhs;sTk;
ePuf tho;T tsk;> kPd;gpb njhopy;El;gq;fs; kw;Wk; ePuf rhfpa Kiw
Fwpj;j mwpTfis Kd;Ndw;wpf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; muRf;fs; MjuT toq;f
Ntz;Lk;.
• 38 •
11.8 Njrpa cg gpuhe;jpa> gpuhe;jpa kl;lq;fspy; fpilahd kw;Wk;
nrq;Fj;jhd ,Utop jfty; gha;r;ry; cl;gl rdr%fj;jhy; cupa
nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;ff;$ba NkilfisAk; tiyg;gpd;dy;fisAk;
epWTjy; my;yJ gad;gLj;Jjy; Clhf ePuf vy;iyfle;j tsq;fs;
cl;gl;l jfty; gupkhw;wKk; jfty; gha;r;rYk; fpilf;ff;$bajhf
,Ug;gij vy;yhj; jug;Gf;fSk; Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;. nghUshjhu>
r%f fyhrhu gupkhzq;fis fzf;fpy; vLj;J nghUj;jkhd
mZFKiwfs; fUtpfs; Clfq;fs; vd;gd rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpb
rdr%fj;jpd; ,aYik mgptpUj;jpAld; njhlu;ghlYf;fhfg;
gad;gLJ;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
11.9 muRfSk; Vida jug;Gf;fSk; KbAkhd msTf;F rpwpastpyhd
kPd;gpbfspd; Ma;T $l;Liog;G gq;Fgw;WifAld; $ba juTr;
Nrfupg;G gFg;gha;T Ma;Tfs; vd;gtw;Wf;F epjp fpilf;fr; nra;tij
cWjpg;gLj;JtJld; gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; Ma;TfSk; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. muRfSk; Vida jug;Gf;fSk; ,e;j Ma;T mwpTfis
jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; nrad;Kiwapd; xd;Wld; xd;wpizf;f Kaw;rpf;f
Ntz;Lk;. Ma;T epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs; rpwpastpyhd
kPd;gpbfs; kw;Wk; Ma;tpYk; Ma;Tf; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fisg;
gad;gLj;JtjpYk; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;F mDkjpg;gJld; mgptpUj;jp
,aYikapy; MjuT mspf;fTk; Ntz;Lk;. rpwpa mstpyhd kPd;gpbfspd;
ePbj;J epiyf;ff;$ba tsg;gad;ghL> kw;Wk; czTg;ghJfhg;G
Nghrhf;F tWiknahopg;G rkijahd mgptpUj;jp DRM kw;Wk; CCA guprPypg;Gf;fs; cl;gl;ltw;wpy; mtw;wpd; tfpgq;F kPJ xU
fye;Jiuahly; nrad;Kiwapy; ftdk; nrYj;Jtjpd; Clhf Ma;T
Kd;Diufs; ,zf;fk; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
11.10 muRfSk; Vida jug;Gf;fSk; Ntiy epiyik Gyk;ngau;T kw;Wk;
kPd;gpbg; gzpahsu;fs;> Rfhjhuk; fy;tp> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpy;
kpd;gpbapYs;s rkijahd ngz;fspd; Mz;fspd; ed;ikfis
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F je;jpNuhghaq;fis mwptpf;Fk;nghUl;L
ghy;epiy cwTfspd; #oiktpy; Ma;Tfis Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpbf;fhd nfhs;iffs;> epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;>
fUj;jpl;lq;fspy; ghy;epiyf; $Uzu;T ,ilaPLfis tbtikf;Fk;
Kfkhf tbtikg;Gf; fl;lj;jpy; ghy;epiyg; gFg;gha;tpd; gad;ghl;il
ghy;epiyg; gpujhdg;gLj;jy; Kaw;rpfs; cs;slf;f Ntz;Lk;. ghy;epiy
$Uzu;T Rl;bf;fhl;bfshdit ghy;epiy rkj;Jtkpd;ikfisf;
• 39 •
fz;fhzpj;J jPu;g;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; r%f
khw;wj;ij Nehf;fp vt;thW jiyapLfs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;sd
vdf; fz;Lgpbg;gjw;Fk; mitfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
11.11 rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpbfs; kw;Wk; flYzT cw;gj;jpfspd; tfpgq;if
mq;fPfupj;Jf;nfhz;L muRfSk; Vida jug;Gf;fSk; kPd; rhg;gpLtjpd;
Ngh\hf;F ed;ikfspd; tpopg;Gzu;it mjpfupf;Fk; KfkhfTk; kPd;
kw;Wk; kPd; cw;gj;jp juj;ij vt;thW mile;Jnfhs;tJ kPjhd
mwpit toq;Fk; KfkhfTk; Efu;Nthu; fy;tp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSf;F
cs;shf kPd; kw;Wk; kPd; cw;gj;jpfspd; Efu;it Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
12. jfikfs; mgptpUj;jp
12.1 muRfSk; Vida jug;Gf;fSk; rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpb rdr%fq;fs;
jPu;khdk; vLj;jy; nrad;Kiwapy; ,ayr; nra;Ak; Kfkhf mtu;fspd;
,aYikia mjpfupf;f Ntz;Lk;. rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpbapd;
cgJiwfspd; gy;NtWgl;l jd;ik tPr;R KO ngWkhdr; rq;fpyp
G+uhfTk; rl;luPjpahd [dehaf uPjpahd gpujpepjpj;Jtf; fl;likg;Gf;fspd;
cUthf;fk; Clhf cupa Kiwapy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;ag;gLtij
,J cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thwhd fl;likg;Gf;fspy; ngz;fspd;
rkijahd gq;Fgw;Wifia Nehf;fpg; gzpahw;Wtjw;fhd Njitf;F
tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. nghUj;jkhdJk; NjitahdJkhd
,lq;fspy; gpwpjhd ,lk;> nghwpKiw vd;gd Fwpj;j mtu;fSf;F
Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fspy; gy;NtW kl;lq;fspYk; ngz;fs; jhkhf
xOq;fikg;gij ,ayr; nra;a jdpahd ,lq;fSk; nghwpKiwfSk;
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
12.2 muRfSk; Vida gq;fhz;ikahsu;fSk; ,aYikia
fl;bnaOg;Gtij cjhuzj;jpw;F mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;
vd;gtw;wpy; re;ij re;ju;g;gq;fspypUe;J rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpbapdu;
ed;ik ngWtij mDkjpg;gjd; Clhf ,aYikia fl;bnaOg;g
Ntz;Lk;.
12.3 vy;yhj; jug;GfSk; cs;s mwpTfs; kw;Wk; jpwd;fs; kPJk; ,Utop
mwpT gq;fPl;L nrad;Kiw topahfTk; jdpegu;fs;> Mz;fs; ngz;fs;
cl;gl jhf;fg;glf;$bNahu; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l FOtpdu; vd;NghUf;F
nghUj;jkhd nefpo;r;rpahd fw;wiy toq;Ftjw;F ,aYik
• 40 •
tpUj;jpahdJ fl;bnaOg;glg;l Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mq;fPfupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
NkYk; DRM kw;Wk; CCA vd;gd nghWj;jstpy; rpwpastpyhd
kPd;gpbr; rdr%fq;fspd; vjpu;j;J epw;wy; kw;Wk; iff;nfhz;LNghjy;
,aYikiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; cl;gl ,aYik mgptpUj;jp
cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
12.4 murhq;f mjpfhupfSk; kw;Wk; Vida vy;yh kl;l Kftu;fSk;
rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpbapd; mgptpUj;jp ePbj;J epiyf;ff;$ba MjuTf;F
mwpT kw;Wk; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;a gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf
cuparigapy; ntw;wpfukhd $l;L Kfhikj;Jt Vw;ghLfSf;fhfTk;
gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpb rdr%fq;fSld;
Ma;T nra;ag;gLk; ,lq;fs; cl;gl xd;whf MSif kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp
nrad;Kiwapy; Neubahf <LgLk; cs;Suhl;rp fl;likg;Gf;fisAk;
gutyhf;fg;gl;litfSf;Fk; Fwpg;ghf ftdk; nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
13. nraw;ghl;Lf;fhd xj;Jiog;G kw;Wk; fz;fhzpg;G
13.1 Njrpa Kd;Dupikfs; kw;Wk; #oikTfspd; gpufhuk; ,e;j
topfhl;Ljy;fis mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F vy;yhj; jug;Gf;fSk;
Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
13.2 muRfSk; Vida jug;Gf;fSk; cjtp tpidj;jpwd; epjp tsq;fis
nghWg;ghf gad;gLj;Jjy; vd;gtw;iw Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
If;fpa ehLfspd; tpNrl Kftu;fs; gpuhe;jpa epWtdq;fs;> ,t;
topfhl;Ljy;fshdit muRfspd; mKy;gLj;jy; Kaw;rpfSf;F
jd;dhu;tkhf Mjutspg;gjw;F Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpwJ. xj;Jiog;G
cl;gl Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpwJ. mt;tz;zkhd MjuthdJ njhopy;El;g
xj;Jiog;G> epjpAjtp epWtd ,aYik> mgptpUj;jp mwpTgfuy;
mDgtq;fisg; gupkhwy;> Njrpa rpwpastpyhd njhopy;El;g
khw;wq;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjpy; cjtp vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;f KbAk;.
13.3 topfhl;Ljy; Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzu;it cUthf;Ftjw;F muRk;
Vida jug;Gf;fSk; xd;whfg; gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk;. rpwpastpyhd
kPd;gpbapy; gzpahw;WNthupd; ed;ikf;fhf ,yFgLj;jg;gl;l nkhop
ngau;g;G gjpg;Gf;fis gug;Gtjd; %yk; ,J nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
muRfSk; Vida jug;Gf;fSk; rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpbapy; ngz;fspd;
• 41 •
tfpgq;F ghy;epiyj; jfty;fis tpidj;jpwdhfg; gug;Gtij
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F ghy;epiykPjhd tpNrbj;j jfty;fis muRfSk;
Vida jug;Gf;fSk; cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. ngz;fs; jkJ Ntiyfspy;
epiyia Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F Njitahd gbepiyfSf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
13.4 muRfshdit ,t; topfhl;Ljy;fs; kw;Wk; rpghu;Rfis mKy;gLj;jy;
Nehf;fpa Kd;Ndw;wj;ij kjpg;gpLtjw;F jkJ epWtdq;fis mDkjpf;Fk;
fz;fhzpg;G Kiwikfspd;; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij fz;fhzpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Njrpa czTg;ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; tWiknahopg;gpd; #oiktpy; Nghjpa
czTf;fhd cupikia Kd;Ndw;wfukhf epiyehl;Ltjd; epiwT
kPjhd jhf;fj;jpid kjpg;gPL nra;tJ cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gpd;D}
l;ly;fspd; fz;fhzpg;Gf;fspd; tpisTfis nfhs;if cUthf;fk;
kw;Wk; mKy;gLj;jYf;Fs; mDkjpf;Fk;;; nghwpKiw cs;slf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ghy;epiyf;$Uzu;T mZFKiwfs;> Rl;bfhl;bfs;>
ghy;epiyfs; vd;gtw;iw gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; fz;fhzpg;gpy;
ghy;epiyahdJ fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Mz;fs; ngz;fs;
cl;gl czTg;ghJfhg;G tWiknahopg;Gf;fhd ePbj;J epiyf;fr;
nra;Ak; ts Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpbfspd;
cz;ikahd gq;fspg;gpd; rpwe;j Gupe;Jzu;T kw;Wk; Mtzg;gLj;jiy
mDkjpg;gij gq;Fgw;WifAld; $ba kjpg;gPl;L Kiwikfis
muRfSk; Vida jug;Gf;fSk; tpsf;fk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
13.5 muRfshdit topfhl;Ljy;fis cupa tifapy; mKy;gLj;Jtij
Nkw;ghu;it nra;tjw;F CSOs f;fspd; gykhd gpujpepjpj;Jtj;JlDk;
JiwfSf;fpilapyhd gpujpepjpj;Jtj;JlDk; Njrpa kl;l Nkilfs;
cUthf;fg;gLtij trjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. rpwpastpyhd kPd;gpb
rdr%fj;jpd; rl;luPjpahd gpujpepjpfs; topfhl;Ljy;fs; kw;Wk;;
fz;fhzpg;Gf;fhd mKy;gLj;jypd; je;jpNuhghaq;fspd; cUthf;fypYk;
gpuNahfj;;jpYk; <Lgl Ntz;Lk;.
13.6 cyf czT kw;Wk; tptrha mikg;G (FAO) MdJ cyfshtpa
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;wpd; tpUj;jpapy;> ,e;j topfhl;Ljy;fis
mKy;gLj;Jtjpy; MjuT mspg;gjw;fhd gpuhe;jpa nraw;gjpl;lq;fSld;
nray;jpl;lq;fis Cf;Ftpj;J Mjutspf;f Ntz;Lk.;
• 42 •
