Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
From Technologies to Markets
© 2021
From Technologies to Markets
VCSELs - Market and Technology
Trends 2021
Market and Technology
Report 2021
Sample
22VCSELs - Market and Technology Trends 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
GLOSSARY AND DEFINITIONS
ACC:Automatic Cruise Control
ADAS:Advanced Driver Assistance Systems
ALS:Ambient Light Sensor
AOC:Active Optical Cables
AR:Augmented Reality
ASIC:Application-Specific Integrated Circuit
CAGR: Compound Annual Growth Rate
CCD: Charge-Coupled Device
CIS: CMOS Image Sensor
CMOS: Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
CW: ContinuousWave
DBR: Distributed Bragg Reflector
EEL: Edge Emitting Laser
EMI: Electro-Magnetic Interference
EOS: Electrical OverStress
ESD: Electrostatic Discharge
FFT: Fast Fourier Transform
FOC: Fiber Optical Communication
FOV: Field ofView
HVAC: Heating,Ventilation,Air Conditioning
I/O: Input/Output
IDM: Integrated Device Manufacturer
IR: Infrared
LD: Laser Diode
LED: Light Emitting Diode
LiDAR: Light Detection And Ranging
MBE: Molecular Beam Epitaxy
MEMS - MicroElectroMechanical System(s)
MOCVD: Metal-Organic Chemical-Vapor Deposition
MQW: Multiple Quantum Well
MMF: Multimode Fiber
MWIR: Mid-Wave Infrared
NDIR: Non-Dispersive Infrared
NIR: Near Infrared
OCT: Optical CoherenceTomography
OEM: Original Equipment Manufacturer
OLED: Organic Light-Emitting Diode
PCB: Printed Circuit Board
PD: Photodiode
PIC: Photonic Integrated Circuit
POF: Plastic Optical Fiber
QW: QuantumWell
RGB: Red Green Blue
SEL: Surface Emitting Laser
SMD: Surface Mounted Device
SPAD: Single Photon Avalanche Diode
SSMF: Standard Single Mode Fiber
SWIR: ShortWavelength Infrared
TO:Transistor Outline
ToF:Time of Flight
UV: Ultraviolet
VCSEL:Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser
VOC:Volatile Organic Compound
VR:Virtual Reality
33
• Glossary and definitions 2
• Table of contents 3
• Report objectives 6
• Scope of the report 7
• Report methodology 8
• About the authors 9
• Companies cited in this report 10
• What we got right, What we got wrong 11
• Yole Group of Companies related reports 12
• 3 pages summary 14
• Executive summary 18
• Context 43
o Scope of the report
o History of VCSELs
o Overview of 3D sensing solutions
o 3D sensing adoption in automotive
• Market forecast 52
o Comparison with previous VCSEL forecasts
o Key element impacting the VCSEL market
o Breakdown by applications – Main applications
o Global VCSEL market volume forecast in Munits, by market segment
o Global VCSEL market revenue forecast in $M, by market segment
VCSELs - Market and Technology Trends 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part 1/3
• Market forecast 61
o Global VCSEL market volume forecast in Munits, by application
o Global VCSEL market revenue forecast in $M, by application
o Focus on datacom – VCSEL market volume forecast in Munits
o Focus on datacom – VCSEL market revenue forecast in $M
o Global VCSEL market share evolution – 2017 to 2020
o Focus on automotive LiDAR – Long-term forecast
o 3D sensing in smartphones: Apple vs. others
o Market growth drivers
• Market trends 71
o Segmentation by wavelength
o Mobile and consumer segmentation
o Automotive segmentation
o Industrial segmentation
o VCSEL applications
• Market shares & supply chain 90
o Player distribution by position on the supply chain and business model
o 2020 revenue of main players
o From datacom to 3D sensing
o A new slowdown era?
o Apple vs. Android ecosystems
o Mobile and consumer market share changes – 2017 to 2020
o Next opportunities for VCSEL suppliers
44
• Technology trends 113
o GaN-based VCSELs - Overview
o GaN-based VCSELs – Design challenges
o GaN-based VCSELs – Overview of players' results
o Red VCSELs – Overview
o Red VCSELs – Typical applications
o VCSEL structure along the IR spectrum
o Main challenges of long-wavelength VCSELs
o Long-wavelength VCSELs – Manufacturing approaches
o Long-wavelength VCSELs - Opportunities
o VCSEL manufacturing – Typical process flow
o Multi-junction VCSELs
o Epitaxial growth
o Epitaxy - Increasing wafer size using Germanium
o Epitaxy - Dilute nitride
o Mesa etching
o Oxidation
o Contacts deposition
o VCSEL wafer probing
o Die singulation
o Packaging
o Manufacturing yields
VCSELs - Market and Technology Trends 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part 2/3
• VCSEL driver 154
o Architecture of a 3D sensing module
o Relation between VCSEL, driver, and photodetector
o VCSEL driver integration in smartphones and tablets
o VCSEL driver technology for mobile and consumer applications
o VCSEL driver technology for automotive applications
o VCSEL driver technology for industrial applications
o VCSEL driver industry
o VCSEL driver supply chain for smartphone
• Mobile and consumer applications 172
o VCSELs are a driving part of mobile technology
o Front and rear 3D sensing
o Increased range enables new applications
o VCSEL adoption in smartphones
o Stacking VCSEL and VCSEL driver
o A possible shift in wavelength on the front side
o Main use cases for AR headsets
o Depth camera in AR headsets
o Towards augmented reality in smartphones?
o LiDAR in Apple iPad Pro and iPhones: AR applications evolution
o VCSEL comparison for mobile and consumer applications
55
• Automotive and mobility applications 190
o Exterior sensing applications
o VCSELs used for flash LiDAR
o VCSEL challenges for multi-beam flash LiDAR
o A possible shift in wavelength for VCSELs ?
o VCSEL ecosystem for LiDAR
o In-cabin sensing applications using IR light
o IR light source comparison
o Driver monitoring: towards fusion with ADAS
o Driver monitoring roadmap
o Particle monitoring
o Architecture of PM2.5 sensors
o VCSEL comparison for automotive and mobility applications
• Industrial applications 204
o Automated logistics – Trends
o New logistics paradigm
o Logistics: the flow of things
o Smart buildings / Security – Ecosystem
o Smart infrastructure - A growing number of applications
o Smart infrastructure - Crowd monitoring use cases
o Industrial manufacturing - Infra-red power system
o Scope of industrial applications for VCSEL
VCSELs - Market and Technology Trends 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part 3/3
• Telecom and infrastructure applications 215
o Fiber-Optic Communication (FOC)
o Generic diagram of FOC network
o VCSEL use for optical communication
o Comparison of EELs (DFB and FP) and VCSELs
o Technology platform/type vs. reach distance
o Trends in datacenters - Data traffic
o Optical transceiver applications in datacenters
o VCSEL comparison for datacom applications
• Outlook 231
• Presentation of Yole Développement 235
66
The specific objectives of this report are:
o Provide market data on different VCSEL applications
• Volume and revenue by application and market segment
• Average selling price (ASP) and expected developments
• Ranking of the top five VCSEL manufacturers
o Deliver an in-depth understanding of the VCSEL business value chain, players and trends:
• Global list of VCSEL manufacturers
• Supply chain information for mobile and automotive applications
• Supply chain analysis
• Analysis of VCSEL drivers
o Give insights on manufacturing and associated challenges
• What is a VCSEL?
• Analysis of the visible and NIR VCSEL industries
• Insights on critical steps in VCSEL manufacturing
VCSELs - Market and Technology Trends 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
REPORT OBJECTIVES
77VCSELs - Market and Technology Trends 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
SCOPE OF THE REPORT
Automotive
Driver monitoring
Infotainment
control
Air quality
monitoring
LiDAR
Industrial
Heating systems
Industrial printing
Medical
Mobile and consumer
Pulse oximeters
Computer mice
Laser autofocus
Proximity sensing
Facial recognition
Gas sensing
Eye tracking
In scopeTelecom and
infrastructure
Datacom
Active optical cables
MOST networks
Defense and aerospace
Surveillance cameras
LiDAR: Light Detection And Ranging
OCT: Optical Coherence Tomography
MOST: Media Oriented System TransportOutside of scope
OCT
Medical
Mobile and
consumer
Hair removal
Atomic clocks
If your needs are OUTSIDE OF THE SCOPE OF THIS REPORT:
We can perform a custom analysis to your specifications. Please contact our CUSTOM PROJECT SERVICES:
Jérome Azémar, Technical Project Development Director
Email: [email protected] - +33 6 27 68 69 33
Yours needs are
out of the
report’ scope?
Contact us for a custom
study:
88VCSELs - Market and Technology Trends 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
REPORT METHODOLOGY
Market
Volume (in Munits)
ASP (in $)
Revenue (in $M)
Yole’s market forecast model is based on the matching of several sources:
Information
Aggregation
Preexisting
information
99VCSELs - Market and Technology Trends 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
Biography & contact
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Pierrick BOULAY
As part of the Photonics, Sensing and Display division at Yole Développement (Yole), Pierrick Boulay works as a market andtechnology analyst in the fields of solid-state lighting and lighting systems, where he performs technical, economic and marketinganalyses. Pierrick has authored several reports and custom analyses dedicated to topics such as general lighting, automotivelighting, LiDAR, IR LEDs, UV LEDs andVCSELs.
Prior to Yole, Pierrick worked at several companies where he developed his knowledge on both general lighting and automotivelighting. In the past, he has mostly worked in R&D departments for LED lighting applications. Pierrick holds a master’s degree inElectronics from ESEO in Angers, France.
Contact: [email protected]
1010
Accelink, Aixtron, Alight, ams, Anadigics, Apple, Arima Lasers Corporation, Asus, Audi, Avago, AWSC, Beam
Express, Blackmore, Bosch, Broadcom, Cable solutions, Canon, Changelight, Continental, Device Innovation,
Egismos Technology Corporation, Emcore, Epistar, EpiWorks, Excelitas, Finetech, Finisar, FLIR, Foxconn, Fuji
Xerox, Fujitsu, Global Communication Semiconductor, Google, Hamamatsu, Hella, Heptagon, Himax, HLJ,
Honeywell, Honor, HTC, Huawei, Ibeo, iHealth, II-VI, Infineon, Infinera, Inneos, Innoluce, Innoviz, Intel,
IntelliEPI, IQE, JDSU, Journal of Semiconductors, Kaiam, Koito, Landmark Opto, Lasermate, Lasertel, Laytec,
LeddarTech, Lenovo, LG, Lumentum, Luminar, LuxNet, Magneti Marelli, Mantis Vision, Masimo, Namuga,
Oclaro, Oculus, OmniVision, OnePlus, Oppo, Optek Technology, Optical Society of America, Optovue,
Optowell, Orbbec, Osram, Oxford Instruments, Palomar Technologies, Philips Photonics, Picolight, pmd,
POET Technologies, Primesense, Princeton Optronics, QSI, Quanergy, Rasirc, RayCan, Realsense, Riber, Ricoh,
Robosense, Samsung, Sanan, Santec Corporation, SCAT, Seiko Epson, Seminex, SensL, Shiraz University, Sick,
SinoSemic, SoftKinetic, Sony Corporation, Stanley, STMicroelectronics, Sumitomo Chemicals, Sunny Optical
Technology, Suoer, Taiyo Nippon Sanso, Tetravue, Texas Advanced Optoelectronic Solutions, Thorlabs,
TriLumina, TrueLight Corporation, Tyson Technology, Ulm Photonics, Ultra Communication, US Lasers Inc.,
Ushio, Veeco, Velodyne, Vertically Integrated Systems, Vertilas, Vertilite, Viavi, Vivo, Vixar, VPEC, Wavetek, Win
Semiconductor, Xiaomi, Zephyr Photonics, ZF, and more.
VCSELs - Market and Technology Trends 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
COMPANIES CITED IN THIS REPORT
1111
• Mobile activity is one of the maindrivers of the VCSEL industrywithin datacom applications.
• The interest of the automotiveindustry in VCSEL is growing forboth exterior and interiorapplications.
• The wavelength used for front 3Dsensing in smartphone couldevolve with OLED material beingtransparent at long wavelength.
• The penetration rate of ToFcamera in mobile is not rising asquickly as we expected in theprevious report.
• Industrial applications are still afew niche applications but with theemergence of 3D LiDARs forautonomous robots, VCSELs couldfind their place in this industry.
VCSELs - Market and Technology Trends 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
WHAT WE GOT RIGHT, WHAT WE GOT WRONG
12
CONTEXT
History of VCSELs
After GaAs-based VCSELs, the latest R&D results seem to be focused on GaN-based VCSELs.
VCSELs - Market and Technology Trends 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
1979
First demonstration of VCSELs
1988
First room-temperature continuous-
wave (CW)
First room-temperature operation of
deep red
First room-temperature operation of
red color
1991
1993
CW output >200mW and power
conversion efficiency >50%
1996
Optically pumped blue color
1998
First green VCSEL
2001
2011
First GaN-based VCSEL with a peak
output power over 1mW
2016 2019
GaN-based VCSEL achieving an
output power of 15.7mW at 20°C
13
CONTEXT
Comparison of ranging area of 3D-sensing solutions
Structured light and indirect ToFsolutions are good for ranges less than 10m. Direct ToF is better for longer range.
VCSELs - Market and Technology Trends 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
Source: Panasonic
Structured light: This wasthe first solution adopted forface recognition. It is welladapted for short-rangeunder 1m.
Indirect ToF: This solutionwas adopted on the frontside of smartphones for facerecognition and on the rearside for photographyenhancement.
Direct ToF: This solutionwas recently adopted byApple in its iPad for the flashLiDAR. It has the bestaccuracy for long distancesand will enable newapplications.
14
MARKET FORECAST
Global VCSEL market volume forecast in Munits, by market segment
In volume, the VCSEL market is driven by mobile and consumer applications.
VCSELs - Market and Technology Trends 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
1515VCSELs - Market and Technology Trends 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS
From datacom to 3D sensing (2/2)
3D sensing
2017
After being used in proximity sensors, VCSELs
were used for 3D sensing and facial recognition in
smartphones.
2019
In parallel of smartphones, 3D sensing start to be
implemented in consumer goods like earbuds, or
vacuum robots.
2021
After consumer products, 3D sensing start to be
implemented in automotive ADAS sensors: LiDARs.
16
ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS
Apple vs. Android ecosystems
Apple is today clearly dominating the use of VCSEL in smartphones and it is expected to continue.
VCSELs - Market and Technology Trends 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
ANDROID APPLE
While Android players used only 30% of the VCSEL
production for mobile, Apple was using 70% of the VCSELs
in 2019. In 2020, it increased to about 80% as all of Apple’s
smartphones are using the FaceID module.
After having
implemented a rear
LiDAR in its Ipad Pro,
Apple implemented the
same module in iPhone
12 Pro and Max in
2020.
In 2019, Android players used close to
100M units of VCSELs in their
smartphones, representing slightly more
than 30% of the VCSELs used in mobile.
The LiDAR module was, in 2020,
only two of its smartphones, but it
could be used in other
smartphones in a near future.
In 2020, this distribution
started to decrease and
Android players used
close to 85M units of
VCSELs in their
smartphones,
representing slightly
more than 20% of
VCSELs in mobile.
In 2021, the number of new smartphones using VCSELs for 3D
sensing has been drastically reduced as moving from 4G to 5G
if affecting manufacturers’ plans to upgrade their 3D cameras.
17
ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS
Mobile and consumer market share changes – 2017 to 2020 (1/2)
Since 2017, market of II-VI kept increasing thanks to Finisar acquisition and more involvement in Apple’s supply chain.
VCSELs - Market and Technology Trends 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
1818VCSELs - Market and Technology Trends 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
IR SPECTRUM
VCSEL manufacturing – Typical process flow
• The two epitaxial growth steps tend to
be done in one single step.
• Packaging includes die attach and
interconnections, optics, and testing.
1919
Low yields are normal for this type of components and emerging players in VCSELs may have evenlower yields than presented in these tables asVCSEL manufacturing is quite complex.
VCSELs - Market and Technology Trends 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
IR SPECTRUM
Manufacturing yields
Process step 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
Epi 80% - - - - - -Etch 90% - - - - - -
Oxidation 82% - - - - - -Metalilization 90% - - - - - -
Probe yield (%) 83% - - - - - -Dicing yield (%) 98% - - - - - -Packaging yield
and final test
(%)
85% - - - - - -
TOTAL Yield 37% - - - - - -
Process step 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
Epi 92% - - - - - -Etch 95% - - - - - -
Oxidation 91% - - - - - -Metalilization 95% - - - - - -
Probe yield (%) 92% - - - - - -Dicing yield (%) 96% - - - - - -Packaging yield
and final test
(%)
90% - - - - - -
TOTAL Yield 60% - - - - - -
High-end
VCSELs
Low-end
VCSELs
20
VCSEL DRIVER
Relation between VCSEL, driver, and photodetector
The photodetector, VCSEL and VCSEL driver are closely linked in a 3D modules.
VCSELs - Market and Technology Trends 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
Driver
• Powers the VCSEL using a signal specified by the processor.
• The generated signal must fit requirements in term ofspeed, shape and power level.
VCSEL
• Responsible for illumination.
• Efficiency is directly linked to timing,temperature, power level, proximity withdriver (due to parasitic) etc.
• The driving (driving signal, performance andproximity) is indirectly linked to VCSELperformances.
Image sensor / photodetector
• Performances (SNR) depend of illumination.
• Gives a feedback to the driver through theprocessor for optimization.
21
MOBILE AND CONSUMER APPLICATIONS
VCSEL adoption in smartphones
Since the beginning of 2021, only few new smartphones embed a 3D sensing module.
• Since 2017, the number of smartphones embedding 3D sensing modules kept increasing until2020.
• In 2021,Apple is the only player embedding such modules at the front and rear sides.
VCSELs - Market and Technology Trends 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021(as of Q3-2021)
100% front90-95%
front75% front 70% front
5% rear 25% rear 30% rear
50% front
50% rear
Introduction of
dToF module in
iPhones
Introduction of
Face ID using
structured light
Introduction of
face recognition
using iToF
2222VCSELs - Market and Technology Trends 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
AUTOMOTIVE AND MOBILITY APPLICATIONS
A possible shift in wavelength for VCSELs ?
The consumer market is producing more than 350M of VCSELs for smartphone, which is much more than what is used
today for automotive LiDAR. To drive cost down, and use the same VCSEL structure, LiDAR manufacturers may need to
shift to 940nm instead of usingVCSELs at 905nm or lower.
Moreover, solar irradiance is lower at 940nm than at 905nm, which may improve system performance.
VCSEL
market
size
905
nm850 nm 940 nm
Wavelength used by VCSEL
manufacturers in the consumer
market, mostly for smartphones.
Wavelength used by most of
LiDAR manufacturers using EELs.
Few VCSELs are made at this
wavelength.
Wavelength used
mostly for datacom
applications.
?
?13xx
nm or
14xx
nm
?
Wavelength that could be used for
under display applications. II-VI
showed at OFC that OLED displays
were transparent at these wavelength.
?
non-exhaustive list
2323VCSELs - Market and Technology Trends 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
Logistics: the flow of things
Logistics: toward full
automation
Need of sensors:
cameras, radars, LiDARs
24
Contact our
Sales Team
for more
information
24
Contact our
Sales Team
for more
information
LiDAR for Automotive and Industrial Applications 2020
Optical Transceivers for Datacom & Telecom Market 2021
3D Imaging and Sensing –Technology and Market Trends
2021
VCSELs - Market and Technology Trends 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
YOLE GROUP OF COMPANIES RELATED ANALYSES
Yole Développement
Edge Emitting Lasers – Technology and Market Trends 2021
25
Contact our
Sales Team
for more
information
25
Contact our
Sales Team
for more
information
3D Time-of-Flight Module in Meizu 17 Pro
Apple iPad Pro LiDAR Module
STMicroelectronics Proximity Sensor and Flood Illuminator
VCSELs - Market and Technology Trends 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
YOLE GROUP OF COMPANIES RELATED ANALYSES
System Plus Consulting
2626
The Yole Group of Companies, including Yole Développement,
System Plus Consulting, Knowmade and PISEO, are pleased to
provide you a glimpse of our accumulated knowledge.
Feel free to share our data with your own network, within your
presentations, press releases, dedicated articles and more. But
before that, contact our Public Relations department to
make sure you get up-to-date, licensed materials.
We will be more than happy to give you our latest results and
appropriate formats of our approved content.
Your contact: Sandrine Leroy, Dir. Public Relations
Email: [email protected]
VCSELs - Market and Technology Trends 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
HOW TO USE OUR DATA?
27About Yole Développement | www.yole.fr | ©2020
CONTACTS
Western US & Canada
Steve Laferriere - [email protected]
+ 1 310 600 8267
Eastern US & Canada
Chris Youman - [email protected]
+1 919 607 9839
Europe and RoW
Lizzie Levenez - [email protected]
+49 15 123 544 182
Benelux, UK & Spain
Marine Wybranietz - [email protected]
+49 69 96 21 76 78
DACH (North Germany, Austria, Switzerland)
Neha CHAUDHURY - [email protected]
+49 172 97 47 248
South Germany & France
Martine Komono - [email protected]
+49 173 69 43 31
India and RoA
Takashi Onozawa - [email protected]
+81 80 4371 4887
Greater China
Mavis Wang - [email protected]
+886 979 336 809 +86 136 6156 6824
Korea
Peter Ok - [email protected]
+82 10 4089 0233
Japan
Miho Ohtake - [email protected]
+81 34 4059 204
Japan and Singapore
Itsuyo Oshiba - [email protected]
+81 80 3577 3042
Japan
Toru Hosaka – [email protected]
+81 90 1775 3866
FINANCIAL SERVICES
› Jean-Christophe Eloy - [email protected]
+33 4 72 83 01 80
› Ivan Donaldson - [email protected]
+1 208 850 3914
CUSTOM PROJECT SERVICES
› Jérome Azémar, Yole Développement -
[email protected] - +33 6 27 68 69 33
› Julie Coulon, System Plus Consulting -
[email protected] - +33 2 72 17 89 85
GENERAL
› Jean-Christophe Eloy, Marketing & Communication
[email protected] - +33 472 83 01 01
› Sandrine Leroy, Public Relations
[email protected] - +33 4 72 83 01 89
› General inquiries: [email protected] - +33 4 72 83 01 80
Follow us on
REPORTS, MONITORS & TRACKS
VCSELs - Market and Technology Trends 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
