Urban Mgt

8/3/2019 Urban Mgt

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Urban Management

8/3/2019 Urban Mgt


8/3/2019 Urban Mgt


Importance of Urban Centers

• Urban Centers are complex entities, that has tobe dealt with differently.

• Urbanization is a pre-requisite to growth anddevelopment

• Urban governance is more than government. Itcan be defined as the sum of the ways throughwhich individuals and institutions plan affairs, formutual benefit and overall benefit of the urbanspace.

• UN report on cities.

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% population living in Urban AreasSource: World Resources Institute. 1996

Continents 1970 1995 2025

Africa 23 34 54

Asia 24 35 56

Europe 64 73 82

LatinAmerica

58 74 85

North

America

73 77 84

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Future of Cities

• Biggest cities in the world are now indeveloping countries.

• India, China, Indonesia – large citycountries.

• Choice to move v/s forced move (WB)

• Though there is improvement in manyareas, issues remain.

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Local Ecno & Politics

Infrastructure

Civic Services

Municipal Finances

Living Environment

UrbanQuality

ofLife

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India’s Urban Challenges

• India has one of the largest urban systems in theworld.

• Urban contribution to GDP 60% (2002) with 2(%

of Indian population. (40% population by 2030)• Local government (political and administrative)

is weak and lack in prestige.

• Focus on master planning without basis andsufficient time horizon.• Who pays for services ?

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India’s Urban Challenges

• Concentration of growth is on Class Icities. – city to city migration.

• City Corridor development with bloomingeconomy.

• 72 % registered industrial units in Urbanareas and increasing (1990)

• City centric service sector growth – IT/ITES, Retail, entertainment etc.

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Categories of cities.

• Mega Cities: above 10 million population. – World cities. (Bombay/Delhi/Calcutta/Bangalore)

– Big/Large Cities : Population above 1 million.• Medium/Small City/Satellite Cities.• Indian Classification: Class I (1 lakh + (65% urban population) to

Class 6 less than 5000).

• 3600 + urban centers – 26% of Indian population.• Projection – end of century 40 cities and 112 million urbanites.

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Urban Development Spiral(Pangotra et al, 2008)

• Increase in revenues (widened tax base)of ULBs will facilitate resource mobilizationand therefore infrastructure and urbanservices. This would improve quality of lifein city. This would attract investments andcreate employment opportunities.

Economic growth will lead to urbandevelopment

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Some policy issues.• Fiscal health of cities.

• Excess focus on mega cities (right/wrong).

• Growth of secondary/sattelite cities.

• Urban Settlements – 1/3 rd slums. (Land Management Issues)

• Resources for cities (financial), skilled manpower and managementprocedures.

• City Service Provision – is infrastructure adequate.?

• 74 th CAA – including town planning, regulation of land use, slumimprovement and provision of basic amenities: 12 th schedule.

• City’s relationship with the rural hinterland. City and its ecology/heritage.

• Are the cities sustainable and livable?

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What are sustainable cities?

A sustainable city is a city where achievements insocial,economic, and physical development are made to last(UN Center for Human Settlements)

Cities and towns that fulfill the promise of development fortheir inhabitants - in particular, by improving the lives of thepoor and promoting equity - while contributing to theprogress of the entire country(World Bank)

A sustainable city enhances and integrates the economic,social, cultural and environmental well-being of current andfuture generations(International Center for Sustainable Cities, Canada)

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Sustainability in Global Context

• Cities build around a core theme.• Friendliness of the City.

• Building the City Brand.• Strategic – Trade and Commerce, Defence• Istanbul, Singapore, Mumbai, Aden, Shanghai, Venice• Political – Seat of Power• Washington DC, Chandigarh, Brasilia, Paris, Rome, New Delhi,

Athens• Religious – Ancient cities• Haridwar, Rome, Varanasi, Vatican, Jerusalem

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Need for Urban Management.

• Cities as economic drivers and largepopulation depends on cities.

• Cities requires to be governed forsustainability and livability.

• Large investment management.

• Issues related to physical and socialinfrastructure critical.

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City Population.

• Urban growth in population has relationship witheconomic growth.

• Poverty in rural areas do drive people into cities.

• Change of expectations about quality of life actsas another driver.• Hostilities and conflicts.• Reverse migration rates lower.• Differences in migration patterns – Class I v/s. II

cities.• Gender pattern in migration.

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Rural – Urban Migration

Country Annual UrbanGrowth %

Share due toMigration %

Argentina 2 35

Brazil 4.5 36Columbia 4.9 43India 3.8 45

Nigeria 7 64Sri-lanka 4.3 61Tanzania 7.5 64

Thailand 5.3 45

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Participants in UrbanizationProcess

• Infrastructure Users.• Communities resident in cities.

• Community based organisations.• Governments.• Investors and third parties.

• Gated Communities within Cities

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Community/User Expectations:

• Availability of adequate facilities.• Land Management (Personal _ Public _

Private _Community). (land hording)• Accessibility of facilities• Proper working of urban administration.• Safety for self and others• Low operating costs.

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Urban Living Condition: - Few:Indicators.

• Urban Area.• Population Density. (Crowding)• Average Household Income• Income Differentials• House Price to Income Ratio• Work Trips by Public Transportation• Travel Time to Work• Households with connection to Sewage, Water, Power.• Access to commutable roads and portable water.

• Source: World Development report 2000.

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How to participate in urbandevelopment.

• Community Based Strategies: – Most elementary form of involvement

• Support development of facilities.• Enhance community groups capacity to manage.• Enable community management through

appropriate changes in legal, technical and policyframeworks.

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Forms cont….

• Area Based Strategies:

– Common form of government directedprograms. May not be communityparticipation in full form.

– Most PPP programs operate in this domain.

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Forms Cont...

• Functionality Based. – The functional structure of infrastructure as

frame of reference. Dives the operations intofunctions (unbundling).

– Process based: Integrated development.

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Options in Urban ServiceDelivery

• Government provided.• Self – Help(variation of community based )

– self organized, depends on informalprocesses.

• Privatized.• PPP.• Third System:(NGO’s).

– Educator, mediator, consultant andoccasionally project manager.

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Urban Reforms

• Mandatory :• Legal, Institutional, Financial

• Process re-engineering throughdeployment of technology,• involving community/users.

• Optional Reforms (common to the stateand ULBs.)

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Indian Initiatives• Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission – covering

seven mega cities & 28 other identified centers. Shift of focus fromasset creation to management of assets and accountability forservice provision.

• Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and MediumTowns

• Integrated Housing and Slum Development Program.

• National Urban Transportation Policy – making city travel easier.

• Urban Health and Poverty Reduction.

• PURA.

• In all, private sector participation is envisaged.

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Roadblocks for Reforms

• Overlapping Roles

• Fragmentation• Limited Autonomy of ULBs• Weak Citizen Links

• Lack of Incentives• Lack of Capacity.

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Priority Issues.

• Governance.

– Need to give more participation for users and

communities in affairs of the city. – Democratic pattern has its inefficiencies. – More open collaboration with communities and open

form of governance.

– Enhance prestige of elected members – Enhance capacity of elected and administrative staff.

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Issues (Cont)

• Planning:• Multi level planning envisaged under the 74 CA.

– Local level , District/Metro Area Plan and State Plans.

• UDP of GOI. – Long term perspective plan – Development Plan Mid Term

– Annual Plan – Project/Scheme Plan

• Sectoral master Plans are separate

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Issues.

• Land Management. – Making the city more livable. – How does cities grow ? Spread versus vertical

growth. – Better use of land, by use of cleaner

production methods and efficient wastedisposal.

– Land acquisition, common facilities, lowincome households. (development controlrules)

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Issues:

• Making the city livable. – Public Health. – Drinking Water & sanitation. – Transportation. – Energy. – Waste Management – Recreation and entertainment.

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Other Issues:

• Urban Poverty

• Urban Crime.

• Education and Skill Development.

• Public Health.

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Cities and New Economy

• Cities are incubators of New Ideas andentrepreneurs

• Cities are centers of information exchange• Cities are centers of modern services• Cities are the seat of Knowledge Industries and

they require interaction with research, medical,entertainment and financial institutions• High quality cities will be the leaders of future.

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Urban Mgt