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GY 302: Crystallography & Mineralogy
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA
Lecture 9: Sulfides
Instructor: Dr. Douglas Haywick
Last Time
Native elements 1. Chemistry and Crystallography (properties) 2. Occurrences and Associations 3. Economics (resources, reserves, extraction)
Featured Minerals: Gold
Native Elements
Copper Cu Isometric Gold Au* Isometric Silver Ag* Isometric Platinum Pt* Isometric Arsenic As Hexagonal Antimony Sb Hexagonal Bismuth Bi Hexagonal Tellurium Te Trigonal Sulfur S Orthorhombic Graphite C* Hexagonal Diamond C* Isometric
Metals
Semi-metals
Non-metals
* primary production from native elements
Metallic Native Elements
Gold (Au) Crystal: Isometric Pt. Group: 4/m32/m Habit: octahedral, dendritic SG: 15.6-19.3 (depending on Ag content)
H: 2.5-3* L: metallic Col: gold-yellow Str: gold-yellow Clev: none Optical: Opaque
─
Name Derivation: Anglo Saxon, of uncertain origin.
http://www.rocksandgems.info
Metallic Native Elements Resources: a concentration of a material useful to humanity (water, food, minerals) Geological Resources: all materials (mineral and energy) including those only surmised to exist, that have present or anticipated future value and which can be extracted from the Earth via economically feasible methods ($$$) (i.e., gold, diamonds, coal, oil, natural gas, water) Reserve Base: The in-place demonstrated (measured+indicated) amount of a resource that can be extracted via current mining and production techniques (currently economical + marginal +/- subeconomical). Equivalent to the old “geological reserve” definition. Reserve (current): That part of the reserve base that could be economically extracted today Production: refined metal produced per year (metric tons)
Metallic Native Elements Gold (production, reserves in tonnes*)
Production: refined metal produced per year (metric tons) *1 metric ton (tonne) = 1000 kg = 32,150.7 troy ounces
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2015/mcs2015.pdf
Metallic Native Elements Gold (US data)
2015 Mineral Commodity Summaries. USGS
Metallic Native Elements
Silver (Ag) Crystal: Isometric Pt. Group: 4/m32/m Habit: massive, acicular SG: 10.1-10.5 H: 2.5-3 L: metallic Col: silver-white Str: silver-white Clev: none Optical: Opaque
─
Name: Derivation: Anglo Saxon, of uncertain origin.
http://webmineral.com/specimens/picshow.php?id=1060
Metallic Native Elements Platinum Group (Pt, Ir, Pa, Rh, Ru, Os,) Crystal: Isometric Pt. Group: 4/m32/m Habit: massive, acicular SG: 21.47 H: 4-4.5 L: metallic Col: gray-silver Str: gray-silver Clev: none Optical: opaque
─
Name Derivation: Spanish, platina = "silver."
Non-metallic Native Elements
Graphite (C) Crystal: Hexagonal Pt. Group: 6/m 2/m 2/m Habit: platey, massive SG: 2.1-2.2 H: 1-2 L: submetallic Col: lead-gray, black Str: black Clev: perfect basal {001} Optical: opaque
Name derivation: From the Greek, graphein, "to write
Gold
Gold precipitation depends on: • Temperature • Pressure • pH • Cl- concentration of
hydrothermal solutions • H2S fugacity*
*pressure of an ideal gas which has the same chemical potential as the real gas. http://www.mawsonresources.com
Gold Gold is usually transported as [AuCl2
-] in systems hotter than 400 C. [Au(HS)2
-] is the dominant ion complex at lower temperatures
Maximum solubility occurs near the H2S-HS--SO4
2- equilibrium point
Gold Gold is usually transported as [AuCl2
-] in systems hotter than 400 C. [Au(HS)2
-] is the dominant ion complex at lower temperatures
(Zhu, An and Tan, 2011)
AU dissolution
Gold Precipitation of gold usually occurs following reduction in oxygen fugacity (Au-S complexes break down leading to precipitation of other sulfides like pyrite and precipitation of gold):
(Zhu, An and Tan, 2011)
AU precipitation
Gold Gold is largely produced through hydrothermal precipitation
http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/synth_dep/gold/vms/pdf/deposit_synthesis.gold_vms.dube.pdf
Gold Golden Giant Mine (Newmont)
Gold Extraction Cyanide Leeching Method
4Auo + 8CN- + O2 + 2H2O = 4Au(CN)2- + 4OH-
http://www.daa.com.au/uploads/RTEmagicC_mm_leachfeed.jpg.jpg
Gold Extraction Heap Cyanide
Leeching Method
Non-metallic Native Elements
Diamond (C) Crystal: Isometric Pt. Group: 4/m32/m Habit: octahedral, twinned SG: 3.5 H: 10 L: adamantine Col: colorless, rare blue,
red, yellow Str: n/a Optical: isotropic, n=2.419 Clev: perfect {111}
─
Diamonds
http://members.tm.net/lapointe/Carbon_Phase_Diagram.gif
Diamond Phase diagram
Diamond Kimberlite Pipes
http://www.kimcordiamonds.com/formation.php http://www.earth.ox.ac.uk/~oesis/field/medium/kimberlite.jpg
Diamonds
Diamond Kimberlite Pipes
http://www.kimcordiamonds.com/formation.php
http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/diamonds/kirkland/images/c14_3.jpg
Diamonds
Diamonds
Diamonds
http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/synth_prov/slave/pdf/regional_synthesis.slave.bleeker.pdf
Today’s Agenda
Sulfides and Sulfosalts 1. Properties of select sulfides/sulfosalts 2. Occurrences and Associations
Featured minerals: Cu-sulfides
Sulfides, Sulfosalts
and Arsenides
Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides Mineral Formula System Argentite Ag2S Isometric Arsenopyrite FeAsS Monoclinic Bornite Cu5FeS4 Tetragonal/ Isometric Boulangerite Pb5Sb4S11 Orthorhombic Chalcocite Cu2S Monoclinic Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 Tetragonal Cinnabar HgS Hexagonal Cobaltite CoAsS Isometric Covellite CuS Hexagonal Domeykite Cu3As Isometric Digenite Cu9S5 Hexagonal (trigonal) Enargite Cu3AsS4 Orthorhombic Galena PbS Isometric Jamsonite Pb4FeSb6S14 Monoclinic Marcasite FeS2 Orthorhombic Millerite NiS Hexagonal Molybdenite MoS2 Hexagonal Nickeline/Niccolite NiAs Hexagonal Orpiment As2S3 Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Pararamnelsbergite NiAs2 Orthorhombic Pyrite FeS2 Isometric Pyrrhotite Fe(1-x)S Variable Realgar AsS Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Skutterudite/smaltite (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x Isometric Sphalerite ZnS Isometric Stibnite Sb2S3 Orthorhombic Tetrahedrite (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13 Isometric
Pb-ore
Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides Mineral Formula System Argentite Ag2S Isometric Arsenopyrite FeAsS Monoclinic Bornite Cu5FeS4 Tetragonal/ Isometric Boulangerite Pb5Sb4S11 Orthorhombic Chalcocite Cu2S Monoclinic Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 Tetragonal Cinnabar HgS Hexagonal Cobaltite CoAsS Isometric Covellite CuS Hexagonal Domeykite Cu3As Isometric Digenite Cu9S5 Hexagonal (trigonal) Enargite Cu3AsS4 Orthorhombic Galena PbS Isometric Jamsonite Pb4FeSb6S14 Monoclinic Marcasite FeS2 Orthorhombic Millerite NiS Hexagonal Molybdenite MoS2 Hexagonal Nickeline/Niccolite NiAs Hexagonal Orpiment As2S3 Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Pararamnelsbergite NiAs2 Orthorhombic Pyrite FeS2 Isometric Pyrrhotite Fe(1-x)S Variable Realgar AsS Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Skutterudite/smaltite (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x Isometric Sphalerite ZnS Isometric Stibnite Sb2S3 Orthorhombic Tetrahedrite (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13 Isometric
Zn-ore
Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides Mineral Formula System Argentite Ag2S Isometric Arsenopyrite FeAsS Monoclinic Bornite Cu5FeS4 Tetragonal/ Isometric Boulangerite Pb5Sb4S11 Orthorhombic Chalcocite Cu2S Monoclinic Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 Tetragonal Cinnabar HgS Hexagonal Cobaltite CoAsS Isometric Covellite CuS Hexagonal Domeykite Cu3As Isometric Digenite Cu9S5 Hexagonal (trigonal) Enargite Cu3AsS4 Orthorhombic Galena PbS Isometric Jamsonite Pb4FeSb6S14 Monoclinic Marcasite FeS2 Orthorhombic Millerite NiS Hexagonal Molybdenite MoS2 Hexagonal Nickeline/Niccolite NiAs Hexagonal Orpiment As2S3 Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Pararamnelsbergite NiAs2 Orthorhombic Pyrite FeS2 Isometric Pyrrhotite Fe(1-x)S Variable Realgar AsS Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Skutterudite/smaltite (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x Isometric Sphalerite ZnS Isometric Stibnite Sb2S3 Orthorhombic Tetrahedrite (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13 Isometric
Mo-ore
Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides Mineral Formula System Argentite Ag2S Isometric Arsenopyrite FeAsS Monoclinic Bornite Cu5FeS4 Tetragonal/ Isometric Boulangerite Pb5Sb4S11 Orthorhombic Chalcocite Cu2S Monoclinic Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 Tetragonal Cinnabar HgS Hexagonal Cobaltite CoAsS Isometric Covellite CuS Hexagonal Domeykite Cu3As Isometric Digenite Cu9S5 Hexagonal (trigonal) Enargite Cu3AsS4 Orthorhombic Galena PbS Isometric Jamsonite Pb4FeSb6S14 Monoclinic Marcasite FeS2 Orthorhombic Millerite NiS Hexagonal Molybdenite MoS2 Hexagonal Nickeline/Niccolite NiAs Hexagonal Orpiment As2S3 Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Pararamnelsbergite NiAs2 Orthorhombic Pyrite FeS2 Isometric Pyrrhotite Fe(1-x)S Variable Realgar AsS Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Skutterudite/smaltite (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x Isometric Sphalerite ZnS Isometric Stibnite Sb2S3 Orthorhombic Tetrahedrite (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13 Isometric
Ag-ore
Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides Mineral Formula System Argentite Ag2S Isometric Arsenopyrite FeAsS Monoclinic Bornite Cu5FeS4 Tetragonal/ Isometric Boulangerite Pb5Sb4S11 Orthorhombic Chalcocite Cu2S Monoclinic Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 Tetragonal Cinnabar HgS Hexagonal Cobaltite CoAsS Isometric Covellite CuS Hexagonal Domeykite Cu3As Isometric Digenite Cu9S5 Hexagonal (trigonal) Enargite Cu3AsS4 Orthorhombic Galena PbS Isometric Jamsonite Pb4FeSb6S14 Monoclinic Marcasite FeS2 Orthorhombic Millerite NiS Hexagonal Molybdenite MoS2 Hexagonal Nickeline/Niccolite NiAs Hexagonal Orpiment As2S3 Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Pararamnelsbergite NiAs2 Orthorhombic Pyrite FeS2 Isometric Pyrrhotite Fe(1-x)S Variable Realgar AsS Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Skutterudite/smaltite (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x Isometric Sphalerite ZnS Isometric Stibnite Sb2S3 Orthorhombic Tetrahedrite (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13 Isometric
Hg-ore
Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides Mineral Formula System Argentite Ag2S Isometric Arsenopyrite FeAsS Monoclinic Bornite Cu5FeS4 Tetragonal/ Isometric Boulangerite Pb5Sb4S11 Orthorhombic Chalcocite Cu2S Monoclinic Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 Tetragonal Cinnabar HgS Hexagonal Cobaltite CoAsS Isometric Covellite CuS Hexagonal Domeykite Cu3As Isometric Digenite Cu9S5 Hexagonal (trigonal) Enargite Cu3AsS4 Orthorhombic Galena PbS Isometric Jamsonite Pb4FeSb6S14 Monoclinic Marcasite FeS2 Orthorhombic Millerite NiS Hexagonal Molybdenite MoS2 Hexagonal Nickeline/Niccolite NiAs Hexagonal Orpiment As2S3 Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Pararamnelsbergite NiAs2 Orthorhombic Pyrite FeS2 Isometric Pyrrhotite Fe(1-x)S Variable Realgar AsS Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Skutterudite/smaltite (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x Isometric Sphalerite ZnS Isometric Stibnite Sb2S3 Orthorhombic Tetrahedrite (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13 Isometric
Co-ore
Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides Mineral Formula System Argentite Ag2S Isometric Arsenopyrite FeAsS Monoclinic Bornite Cu5FeS4 Tetragonal/ Isometric Boulangerite Pb5Sb4S11 Orthorhombic Chalcocite Cu2S Monoclinic Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 Tetragonal Cinnabar HgS Hexagonal Cobaltite CoAsS Isometric Covellite CuS Hexagonal Domeykite Cu3As Isometric Digenite Cu9S5 Hexagonal (trigonal) Enargite Cu3AsS4 Orthorhombic Galena PbS Isometric Jamsonite Pb4FeSb6S14 Monoclinic Marcasite FeS2 Orthorhombic Millerite NiS Hexagonal Molybdenite MoS2 Hexagonal Nickeline/Niccolite NiAs Hexagonal Orpiment As2S3 Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Pararamnelsbergite NiAs2 Orthorhombic Pyrite FeS2 Isometric Pyrrhotite Fe(1-x)S Variable Realgar AsS Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Skutterudite/smaltite (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x Isometric Sphalerite ZnS Isometric Stibnite Sb2S3 Orthorhombic Tetrahedrite (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13 Isometric
As-ore
As-ore
As-ore
Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides Mineral Formula System Argentite Ag2S Isometric Arsenopyrite FeAsS Monoclinic Bornite Cu5FeS4 Tetragonal/ Isometric Boulangerite Pb5Sb4S11 Orthorhombic Chalcocite Cu2S Monoclinic Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 Tetragonal Cinnabar HgS Hexagonal Cobaltite CoAsS Isometric Covellite CuS Hexagonal Domeykite Cu3As Isometric Digenite Cu9S5 Hexagonal (trigonal) Enargite Cu3AsS4 Orthorhombic Galena PbS Isometric Jamsonite Pb4FeSb6S14 Monoclinic Marcasite FeS2 Orthorhombic Millerite NiS Hexagonal Molybdenite MoS2 Hexagonal Nickeline/Niccolite NiAs Hexagonal Orpiment As2S3 Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Pararamnelsbergite NiAs2 Orthorhombic Pyrite FeS2 Isometric Pyrrhotite Fe(1-x)S Variable Realgar AsS Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Skutterudite/smaltite (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x Isometric Sphalerite ZnS Isometric Stibnite Sb2S3 Orthorhombic Tetrahedrite (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13 Isometric
Ni-ore
Ni-ore Ni-ore
Ni-ore
Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides Mineral Formula System Argentite Ag2S Isometric Arsenopyrite FeAsS Monoclinic Bornite Cu5FeS4 Tetragonal/ Isometric Boulangerite Pb5Sb4S11 Orthorhombic Chalcocite Cu2S Monoclinic Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 Tetragonal Cinnabar HgS Hexagonal Cobaltite CoAsS Isometric Covellite CuS Hexagonal Domeykite Cu3As Isometric Digenite Cu9S5 Hexagonal (trigonal) Enargite Cu3AsS4 Orthorhombic Galena PbS Isometric Jamsonite Pb4FeSb6S14 Monoclinic Marcasite FeS2 Orthorhombic Millerite NiS Hexagonal Molybdenite MoS2 Hexagonal Nickeline/Niccolite NiAs Hexagonal Orpiment As2S3 Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Pararamnelsbergite NiAs2 Orthorhombic Pyrite FeS2 Isometric Pyrrhotite Fe(1-x)S Variable Realgar AsS Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Skutterudite/smaltite (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x Isometric Sphalerite ZnS Isometric Stibnite Sb2S3 Orthorhombic Tetrahedrite (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13 Isometric
Cu-ore
Cu-ore
Cu-ore
Sulfides etc. Sulfides come in two distinct structural coordinations (and a third that is a more “complex” mixture of the two).
Sulfides etc. 1) Tetrahedral: S (and As) are closely packed and all metal ions are in tetrahedral coordination. Solid solutions are possible.
Sphalerite Chalcopyrite Bornite Enargite
Sulfides etc.
2) Octahedral: S (and As) are closely packed and all metal ions are in octahedral coordination.
Galena Pyrrhotite Niccolite
Sulfides etc. 3) Complex coordinations: either tetragonal or octahedral
Pentlandite Cobaltite Molybdenite Arsenopyrite Millerite Skutterudite Cinnabar Stibnite Covellite Tetrahedrite Argentite Orpiment Pyrite Realgar Marcasite
Sulfides etc. Cu-Fe sulfides
assemblages plot
Source: Perkins, D., 2002. Mineralogy. Second Ed., Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 483p.
Sulfides etc.
Tie lines connect minerals that normally co-exist under specific conditions of P and T
Cu-Fe sulfides assemblages plot
Sulfides etc.
Mineral assemblages found in ore deposits
Covellite/digenite/bornite assemblage
Cu-Fe sulfides assemblages plot
Covellite CuS Hexagonal Bornite Cu5FeS4 Isometric Chalcocite Cu2S Monoclinic
Today’s dog and pony mineral show features Copper Sulfides:
Sulfides etc.
Argentite Ag2S Isometric Pyrrhotite Fe(1-x)S Variable Realgar AsS Monoclinic Orpiment As2S3 Monoclinic Stibnite Sb2S3 Orthorhombic Arsenopyrite FeAsS Triclinic
Other sulfides worth mentioning (and showing):
Covellite (CuS) Crystal: Hexagonal Pt. Group: 6/m 2/m 2/m Habit: platy SG: 4.6 H: 1.5-2 L: metallic to submetallic Col: indigo blue Str: dark grey Clev: perfect (001)
Name derivation: After N. I. Covelli (1790-1829), who found the mineral on Mt. Vesuvius
Sulfide Minerals
Covellite (CuS) Occurrence: near surface hydrothermal deposits, porphyry igneous rocks (porphyry copper deposits). Associated Mins: bornite, chalcopyrite and pyrite Related Mins: forms solid solutions with klockmannite [CuSe] May be confused with: nothing
Sulfide Minerals
Bornite (Cu5FeS4) Crystal: Orthorhombic Pt. Group: 2/m2/m2/m Habit: tabular, commonly striated SG: 6 H: 3 L: metallic Col: bronze to iron black Str: dark grey to black Clev: poor {111}
Name derivation: After I. von Born (1742-1791), a German mineralogist
Sulfide Minerals
Bornite (Cu5FeS4) Occurrence: sulfide veins, secondary (enriched) sulfide deposits. Associated Mins: chalcopyrite, chalcocite, covellite, pyrrhotite, quartz and pyrite Related Mins: chalcopyrite [CuFe S2] May be confused with: niccolite, pyrrhotite, chalcocite and chalcopyrite
Sulfide Minerals
Chalcocite (Cu2S) Crystal: Monoclinic Pt. Group: 2/m Habit: massive SG: 5.8 H: 2.5-3 L: metallic Col: blue-white to lead grey Str: grey-black Clev: poor {110}
Name derivation: from the Greek chalkos meaning “copper”
Sulfide Minerals
Chalcocite (Cu2S) Occurrence: common primary and secondary mineral in sulfide veins and alteration zones. Associated Mins: bornite, enargite, galena, tetrahedrite, cuprite, chalcopyrite and pyrite Related Mins: digenite is a similar species [Cu2-xS] May be confused with: argentite and bornite
Sulfide Minerals
Copper
Copper
Copper Emplacement Copper ores are widely disseminated throughout the world. One of the more classic deposits was mined for decades near Butte Montana. •Porphyry copper deposit •Hydrothermal veins cross-cutting granites
Porphyry Copper Ores
Plate Tectonic Setting
John, D.A., (ed) 2010, Porphyry Copper Deposit Model, USGS Special Investigations Report 2010-5070-B; http://pubs.usgs.gov
Porphyry Copper Ores
1) Primary mineralization (hypothermal fluids ~400°C)
http://reynolds.asu.edu/sierra_cobre/p_formation.htm
Porphyry Copper Ores
2) Supergene mineralization (epithermal fluids ~25°C)
Porphyry Copper Ores
3) Burial
Sulfide Chemistry
Copper sulfide precipitation is controlled by 1) temperature (high to medium)
2) pH (acidity promotes Cu+ solution) 3) Sulfur content (as S2- or SO2)
4Cu+ + 4Fe2+ 8H2S +O2 →4CuFeS2 + 12 H+ +2H2O
Sulfide Chemistry
Other considerations:
1) Production of sericite [KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH,F)2] is accelerated in acidic solutions and this lowers temperature of CuFeS2 formation
Sulfide Chemistry
Other considerations:
1) Production of sericite [KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH,F)2] is accelerated in acidic solutions and this lowers temperature of CuFeS2 formation
2) Hornblende alters to biotite releasing more Fe2+ and promoting
precipitation of CuFeS2
Sulfide Chemistry
Other considerations:
1) Production of sericite [KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH,F)2] is accelerated in acidic solutions and this lowers temperature of CuFeS2 formation
2) Hornblende alters to biotite releasing more Fe2+ and promoting
precipitation of CuFeS2
3) at high temperatures, SO2 content is higher than H2S content, but this changes as the temperature decreases to 400 °C:
4SO2 +4H2O →3H2SO4 + H2S
By the way.....
Gold can also be precipitated in porphyry copper assemblages: Gold transported as: AuSx
x+
AuSxx+ + xH+ →Au0 + XH2S
AuSx
x+ + 4Cu+ + 4Fe2+ + (x-1)H2S +O2 → Au0 + 4CuFeS2 + (12-x) H+ +2H2O
Covellite CuS Hexagonal Bornite Cu5FeS4 Isometric Chalcocite Cu2S Monoclinic
Today’s dog and pony mineral show features:
Porphyry Copper Deposits
Argentite Ag2S Isometric Pyrrhotite Fe(1-x)S Variable Realgar AsS Monoclinic Orpiment As2S3 Monoclinic Stibnite Sb2S3 Orthorhombic Arsenopyrite FeAsS Triclinic
Other sulfides worth mentioning (and showing):
John, D.A., (ed) 2010, Porphyry Copper Deposit Model, USGS Special Investigations Report 2010-5070-B; http://pubs.usgs.gov
John, D.A., (ed) 2010, Porphyry Copper Deposit Model, USGS Special Investigations Report 2010-5070-B; http://pubs.usgs.gov
Today’s Stuff To Do 1. Study your minerals
Today’s Lab
1. The Sulfides part 2 (lecture 10)
On Line Lecture
1. First look at minerals in lab! 2. Prep for our first mineral quiz next week
GY 302: Crystallography and Mineralogy
Lecture 9: Sulfides Part 1
Instructor: Dr. Doug Haywick [email protected]
This is a free open access lecture, but not for commercial purposes.
For personal use only.