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University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
Why Change Eating Habits?• To prevent complications of To prevent complications of
diabetesdiabetes– by keeping control of:
•Blood glucose•Cholesterol •Blood pressure
Why Change Eating Habits?
• To improve your healthTo improve your health– by making healthy food choices– and being physically active
Carbohydrate and Diabetes• Include foods containing
carbohydrate from whole grains, fruits, vegetables and low-fat milk in your diet
Carbohydrate and Diabetes
• The amount of carbohydrate at a meal affects your blood glucose more
than the type– Sugar and starch have similar effects on
blood glucose
=
Carbohydrate and Diabetes
• Consistency in carbohydrate intake is important from day to day– For people not taking diabetes
medication– For people taking a fixed dose of insulin
• Insulin should be adjusted based on amount of carbohydrate at meals– For people on varying doses at meal
times
Carbohydrate and Diabetes
• Several things affect how much your blood glucose increases after you eat:– amount of carbohydrate– type of sugar or starch– cooking and food processing – food form– other foods in the meal that slow
digestion
Carbohydrate and Diabetes
• Limited amounts of sugar or foods containing sugar can be used without affecting blood glucose– when substituted for other
carbohydrates at the meal
• Large amounts of sugar-containing foods are not recommended
Substituting Sweets
Usual diet: 45 grams Usual diet: 45 grams carbohydrate carbohydrate (or 3 Carbohydrates (or 3 Carbohydrates Choices)Choices)
1 slice bread1/3 cup rice1/2 cup fruit3 ounces chickenVegetable salad
Substitute ice-cream Substitute ice-cream for 15 grams of for 15 grams of carbohydrate carbohydrate (or 1 (or 1 Carbohydrate Choice)Carbohydrate Choice)
1/2 cup ice-cream1/3 cup rice 1/2 cup fruit3 ounces chickenVegetable salad
Carbohydrate and Diabetes
To observe effect of new food on To observe effect of new food on blood glucose:blood glucose:
• check blood glucose 2 hours after meal for several days
• substitute food containing sugar for other carbohydrate in meal
• check blood glucose 2 hours after meal and compare
Sweeteners and Diabetes
Sugar alcohols (polyols):sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol• Used as sweeteners and bulking agents• Safe to use• May cause diarrhea, especially in
childrenFructose:• Not recommended as a sweetener
Sweeteners and Diabetes Low calorie sweeteners:are safe for people with diabetes when consumed within recommended levels
Cans of soda(maximum/day)
Packets(maximum/day)
Acesulfame K 25 18Aspartame 15 86Saccharin 2 7.5Sucralose 4.5 60
Carbohydrate and Diabetes
Fiber:• Fiber is encouraged for everyone: 20-35 grams/day• Good sources of fiber:
– Whole grain cereals– Fruits– Vegetables– Beans and peas
Carbohydrate and Diabetes
Fiber:• Only large amounts (50 grams/day)
have shown improvement in blood glucose and cholesterol– Primarily soluble fiber (barley, oatmeal,
beans, apples, broccoli)– Side effects make this difficult for many
people
Protein and Diabetes
• Protein has very little effect on blood glucose
• Avoid large amounts of protein– may promote kidney disease
• Restrict protein only if you have early kidney disease
Protein and Diabetes
• Protein does not slow the absorption of carbohydrate– Adding protein to snacks does not
help prevent hypoglycemia – Fruit or crackers are good snack foods
Protein and Diabetes
• Safety of high protein, low carbohydrate weight loss diets are unknown– do not promote long-term weight loss– may increase LDL cholesterol
Dietary Fat and Diabetes
• Primary goal - Lower LDL Primary goal - Lower LDL cholesterol by:cholesterol by:–Eating less saturated fat and cholesterol
–Eating less trans fats
Dietary Fat and Diabetes
Foods That Contain Saturated Fats:• Meat and meat fats (bacon, lard)• Dairy products (whole milk, butter, cheese, cream, ice-cream)• Palm and coconut oil• Baked goods made from these fats
Dietary Fat and DiabetesFoods That Contain Trans Fats:• Formed when a liquid oil is made
more solid• Found in many types of stick
margarine, fast foods, and baked goods like cookies, crackers, snack foods, pastries and croissants
Dietary Fat and Diabetes
Foods That Contain Cholesterol:• All animal foods• Organ meats like liver • Egg yolks
Dietary Fat and Diabetes
• Choose monounsaturated fat in Choose monounsaturated fat in place of saturated:place of saturated:– olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil, olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil,
olives, avocados, nutsolives, avocados, nuts
Dietary Fat and Diabetes
• Eat less total fat• Low-fat diets can help:
– with weight loss– improve cholesterol and other fats
Dietary Fat and Diabetes
• Eat 2-3 servings fish per week– contain a type of fat protective
against heart disease– fatty fish especially beneficial
Weight Loss and Diabetes
A small amount of weight loss can:A small amount of weight loss can:• improve insulin resistance• lower blood glucose• improve blood cholesterol• reduce blood pressure
Weight Loss and Diabetes
Successful weight loss usually Successful weight loss usually requires:requires:
• a structured weight loss program• education• reduced fat and calories• regular physical activity• frequent follow-up
Vitamins and Minerals and Diabetes
• Vitamins and minerals from foods important
• High doses of vitamin and mineral supplements can be toxic
Vitamins and Minerals and Diabetes
People who may benefit from a People who may benefit from a multivitamin supplement:multivitamin supplement:
• persons deficient in a vitamin or mineral
• elderly• pregnant or nursing mothers• strict vegetarians• persons on calorie-restricted diet
Vitamins and Minerals and Diabetes
• No clear benefit from vitamin and mineral supplements except– calcium for prevention of bone disease– folate for prevention of birth defects
• Use of antioxidants is not advised– vitamin C, E, selenium, beta carotene– long-term safety and effectiveness
unknown
Alcohol and Diabetes
• If you choose to drink, limit to:– 1 drink/day for women– 2 drinks/day for men
• To reduce risk of hypoglycemia, consume alcohol with food
High Blood Pressure and Diabetes
You can lower blood pressure by:You can lower blood pressure by:• Eating less salt • Losing a modest amount of weight
Preventing Diabetes
Family members of people with Type Family members of people with Type 2 diabetes can prevent diabetes 2 diabetes can prevent diabetes by:by:
• Weight loss if overweight– using a structured weight loss program
• Regular physical activity
The Bottom Line
Your lifestyle affects your healthYour lifestyle affects your health
Eat healthy foods
Daily Physical
Activity