Upload
others
View
1
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
LEFTOVER RICE STARCH FROM FOOD WASTE TO
BIO-BASED PLASTIC
This report is submitted in accordance with the requirement of the Universiti
Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering
Technology (Process and Technology) with Honours.
by
MUHAMMAD ASYRAF BIN ABDUL RAZAK
B071310134
901213065827
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
2016
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA
TAJUK: Leftover Rice Starch From Food Waste To Bio-Based Plastic
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2016/17 Semester 1 Saya MUHAMMAD ASYRAF BIN ABDUL RAZAK mengaku membenarkan Laporan PSM ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Laporan PSM adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dan penulis. 2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan
untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja dengan izin penulis. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan PSM ini sebagai bahan
pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
4. **Sila tandakan ( )
SULIT
TERHAD
TIDAK TERHAD
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia sebagaimana yang termaktub dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
Alamat Tetap:
NO 3, LORONG BUKIT GELUGOR 12,
TAMAN BESERAH JAYA, 26100
KUANTAN, PAHANG.
Tarikh: 9 DECEMBER 2016
Disahkan oleh:
Cop Rasmi: Tarikh: _______________________
** Jika Laporan PSM ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh laporan PSM ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.
DECLARATION
I hereby, declared this report entitled “Leftover Rice Starch From Food Waste To
Bio-Based Plastic” is the result of my own research except as cited in references.
Signature : ………………………………………….
Author’s Name : MUHAMMAD ASYRAF BIN ABDUL RAZAK
Date : 9 DECEMBER 2016
APPROVAL
This report is submitted to the Faculty of Engineering Technology of UTeM as a
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of
Manufacturing Engineering Technology (Process and Technology) with
Honours. The member of the supervisory is as follow:
………………………………
(Project Supervisor)
i
ABSTRAK
Bio-plastik adalah alternatif untuk menggantikan plastik tradisional, yang terdiri
daripada bahan petroleum. Bio-plastik juga adalah alternatif yang mampan dan mesra
alam berbanding petro-plastik, yang tidak boleh diperbaharui dan tidak mesra alam.
Sisa makanan terutamanya beras, yang kaya dengan kanji, telah dianggap sebagai
bahan mentah yang berpotensi untuk menghasilkan plastik mesra alam sekitar.
Dengan menggunakan kanji nasi untuk membuat plastik dan bersifat mesra alam,
ianya dapat membantu menyumbangkan ke arah pengurangkan pencemaran sampah.
Terdapat 3 jenis sisa kanji nasi yang telah ujian. Keberkesanan berasaskan bio-
plastik kanji nasi dinilai oleh dua jenis ujian iaitu ujian biodegradasi dan ujian
tegangan. Hasil telah menunjukkan bahawa sisa nasi putih mempunyai kekuatan
yang paling tinggi berbanding dengan sisa nasi goreng dan sisa nasi beriani yang
telah dijadikan bio-plastik. Untuk keputusan hasil dari ujian biodegradasi di dalam
tanah, yang melibatkan 3 sampel sisa kanji nasi yang berbeza. Penguraian sampel di
dalam tanah melibatkan 3 jenis sisa kanji nasi yang berbeza menunjukkan ianya
100% berjaya selepas 8 minggu dan telah mencapai dan dapat diklasifikasikan
berjaya mengikut ASTM yang berkaitan. Untuk sampel sisa kanji nasi, bahan
tambahan juga didapati memainkan peranan dalam mempengaruhi dan memberi
kesan kepada kanji sisa nasi dari segi sifat-sifat mekanikal dan fizikalnya. Sebagai
kesimpulan, sisa kanji nasi putih mempunyai potensi sebagai alternatif untuk
pembungkusan komersial bio-plastik selepas ianya di sintesis dan setelah diambil
kira keputusan dan ciri-ciri mekanikal dan biodegradasinya.
ii
ABSTRACT
Bio-based plastics are a great alternative to replace traditional plastics, which are
often composed of petroleum products. Bio-based plastics are also sustainable and
eco-friendly alternatives compared to petro-plastics, which are non-renewable and
non-biodegradable. Food waste especially rice, which is rich in starch, has been
considered as a potential feedstock for producing environmental friendly
biodegradable plastic. By using rice starch to make biodegradable plastic to be able
to help contribute useful things that may help in lessening garbage pollution. There
are 3 different types of leftover rice starch film that had been test. The effectiveness
of bio-based starch film is evaluated by two types of testing which is
biodegradability testing and tensile testing. The result can indicate that leftover white
rice have the higest of strength compare to leftover fried rice and leftover nasi beriani
which had been made to bio-plastic. For the result of soil biodegradable test, its
involve 3 different types of leftover rice starch. The degradation of 3 different type of
samples leftover rice shown 100% successful after 8 weeks and its achives and
classifies as sucessfull on the term of biodegradable according the ASTM related.
For the rest of the rice samples, additional material was also found to influence and
affect the rest of the rice starch in mechanical properties and physical. In conclusion,
the remaining white rice has the potential as an alternative to commercial packaging
bio-plastic after it in the synthesis and having regard to the results and the
mechanical properties and biodegradation.
iii
DEDICATION
Alhamdulillah, all praises to Allah S.W.T for the strengths and His blessing in
completing this final year project. I am also thankful to my family, supervisor and
friends for the continuous guidance, encouragement, advice, insightful comments,
and support to continue develop this project. Finally, I thank all those who have
helped me directly or indirectly in the successful completion of my project.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,
In the name of Allah S.W.T, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful, praise
to Allah the lord of universe and may blessing and peace of Allah be upon his
messenger Muhammad S.A.W. First, and foremost thank to Allah for giving me
wellness and ideas to do this project. Without any of it, I surely cannot complete this
project in the time given.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude towards to my project supervisor
Puan Noor Irinah Binti Omar and every lecturer who has help and guide me by
giving advices encouragement and patience during the time period to completing this
project.
Last but not least, I like to express my very thankful and send our grateful to
my entire friends and my family for the moral and financial support. Their views and
this are useful definitely. Without all these people encouragement, support and
advices this thesis project might not be successfully carried out. To those that I
forget to mention, please forgive me. I do appreciate all the things you have done for
me.
Thank you.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstrak i
Abstract ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Content v
List of Tables viii
List of Figures ix
List Abbreviations, Symbols and Nomenclatures xi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.0 Background of Research 1
1.1 Problem Statement 3
1.2 Objective 3
1.3 Purpose of Study 3
1.4 Scope of Project 3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.0 Introduction 5
2.1 Food Waste 5
2.1.1 MalaysiaFood Waste 6
2.1.2 Statics Food Waste In Malaysia 6
2.2 Introduction Bio-based Plastic 8
2.2.1 Bio-based Film 9
2.2.2 Product of Bio-based Plastic 9
2.2.3 Potential of Bio-based Plastic over Plastic 10
2.3 Rice 10
2.3.1 Types Of Rice In Malaysia 12
2.3.2 Rice Anatomy 13
2.3.3 Leftover Rice 14
vi
2.4 Starch 14
2.4.1 Potato starch 15
2.4.2 Wheat starch 15
2.4.3 Corn starch 16
2.4.4 Pea starch 16
2.4.5 Rice starch 16
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 17
3.0 Introduction 17
3.1 Flow Chart of Research 17
3.2 Raw Material 19
3.2.1 Leftover Rice 19
3.2.2 Water 19
3.2.3 Glycerol As Plasticizer 20
3.2.4 Vinegar 21
3.2.5 Key Lime 22
3.2.6 Lemon Grass Liquid 23
3.2.7 Corn Starch and Potato Starch 23
3.2.8 Sodium Bicarbonate 24
3.3 Equipment 24
3.3.1 Magnetic Stir Bar 24
3.3.2 Blender 25
3.3.3 Scraper 25
3.3.4 Rectangle mould 26
3.3.5 Mesh 26
3.3.6 Aluminium foil 27
3.3.7 Hot Plate 27
3.3.8 Pipette 28
3.3.9 Beaker 28
3.3.10 Graduated Cylinder 29
3.3.11 Electronic Balance 29
3.4 Description of Methodology 30
vii
3.5 Film Characterization 33
3.5.1 Biodegradation Test 33
3.6 Mechanical Testing Using Tensile Test 34
3.6.1 Test Tensile Elongation 36
3.6.2 Tensile Modulus of Elasticity 36
CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION 38
4.0 Introduction 38
4.1 Tensile Testing 38
4.2 Biodegradable Test Result 51
4.2.1 Soil biodegradable test 52
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 53
5.0 Conclusion 53
5.1 Recommendation 55
REFERENCES 56
APPENDICES
A Graph Of Tensile Testing
B Characterization Of Bio-Based Plastic From Leftover Rice
viii
LIST OF TABLES
2.1 Comparison between Bio-based Plastics and Plastic 10
4.1 Result of tensile testing for 15 samples 44
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1 Percentage (%) of waste dump site in Peninsular Malaysia 7
2.2 Shows the most important food and agricultural commodities 11
2.3 Rice types in Malaysia 12
2.4 Rice Anatomy 13
3.1 Flow chart of the project 18
3.2 Leftover white rice 19
3.3 Distilled water 20
3.4 Glycerol 21
3.5 Vinegar 22
3.6 Key lime 22
3.7 Lemon Grass Liquid 23
3.8 Corn starch and potato starch 23
3.9 Bicarbonate of sodium 24
3.10 Magnetic Stir Bar 24
3.11 Blender 25
3.12 Scraper 25
3.13 Rectangle mould 26
3.14 Mesh 26
3.15 Aluminium foil 27
3.16 Hot Plate 27
3.17 Pipette 10ml 28
3.18 250ml Beaker 28
3.19 250 ml ± 2 ml Graduated Cylinder 29
3.20 Electronic Balance 29
3.21 Sample preparation 31
3.22 Stirring solution 31
3.23 Draw off and spread evenly onto a rectangle mould 31
3.24 Dry at room temperature for three days in fume cupboards 32
3.25 Sample of leftover rice starch put on aluminium foil 32
x
3.26 Its shows the test geometry from Quadrant Engineering Plastic Products 35
3.27 Stress-Strain Curve 35
3.28 Universal Tensile Machine 37
3.29 Universal Tensile Machine Electro-Mechanical 50kN, model 5969. 37
4.1 Specimen apply on Universal Tensile Machine 39
4.2 Dog bone specimen with dimension 39
4.3 Grips operated manually by the use of a handle 40
4.4 Extensometers apply according to ASTM D638 41
4.5 Designations for speed of testing according to ASTM D638 41
4.6 This is the sample before tensile testing. 42
4.7 This is the sample after tensile testing 42
4.8 Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa) for 15 samples 45
4.9 Average of Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa) of leftover rice. 48
4.10 Modulus Young's (MPa) for 15 samples 49
4.11 Average of Modulus Young's (MPa) of leftover rice 50
4.12 Choose the place 52
4.13 Dig up the soil at a depth of 20cm 52
4.14 Then, bury the sample 52
4.15 After 8 weeks, dig a sample in the soil 52
4.16 Shows 100% of soil biodegradable test is successful after 8 weeks 52
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS AND
NOMENCLATURE
ASTM - American Standard Testing Material
et al. - and others
E - Modulus Young’s
FTK - Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan
g - Gram
ISO - International Organization for Standardization
kg - kilogram
kN - Kilo Newton
mm - Mililiter
min - Minute
ml - Mililiter
m - Mass
MPa - Megapascal
N - Newton
SI Unit - International System of Unit
UTS - Ultimate Tensile Strength
wt - Weight
vs - versus
𝜎 - Stress
ε - Strain
% - Percent
xii
Aerobic - Aerobic means requiring air, where air usually means
oxygen.
Anaerobic - Aerobic (Biology) (Of an organism or process)
requiring the absence of or not dependent on the
presence of oxygen.
Biodegradability - The breakdown of an organic chemical compound by
micro- organisms in the presence of oxygen to carbon
dioxide, water and mineral salts of any other
elements present (mineralization) and new biomass
or in the absence of oxygen to carbon dioxide,
methane, mineral salts and new biomass (from
EN13432).
Biodegradable -
plastic
A degradable plastic in which the degradation results
from the action of naturally occurring micro-
organisms such as bacteria, fungi and algae.
Biodegradation - Degradation brought about by the action of naturally
occurring microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and
algae.
Composed - A managed process that involves the biological
decomposition and transformation of biodegradable
material to produce carbon dioxide, water, minerals
and organic matter (compost or humus).
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background of Research
Bio-based plastics are a great alternative to traditional plastics, which are
often composed of petroleum products. Bio-based plastics are also sustainable and
eco-friendly alternatives to petro plastics, which are non-renewable and non-
biodegradable. As years pass, we have less and less petroleum available to us, so it is
important to find a suitable alternative. In fact, the global production and use of
plastic continues to increase within 50 years. Compared plastic production in 2013
and 2012, it rise by four percent and as much as 299 million tons of plastic was
produced (World Watch Institute 2015).
The advantages of plastics are light and less bulky than other packaging
materials that could be processed into any desired shape or form such as films, sheets
and pouches. On the other hand, it saves costs of storage and transportation because
of lower volume, easy colouring, no rusting and first-rate water resistance. Although
plastic package have great advantages, however they also have some limitations that
includes some chemical attack on particular plastics, tendency to creep, less heat
resistance, lower gas barrier and lower dimensional stability. Plastics are among the
major toxic pollutants, it has the potential to cause or causes significant harm to the
environment in the form of air, water and soil pollution. Plastic is a material that is
very useful, but it is also made from toxic compounds that can cause disease, and
because it seeks to durability, it is not biodegradable. Plastic can remain in the
environment for hundreds of years.
2
Biodegradable, in fact, is one of the alternatives that may help to reduce these
harmful impacts on a longer time scale. The problem of global food waste is critical
to fine the solution from the standpoint of improving the environment by reducing
carbon emissions and landfill usage. In order to trim down this problem, the
application of biodegradable material as an alternative choice is increasingly applied.
At the same time, food wasted in Malaysia has been found to comprise of 45% of
average household waste and about 8,000 tonnes of food waste and kitchen waste are
generated on a daily basis (Bernama, 2014).
Food waste especially rice, which is rich in starch, has been considered as a
potential feedstock for producing environmental friendly biodegradable plastic. By
using rice starch to make biodegradable plastic to be able to help contribute useful
things that may help in lessening garbage pollution. This investigatory is a green
project that may help in saving our green earth. When believe that it more
appropriate to use biodegradable plastic instead of ordinary plastics because it takes
billions of years for a plastic to decompose.
Leftover rice starch from food waste to bio-based plastic is based on
renewable resources, biodegradable polymers which are meet all criteria of
scientifically recognized norms for biodegradability and compost ability. Renewable
sources become more viable alternatives and the potential for the plastics industry.
When plastics is made from petroleum are burned, they release the carbon dioxide
contained in the plastic into the atmosphere, leading to global warming. So by using
bio-plastics, it offers significant advantages not only in ecological sense but also in
an economically sense. Bio-plastic are a form of plastics derived from plant sources
such as of renewable carbon resources include corn, potatoes starch, rice, soy, sugar
cane, wheat and vegetable oil. Due to concerns for the global environment and the
increasing difficulty in managing solid wastes, bio-based plastic and biodegradable
polymeric materials may be among the most suitable alternatives for some
applications (Tadahisa Iwata, 2007).
3
1.1 Problem Statement
In Malaysia food waste comprise of 45% of average household waste. It’s
about 8,000 tons of food waste and kitchen waste is generated on a daily basis. Re-
use leftover rice from food waste into useful product.
1.2 Objectives
The aim of this study are:
(a) To synthesis bio-based plastic from 3 different types of leftover rice.
(b) To evaluate the mechanical and biodegradable properties of synthesis bio-
based plastic.
1.3 Purpose of Study
This project focuses on synthesis 3 different types of leftover rice which is leftover
white rice, leftover fried rice and leftover nasi beriani. In this study, mechanical and
biodegradable properties of bio-based plastic from 3 types of leftover rice will be
investigated.
1.4 Scope of Project
(a) Synthesis of bio-based plastic
As bio-bed plastic is formed via the gelatinization method. There are 3
different samples of leftover rice which is leftover white rice, leftover fried rice and
leftover nasi beriani. Vinegar, acetic acid, corn starch, lemon grass liquid, water and
will be prepare. After that, stirring, heating, and spread evenly onto a rectangle
mould and lastly dry at room temperature.
4
(b) Characterization and degradability measurements
To determine the properties of the bio-plastic starch film synthesised from the
various type of leftover rice of food waste, several analyses will be carried out which
is tensile test and biodegradable test.
5
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
This chapter discussed literatures of food waste to bio-based plastic, their
background, material used. Reference and understanding were gain from various
sources such as journal, books, paper and internet. The important aspect and focus in
this literature review is about food waste, bio-based plastic, starch, rice, rice starch
and leftover rice.
2.1 Food Waste
Food waste or food loss is food that is discarded or lost or uneaten. The two
are similar, but have key distinctions within their definitions. The causes of food
waste or loss are numerous, and occur at the stages of production, processing,
retailing and consumption (Galanakis, Charis M, 2015). Food waste is an issue of
importance to global food security and good environmental governance, directly
linked with environmental for example energy, climate change, water, availability of
resources. Then, in economic factor its involve resource efficiency, price volatility,
increasing costs, consumption, waste management and commodity markets. In social
impact, it will cause to health and equality of life.
6
2.1.1 Malaysia Food Waste
Malaysians waste an average of 8,000 tonnes or 8 million kg of food on a
daily basis, an amount which can feed up to six million people. Solid Waste
Management and Public Cleansing Corporation chief executive officer, Datuk Ab
Rahim Md Noor said the percentage of food wastage increased by an average of 15%
to 20% during festive seasons. The percentage composition of food waste among the
solid waste, it is the highest at 45% while the cost of managing solid waste in states
had reached RM1.6 billion last year. Accumulation of the 8,000 tonnes of food waste
for 18 days could stack as high as the Petronas Twin Towers. In a year, the total food
wasted could reach 2.92 billion kg, an amount which could feed 2.2 billion people
(Bernama, 2014).
The United Nations Environmental Programme and the World Resources
Institute recent report says about one-third of food produced is lost worldwide. Our
concern is the food that is not eaten and dumped in garbage bins. Discarded food
makes up more than one-third of garbage generated annually. In Malaysia, more than
3,000 tonnes of food are preventable food waste as they were untouched and edible
(S. Sundareson, 2016).
2.1.2 Statics Food Waste In Malaysia
Food waste comprise of 45% of average household waste. This Category of
municipal waste is crated away by garbage trucks. Approximately ten persent of
recyclables contained is being collected by recycling organizations such as paper
product, plastic, metals. In an average, each household produce at least one bag of
mixed garbage containing kitchen discharge daily. Statistics taken from Ministry of
Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government show the data of global warning
of food waste in Malaysia (Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local
Government, 2012).
7
Figure 2.1: Percentage (%) of waste dump site in Peninsular Malaysia in the year
2012 <http://www.kpkt.gov.my/kpkt/fileupload/hebahan/lab_sisa_pepejal.pdf>
2.2 Introduction Bio-based Plastic
Bio-plastics are plastics derived from renewable biomass sources, such as
vegetable fats and oils, corn starch, or microbiota. Bioplastic is a form of plastic made
from renewable plant source rather than non-renewable petrolum. Bio-plastic can be made
from agricultural byproducts and also from used plastic bottles and other containers
using microorganisms. Common plastics, such as fossil-fuel plastics (also called
petrobased polymers), are derived from petroleum or natural gas. Production of such
plastics tends to require more fossil fuels and to produce more greenhouse gases than
the production of biobased polymers bio-plastics. Some, but not all, bio-plastics are
designed to biodegrade. Biodegradable bio-plastics can break down in either
anaerobic or aerobic environments, depending on how they are manufactured. Bio-
plastics can be composed of starches, cellulose, biopolymers, and a variety of other
materials (Hong Chua, 1999).
8
Biodegradable is the capacity of a material to decompose naturally over time,
to be broken down by microorganisms. The biodegradability or rather, the non-
biodegradability of conventional petroleum-based plastics is a pressing environment
issue. Approximately ten million tons of plastic products are discarded each year.
Reusing and cycling plastics have been the first steps in combating the amount of
municipal waste that is produced every day. However, mountains of synthetic waste
are still generated at a dangerous rate despite efforts to reuse and cycle. A piece of
petroleum-based plastic takes approximately 200 years to decompose naturally. As
the demand for plastic products continues to rise, so does the pressure of finding a
more environmentally- friendly alternative to conventional petroleum-based plastic.
The search for an alternative has led researchers to develop biodegradable
plastic blends from organic such as corn, rice or potato starch. However, progress in
the development of starch-based degradable plastics is slow and there is doubt as to
whether degradable plastics are truly feasible. This is the one of the factor why this
project are choose and it could come to terms the feasibility of rise starch as
biodegradable plastic.
2.2.1 Bio-based Film
The majority of engineered plastic materials used today are made from
synthetic polymers. The use of conventional petroleum-based polymer products
creates many potential problems due to their non-renewable nature and ultimate
disposal. Cellulose and its derivatives, when used in such applications, offers
advantages with respect to sustainability, limited environmental impact and
simplified end-of-life disposal issues. Early studies examined the application of
chitosan, starch and cellulose derivatives which were shown have film forming
properties. There is a considerable interest in biodegradable films made from
renewable and natural polymers, such as starch (Roberto J. et al, 1994).