United Nations Conference onUnited Nations Conference onTrade and DevelopmentTrade and Development

Asia-Pacific Regional Center for Asia-Pacific Regional Center for Waste Management Training and Waste Management Training and

Technology TransferTechnology Transfer

Thailand Environment InstituteThailand Environment Institute

WORKSHOP

BUILDING NATIONAL CAPACITY IN RAPIDLY INDUSTRIALIZING

COUNTRIES ON SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF

RECOVERABLE MATERIAL/RESOURCES

Bangkok, 20-22 September 2001

INTRODUCTORY INTRODUCTORY

PRESENTATION PRESENTATION

SESSION SESSION

TWOTWO

Dr Ulrich HOFFMANNDr Ulrich HOFFMANN

UNCTAD SecretariatUNCTAD Secretariat

OBJECTIVES OF THE WORKSHOPS

Implications of these trends forrapidly industrializing countries

Trends in material consumption in developed and rapidly industrializing

countries

Importance of global materialrecovery

OBJECTIVES OF THE WORKSHOPS

Brief overview of the 2nd OECDWorkshop on Environmentally Sound

Management of WastesDestined for Recovery Operations

IMPORTANCEIMPORTANCE

OF GLOBAL MATERIAL RECOVERYOF GLOBAL MATERIAL RECOVERY

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-98

Per

cen

tag

e

Aluminium

Lead

Iron

Copper

Zinc

Paper

Share of Recovered Material in Global Supplyof Primary and Secondary Commodities

IMPORTANCE OF INTERNATIONALIMPORTANCE OF INTERNATIONALTRADE IN SECONDARY MATERIALTRADE IN SECONDARY MATERIAL

Share of Trade in Secondary Material in GlobalTrade of Primary + Secondary Metal

1970-74

AluminiumCopperLeadTinZinc

1995-97

4 %24 %12 %13 % 2 %

13 % 37 % 22 % 20 % 4 %

CONCLUSION: Trade in secondary material has significantly expanded – function of material demand, not waste trafficking

TRENDSTRENDS

IN MATERIAL CONSUMPTION IN MATERIAL CONSUMPTION

IN DEVELOPED AND RAPIDLYIN DEVELOPED AND RAPIDLY

INDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIESINDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIES

Trends in Material ConsumptionTrends in Material Consumption

Share in global consumption

1975Aluminium DDC

RIC

Copper DDC RIC

Lead DDC RIC

1998

69%

7%

66% 7%

63% 8%

62% 22%

58% 21%

62% 18%

Per capitaconsumption

1975 1998

18.3 kg

1.9 kg

10.3 kg 1.1 kg

4.7 kg 0.4 kg

13.8 kg

0.6 kg

6.8 kg 0.3 kg

4.1 kg 0.2 kg

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

1975 1980 1985 1990 1998

Per

cent

age

DevelopedCountries

DevelopingCountries

Trends in Intensity of Use of Non-ferrous Metals(percentage, 1975 = 100%)

Supply-demand Gap of SecondaryMaterial in Rapidly Ind. Countries

Material demand/Scrap demand

1975 2000

Material demand

GAP

Product life

Scrap supplyINDIA:

Copper Consumption24 k tons 240 k tons

Supply-Demand Interplay of Secondary Material in OECD Count.

OECD:Copper Consumption

5,000 k tons 8,000 k tons

Material demand/Scrap demand

1975 2000

Material demand

GAP

Product life

Scrap supply

“ECOLOGICAL RUCKSACK”of Primary Commodity Production

Aluminium/Aluminium/

BauxiteBauxite

1 : 51 : 5

LeadLead

1 : 191 : 19

CopperCopper

1 : 4201 : 420

Implications of These Trends forImplications of These Trends forRapidly Industrializing CountriesRapidly Industrializing Countries

Material demand must be met by domesticor imported primary and secondary material

As there is a domestic supply-demand gap in secondary material – imported feedstock playsa key role

Avenues for secondary material importes shouldbe kept open

Implications of These Trends forImplications of These Trends forRapidly Industrializing CountriesRapidly Industrializing Countries

In rapidly industrializing countries, sound wastemanagement is an integral part of sustainablematerial/resources management – twin approach

0102030405060708090

100

70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-97

Perc

enta

ge

Among DevelopedCountries

Developed to DevelopingCountries

Among DevelopingCountries

Developing to DevelopedCountries

Regional Patterns of International Trade inNon-ferrous Metal Scrap

OVERVIEWOVERVIEW

ON THE CONCLUSIONS OF THE ON THE CONCLUSIONS OF THE

22NDND OECD WORKSHOP ON OECD WORKSHOP ON

ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUNDENVIRONMENTALLY SOUNDMANAGEMENT OF WASTESMANAGEMENT OF WASTESDESTINED FOR RECOVERYDESTINED FOR RECOVERY

OPERATIONSOPERATIONS

Vienna, September 2000 Vienna, September 2000

MAIN CONCLUSIONS OF THE MAIN CONCLUSIONS OF THE ESM WORKSHOP ESM WORKSHOP

Principal focus of OECD ESM programmeshould be on recovery

ESM approach should cover both domesticand transboundary material flows

Legal status of the approach towardsESM implementation is very important

CONCLUSIONS OF SECOND OECDCONCLUSIONS OF SECOND OECDWORKSHOP ON ESM (contd) WORKSHOP ON ESM (contd)

Approach for ESM implementation shouldrest on two interrelated pillars:- use of existing Environmental Mang. Systems, such as ISO 14001 series- core performance elements for recovery activities

Env. Management Systems and core performance elements should be shaped so that they can be met by SMEs

SOME POINTS FOR SOME POINTS FOR CONSIDERATIONCONSIDERATION

Rapidly industrializing countries should pursue a pro-active approach towards finding practicable avenues for ESM implementation that reflect their specific interests and circumstances

Practicable approach for ESM implementation couldrest on two clusters:- macro-economic criteria- micro-economic criteria ( EMS and environmental performance standards)

Approach should not apply ESM criteria to domestic and transboundary material flows in the same way –problem of informal/small-scale sector