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Science10
UnitB–Physics
This Booklet Belongs to: ____________________
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 2 of 41 Student Notes
UnitB‐Section1.0Section1.1‐MotionUniformmotion Motionoccurswhen _______________ _________ _________Thetermuniformmotiondescribesanobjectthatmovesataconstantrateinthesamedirection.Trueuniformmotionisnearlyimpossibletomaintaininreallifesituationsduetoforcessuchas _________________________AverageSpeedTheaveragespeedofthecarisdefinedas __________ __________Examples
1) Ahugeoceanwave,ortsunami,travelsadistanceof4.0x106min3.6x104s.Calculatetheaveragespeedofthetsunami.
2) AConcordeairplanecouldflyatanaveragespeedof694m/s.CalculatehowlongitwouldhavetakentheConcordetoflyaroundtheworld,whichisapproximately4.00x107m.
3) Anelectrictrainistravelingatanaveragespeedof6.9m/sfor4.0s.Calculatethedistancetraveledbythetrain.
avg
dv
t
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 3 of 41 Student Notes
GraphingSkillsIndependentVariableTheindependentvariableisalsocalledthemanipulatedvariable.Itistheonethattheexperimenterchanges,or .Itisalwaysplottedonthe .Whenlookingatadatatable,theindependentvariablewillbeseentoincreasebyregularintervals.DependantVariableThedependentvariableisalsocalledtherespondingvariable.Itistheonethattheexperimenter .It’svaluedependsontheindependentvariable.Itchangesinresponsetothechangethattheexperimentermakestothemanipulatedvariable.Itisalwaysplottedonthe .Whenlookingatadatatable,thedependentvariablewillNOTbeseentoincreasebyregularintervals.Forexample,todeterminethedensityofaliquid,astudentmeasuresthemassofvariousvolumesoftheliquid.
Volumeisthe becausetheexperimentersetit,anditincreasesbyregularintervals.Massisthe becausetheexperimentermeasureditanditdoesnotincreasebyregularintervals.
Rememberwhengraphing…
AllgraphsMUSThaveatitle,oftheyvsxformat. Eachaxismusthavetheappropriatelabelandthesymbol(abbreviation)forthe
units,inbrackets. Eachpointthatyouplaceonthegraphmustbecircled.
Volume(ml) Mass(g)
10.0 26.7
20.0 53.6
30.0 80.6
40.0 107.1
50.0 134.0
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 4 of 41 Student Notes
DefiningSlopeSlope(m)measures .Slopemaybedefinedastheverticalchange(rise)dividedbythehorizontalchange(run).Howtodetermineslope
1. Pickanytwopointsonthegraph.Labelthepointsas(x,y)2. Substitutethevaluesintotheslopeformula.Remembertoincludeunits
***Remembertopresenttheslopewithunitsandtoanappropriatenumberof
significantdigits!!!Example
Lineswithapositivesloperisetotheright. Lineswithanegativeslopefalltotheright. Horizontallineshaveaslopeofzero. Verticallineshaveaninfiniteslope.
LinesofBestFitIfthereisaclearpatternamongthepoints,drawabestfitlinethatcomesascloseaspossibletomostofthepoints.Bestfitlinemaybestraightorcurved.
Distance vs Time
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 10 20 30 40 50Time (h)
Dis
tan
ce (
km
)
(s)
(m)
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 5 of 41 Student Notes
DistancetimegraphsAmotorboatistravelingataconstantspeed.Apersonontheshoreisrecordingthedistancetheboattravelsawayfromthefirstmarkerbuoyevery2.0s.Adistancevstimegraphcanbeplottedtoanalyze oftheboat.
Timet(s)
DistancefromFirstMarkerd(m)
0.0 0
2.0 10
4.0 20
6.0 30
8.0 40
10.0 50
The___________ofalineonadistance‐timegraphisequal .
Thisgraphshowsthemotionofthreedifferentcars.Despitedifferentslopes,allthreecarshaveaconstantspeed.Thisisbecausetheslopeoftheirlinedoesnotchange.Car1istravelingataconstantspeed, thancar2Car2istravelingataconstantspeed, thancar1Car3is
0
10
20
30
40
50
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
Time (s)
Distance vs. Time graph
Distance (m)
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 6 of 41 Student Notes
Speed‐Timegraph
TimeWhenBoatPassesMarker
t(s)
SpeedoftheBoatasitPassesEach
Markerv(m/s)
0.0 5.00
2.0 5.00
4.0 5.00
6.0 5.00
8.0 5.00
10.0 5.00Theboatisexhibiting ,sothatmeansthespeeddoesnotchange.Ahorizontallinehas ,andthatmeansthatthespeedstaysconstantastimepasses.Theslopeofalineonaspeed‐timegraphindicatesthatanobjectiseither .
Theareaunderthelineofaspeed‐timegraphdetermines
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________area=lengthxwidth
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
Speed vs. Time graph
Time (s)
Speed (m/s)
Object A is increasing its speed Object B is decreasing its speed
Assignment: 1) Read Textbook Pages 472‐477 (Graphing)
2) Read Textbook Pages 126‐133
3) Pgs 7‐8 in Notepack 4) Read Check and Reflect pg 135 # 2,5‐13 a. Show all your work for all mathematical
calculations!
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 7 of 41 Student Notes
GraphicalAnalysisofUniformMotion(AverageSpeed)
Atickertaperecordsthemotionofanobjectatintervalsof0.10s.
. . . . . . . . . .
1.Completethefollowingtableofvalues,anddrawadistance‐timegraphofthemotion.
Timet(s)
Distanced(cm)
2.Onthegraph,determinetheslopeofthegraphandstatewhatthesloperepresents.
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 8 of 41 Student Notes
3.Completethefollowingtableofvalues,anddrawanaveragespeed‐timegraphofthemotion.
Timet(s)
AverageSpeedv(cm/s)
0.0–0.10
0.10–0.20
0.20–0.30
0.30–0.40
0.40–0.50
0.50–0.60
0.60–0.70
0.70–0.80
0.80–0.90
0.90–1.00
4.Onthegraph,determinetheslopeandtheareabelowthelineofbestfit.Statewhatquantitiestheslopeandthearearepresent.
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 9 of 41 Student Notes
Section1.2‐VelocityScalarsandVectorsScalar:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ex.____________________________Vector:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ex.____________________________Position:The_____________________ofanobjectistheseparationbetweenthatobjectanda_____________________.(whichisusually“zero”onthescale)
Sincewestatedthedirection,positionisa_____________________quantity.
Distance,________________________________________________________________________________________________________Youmeasurethedistancebetweentwoobjectsbymeasuringtheirseparation.
Ex.CarAis9.0mfromcarBnomatterwhereyouputthereferencepoint.
Sincewedidnotstatethedirection,distanceisa__________________quantity.Displacement:Thedisplacement_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Ex.Thecarhasmovedadistanceof5.0m.
Thedisplacementofthecaris5.0m________________________.
Sincewestatedthedirection,displacementisa_________________quantity.
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 10 of 41 Student Notes
VectorSignConventionsWhenusingvectorquantitiesinformulas,____________________________________________________________________Instead,weusepositive(+)andnegative(‐)signs:X‐AxisMethodHowtousetheX‐axisMethod:Readthegridfrom0ocounterclockwiseandincludedirection.
• Upandrightare_______________• Downandleftare______________• Directionsbetweenaxislinesaregivenonlyindegrees.
Ex.VectorAispositionedat5m(220o)Seepage139,exampleproblemB1.4formoreexamples.NavigatorMethodHowtousetheNavigatorMethod:Readthegridfrom0oclockwiseandincludedirection.
• Northandeastare_______________• Southandwestare________________• Directionsbetweenaxislinesaregivenonlyindegrees.
Ex.VectorAispositionedat5m(230o)Seepage140,exampleproblemB1.5formoreexamples.
Up (90o)
Left (180o)
Down (270o)
Right (0o) 40
o
N (0o)
W (270o)
S (180o)
E (90o)
40o
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 11 of 41 Student Notes
PracticeProblems
1.
2.
3.
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 12 of 41 Student Notes
AverageVelocity
Thecarhasadisplacementof5.0mtotherightin1.2s.Theaveragevelocityofthecarisdefinedasachangeinpositionduringatimeinterval.Itiscalledanaveragevelocitybecause___________________________________________________________________________Sincewestatedthedirection,averagevelocityisa_________________quantity.PracticeProblemsp.141
1. Astudentwalks10.0m[E]in7.00s.Thenhewalksanother12.0m[E]in8.00s.Determine:a. Thedisplacementofthestudentin15.00s
b. Theaveragevelocityofthestudent
2. Aboattravelsatavelocityof8.00m/s[N]for14.0s.Whatisthedisplacementoftheboat?
3. Anairplaneflyingatavelocityof900km/h[W]travels400kmWest.Howlongwilltheplanebeinflight?
Theonlydifferencebetweendistance‐timegraphsandposition‐timegraphsisthatdirectionisincluded.Thismeansthattheslopeisequaltothevelocity.
5.0 m
t = 1.2 s
Assignments 1. read pages 137 – 144
2. Notepack Pg 13‐14
3. B1.2 Check and Reflect page 145 #’s 1‐7
avg
dv
t
We use the arrows “→” to indicate
vector quantities.
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 13 of 41 Student Notes
GraphicalAnalysisofUniformMotion(AverageVelocity)
Inintervalsof0.10s,atickertaperecordsthemotionofanobjecttravellingeast.
. . . . . . . . . .
1.Completethefollowingtableofvaluesanddrawaposition‐timegraphofthemotion.
Timet(s)
Position
d(cm)[east]
2. Onthegraph,determinetheslopeofthegraph.Statewhatthesloperepresents.
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 14 of 41 Student Notes
3.Completethefollowingtableofvalues,anddrawanaveragevelocity‐timegraphofthemotion.
Timet(s)
AverageVelocityv(cm/s)[east]
0.00–0.10
0.10–0.20
0.20–0.30
0.30–0.40
0.40–0.50
0.50–0.60
0.60–0.70
0.70–0.80
0.80–0.90
0.90–1.00
4.Onthegraph,determinetheslopeandtheareaofthegraph.Statewhatthesevaluesrepresent.
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 15 of 41 Student Notes
Section1.3‐AccelerationAccelerationis__________________________________________________________________________Where: So…. Because….
Sincevelocityisa____________________,ithasboth____________________________________.
So,an_________________________________________________________________________________.Inthiscourse,wewillfocusonobjectsthatarechangingspeed.
Refertothefigureonpg146.Meterspersecondsquared??Let’slookattheformulatobetterunderstandwhatthisreallymeans... So…“meterspersecondpersecond”So,forexample,anobjectwithanaccelerationof2.0m/s2changesitsvelocityby2.0m/seachsecond.So,“__________________________________”isthesameas“meterspersecondpersecond.”
a
v
t
Assignments 1. Read pages 146 – 147 2. B‐1.3 Check and Reflect
page 154 #’s 1 –9
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 16 of 41 Student Notes
PracticeProblems1. Ashuttlecraftacceleratesfromresttoavelocityof50m/s[upward]in4.00s.Whatisthe
acceleration?
2. Abaseballthrownat25.0m/sstrikesacatcher’smittandslowsdowntorestin0.500s.Whatisthemagnitudeoftheball’sacceleration?
3. Ahockeypucktravelingat10.0m/sstrikestheboards,comingtorestin0.0300s.Whatisthemagnitudeofthepuck’sacceleration?
4. Acardriverappliesthebrakesandslowsdownfrom15.0m/s[E]to5.00m/s[E]in4.00s.Determinethecar’sacceleration.
Position‐TimeGraphsRecallthattheslopeofthelineonaposition‐timegraphisthevelocityoftheobject,andthatanacceleratingobjectischangingitsvelocity.So,thatwouldgiveusa___________________________________________________________.A_______________lineonaposition‐timegraphmeanstheobjectis___________________________.Ifyouseeeitheroneofthesecurves,thenitis____________________________________.Ifyouseeeitheroneofthesecurves,thenitis____________________________________.
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 17 of 41 Student Notes
Velocity‐TimeGraphs
Timet(s)
VelocityofBoatv(m/s)[E]
0.0 0.0
1.0 2.0
2.0 4.0
3.0 6.0
4.0 8.0
5.0 10.0
Avelocity‐timegraphisusedtodescribethemotionoftheboatUsethegraphtodescribethemotionoftheobjectineachtimeinterval:
a) t = 0.0 s to t = 3.0 s b) t = 3.0 s to t = 5.0 s c) t = 5.0 s to t = 8.0 s
__________velocity _______velocity _________ velocity
A motorboat is accelerating in an easterly direction and the velocity of the boat is recorded every second for 5.0 seconds.
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 18 of 41 Student Notes
Thegraphscanberelatedtoeachother,butthatdoesn’tmeanyoulookatthemthesameway.
GraphingSummary
Assignments 1. Read pages 146 – 153 2. Check and Reflect page 154 #1‐4 3. Practice problems p 149 (#16) & 153 (#17) 4. Notepack Pg 19‐20
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 19 of 41 Student Notes
GraphicalAnalysisofAcceleratedMotionInintervalsof0.10s,atickertaperecordsthemotionofanobjecttravellingeast.
. . . . . . . .
1.Completethefollowingtableofvalues,anddrawaposition‐timegraphofthemotion.
Timet(s)
Position
d(cm)[east]
2. Onthegraph,determinetheslopeofthegraph.Statewhatthesloperepresents.
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 20 of 41 Student Notes
3.Completethefollowingtableofvalues,anddrawanaveragevelocity‐timegraphofthemotion.
Timet(s)
AverageVelocityv(cm/s)[east]
0.00–0.10
0.10–0.20
0.20–0.30
0.30–0.40
0.40–0.50
0.50–0.60
0.60–0.70
4.Onthegraph,determinetheslopeandtheareaofthegraph.Statewhatthesevaluesrepresent.
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 21 of 41 Student Notes
Section1.4–WorkandEnergyAforce_________________________________________________________________________________________________.Theunitforforceisthe______________________.Thesymbolusedis_______.Wewillonlyreviewforcesbrieflyandqualitatively,buttheformulaforcalculatingforcesis:“Onenewtonequalsonekilogrammetrepersecondsquared.”BalancedForces
Whentheforcesactingonanobjectarebalanced,itwillremainata_________________________(includingzero).
Force1andforce2arebalanced(_______________________________________________________________________).
Toliftaballupataconstantspeed,youmustapplyaforcethatis
_______________________________________________________pullsontheballwith(i.e.theweightoftheobject).
UnbalancedForces
Iftheforcesactingonanobjectareunbalanced,______________________________________________________________.
Thedirectionoftheaccelerationwillbeinthedirectionofthe________________force.
Forcescanbeusedtotransferenergy,orconvertenergyfromoneformtoanother.Work&EnergyWorkandenergyaretwoconceptswhichareverycloselyrelatedtooneanother.Energy:______________________________________________________________________________Work:_______________________________________________________________________________Inphysics,wespeakaboutworkbeingdone____________________________________.TheS.I.unitforworkisthe______________.
1joule=______
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 22 of 41 Student Notes
Thejoule,liketheNewton,isa________________.Toseehowwebreakitdownfromit’sfundamentalunits,welookattheformulaWorkisatransfer(orconversion)of__________.So,theunitthatweuseforenergyisalsothejoule.Theformulaforworkcanalsobetranslatedinto:Thedirectiontheobjectmovesmustbeinthe_____________________astheappliedforce,otherwise____________________________________________________________________.WorkInputandWorkOutput
The___________(orenergy)__________________canbecalculatedusingtheformula______________. Whendoingwork,________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________. The___________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________. Itisthe_______________________________________________________________________________.
CalculatingWorkFromForcevsDisplacementGraphs
Tocalculateworkfromaforce‐displacementgraph,wecalculatethe_______________________________. By“underthecurve,”wemeantheareabetween______________________________________________. Let’ssaywewantedtocalculatetheworkdoneontheobjectinmovingit10.0m
o Theareaunderthecurveformsa__________________
So,theworkdonewas_______.
Assignments 1. Read pages 155 – 160 2. Prepare for section 1 quiz 3. Section Review page 162‐163 # 1‐24 4. Notepack p.23
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 23 of 41 Student Notes
WorkandEnergy
Usethefollowinginformationtoanswerthequestionsbelow:
Astudentexertsaforceof100Ntopushawagonwithamassof20.0kg(aweightof196N)adistanceof35.0mupahill.Thenetverticalheightgainofthewagonis10.0m.
1.Whatistheworkinputofthestudent?
2.Howmuchenergywasexpendedbythestudent?
3.Whatisthenetworkoutputofthestudent?
4.Whathappenedtotheextrawork?
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 24 of 41 Student Notes
UnitB–Section2.0Section2.1–FormsofEnergyChemicalEnergy
• Chemicalenergyisthe__________________________storedinthechemicalbondsofcompoundsExamples:
• Foodprovidesenergyafterthebondsfoundinfoodarebroken• Thechemicalenergyinamatchisreleasedafterisitstruck
ElectricalEnergy
• Electricalenergyisthe_________________bymovingcharges– Canproducebothheatandlight
Examples:• Lightbulb• Batteries
Magnetism
• Magnetismisaproperty,possessedbycertainmaterials,to_________________similarmaterials.Magnetismisassociatedwithmovingelectricity.
NuclearEnergy• Nuclearenergyisthepotentialenergystoredinthe____________ofanatom.Whenthenucleiis
split(___________)orwhentwonucleicombine(_____________)energyisreleased.SolarEnergy
• Solarenergyisproducedfroma________________nuclearfusionreactionwiththereleaseofnuclearenergy.
• Solarenergyisoftenconvertedtootherformsofenergysuchasheat.Forexample,agreenhouse.
KineticEnergy• Kineticenergyisenergythatcando_____________________________
Examples:WindandFlowingwater
Mini History of People: ____________________
• Discovered that electricity could produce magnetism • By placing a metal wire with a current passing through it over a compass, he noticed that the
compass wire moved. • See page 166, Figure B2.3
____________________ • Discovered that magnetism could produce electricity. • By moving a magnet through a coil of wire, Faraday produced an electrical current and the first
generator • See page 166, Figure B2.4
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 25 of 41 Student Notes
GravitationalPotentialEnergy• Gravitationalpotentialenergyisenergythathasthepotentialtodoworkduetoit’sposition
abovethe_____________surface.Example:
• Arollercoasterontopofacrest
MechanicalEnergy• Mechanicalenergyisthe___________oftheenergyof_____________________________
Example:• Mechanicalenergy=kineticenergy+potentialenergy
Newton'scradle• The_________ofNewton'scradlewasfirstexplainedbyaliving
force‐“visvisa”• Whatisactuallyhappeningisthatthegravitationalpotential
energyoftheraisedballisconvertedintokineticenergywhenreleased.Asaresult,amajorityofthemechanicalenergyisconservedandthecradlewillcontinuethismotionforsometime.
HeatEnergy
• Heatenergyisthetransferof___________duetovibrationsandthemovementofatomsfromahotobjecttoacoldobject
JoulesExperiments
• Joulesexperimentssupportedtheideathattransformationsofheatenergyintomechanicalenergycouldonlyoccurwhenthermalenergyflowedfromhottocoldobjects.Also,theyalsosupportedtheideathatinthisprocesssomeenergy,intheformofheat,isalwayslost.
JoulesChurn• Asthemassfalls,thewaterischurned,causingthe
temperatureofthewatertoincrease.• Thepotentialenergyofthemassisconvertedintothe
kineticenergyofthepaddles,allowingthewatertomoveandtransformintoheat.
• Asaresult,Joulesexperimentsupportedaconnectionbetweenpotentialenergyandheat.
FallingBlockExperiment• Afallingblockofwoodhitsastationaryblockandthe
______________oftheblockincreases• Thekineticenergyofthefallingblockistransferredtothestationaryblockandthe
temperatureofthestationaryblockincreasesasaresult.Joulesexperimentsupportedaconnectionbetweenkineticenergyandheat.
Assignment: 1. Read pages 164‐170
2. Check and Reflect pg 172, #4‐8, 12‐14.
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 26 of 41 Student Notes
Section2.2–PotentialEnergyMassvsWeight
Themassofanobjectisameasureofthe____________________________________________________. Themassofanobjecthasnothingtodowiththeamountof_____________. AnobjectwillhavethesamemassonEarthasitdoesonthe_________,oreveninaregionwherethereis
nogravity. Massisa___________quantity,andismeasuredinkilograms(kg).
The_______ofanobjectisthegravitationalforceexertedonitbyalargebody(usuallyEarth). Weightisa________,andisthereforeavectorquantityandmeasuredinnewtons(N).
Ex.yourmassstaysthesameonthemoon,butyourweightwillchangeduetoadifferenceintheamountof___________actingonyou.PotentialEnergy
Potentialenergyisenergystoredinanobjectbecauseofitsstateorposition. Examplesinclude:__________potentialenergy/___________potentialenergy
Inthiscourse,wewillfocusongravitationalpotentialenergy.PracticeProblems
1. Achildwithamassof25.0kgisatthetopofaslideinanamusementpark.Iftheverticalheightoftheslideis4.00m,calculatethegravitationalpotentialenergyofthechildrelativetotheground.
2. An800‐gbirdhas47.0Jofgravitationalpotentialenergywhenitisperchedhighupinatree.Calculatethebird’sverticalheightfromtheground.
3. Ahangingsignis3.00mabovethegroundandhas1.47x103Jofgravitationalpotentialenergy.Calculatethemassofthesign.
Assignment:
1. Check and Reflect Pg 178 (1‐10)
gF mg
pE mgh
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 27 of 41 Student Notes
Section2.3–KineticEnergyKineticEnergyKineticenergyis__________________________________Anymovingobjectthathasmass,haskineticenergy.Thekineticenergyofanobjectvariesdirectlyasits______. Example:ifyoudoublethemassofanobject,itskineticenergywilldouble.Thekineticenergyofonobjectvariesdirectlyasthesquareofits________. Thisisa“directsquared”relationship!Example:ifyoudoublethespeedofanobject,itskineticenergywillincreasebyafactorof_________.Examples:
1. Calculatethekineticenergyofanelectronwithamassof9.11x10‐31kgmovingatauniformspeedof2.00x105m/s.
2. Asmalltoymovinghorizontallyatauniformspeedof2.2m/shasakineticenergyof18J.Calculatethemassofthetoy.
3. Abaseballwithamassof300ghasakineticenergyof304J.Calculatethespeedofthebaseball.
4. Amovingtoywithamassof7.4kghasakineticenergyof18J.Calculatethespeedofthetoy.
Assignment: 1. Check and Reflect Page 182 #’s 1 – 7, 10(a thinker!)
2. Notepack pg 5.
212KE mv
KE m
2 KE v
2 2KE
4KE
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 28 of 41 Student Notes
KineticEnergyandMotion
Usethefollowinginformationtoanswerthequestionsbelow.
AballrollsfrompositionAtopositionBin15.0s.
1. Whatisthedistancetravelledbytheballin15.0s?
2.Whatistheaveragespeedoftheball?
3.Whatisthekineticenergyofthe2.00‐kgball?
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 29 of 41 Student Notes
Section2.4–MechanicalEnergyThetermmechanicalenergymeansthe_______ofanobject’spotentialandkineticenergy.
Whenworkisdoneonanobject,theobject______energyasaresult. Anobjectisgainingkineticenergyifit_________________itsspeed. Anobjectisgaininggravitationalpotentialenergyifitisgetting_____________abovethereferencepoint
(theground).
TheLawofConservationofMechanicalEnergy“Withinaclosed,isolatedsystem,energycanchangeform,butthetotalamountofmechanicalenergyremainsconstant.”Allthisreallymeansisthatpotentialenergyisbeingconvertedtokineticenergy,orviceversa.PracticeProblems:
1. Aseagullflyinghorizontallyat8.00m/scarriesaclamwithamassof300ginitsbeak.Calculatethetotalmechanicalenergyoftheclamwhentheseagullis30.0mabovetheground.
2. A55.0kghigh‐jumpathleteleapsintotheairinanattempttoclearthebar.Atthetopoftheleap,theathletehasatotalmechanicalenergyof3.00x103Jandismovingat8.33m/s.Calculatethegravitationalpotentialenergyoftheathlete.
3. Aconstructionworkerdropsa2.00kghammerfromaroof.Whenthehammeris50.0mabovetheground,ithasatotalmechanicalenergyof1.88x103J.Calculatethekineticenergyofthehammer.
A closed, isolated system means that it is isolated from external forces, so no work can be done on it (i.e. energy can’t be added or taken away). It is sometimes referred to as a frictionless system. Friction “dissipates” energy as useless heat.
Assignment: 1. Notepack Pg 30‐31
2. Check and Reflect Page 188 #’s, 5‐9
m K PE E E
k PE E
212 mv mgh
212v gh
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 30 of 41 Student Notes
PracticeProblems4. A10.0kgwaterballoonisdroppedfromaheightof12.0m.Calculatethespeedoftheballoonjust
beforeithitstheground.
5. A30.0kgchildonatrampolinejumpsverticallyintotheairataninitialspeedof1.60m/s.Calculatehowhighthechildwillrise.
6. A20.0gdartisfiredfromadartgunwithahorizontalspeedof4.10m/s.Thetotalmechanicalenergyofthedartis0.481J.Calculatethegravitationalpotentialenergyofthedart.
7. Apendulumconsistsofa500gmetalballsuspendedona50.0cmstring.Theballispulledhorizontallyandupatotalverticaldistanceof10.0cm.Itisthenreleased.Atthebottomofthearc,themechanicalenergyoftheballwasdeterminedtobe0.491J.Whatwasthespeedoftheballatthebottomofitsarc?
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 31 of 41 Student Notes
MechanicalEnergyandthePendulum
ApendulumatpositionAisreleasedandswingsthroughpositionBtopositionContheotherside. 1.Describethetotalmechanicalenergyateachofthefollowingpositions:
A_____________________________________________________________________
B_____________________________________________________________________
C_____________________________________________________________________
2.Describetheenergytransformations:
FromAtoB______________________________________________________________
FromBtoC______________________________________________________________
3.Onthediagram,identifythepositionswhenthependulumhas:a) amaximumspeedb) aminimumspeedc) greatestpotentialenergyd) leastpotentialenergye) greatestkineticenergyf) leastkineticenergy
4.Usethediagramaboveasanexampletoexplainthelawofconservationofenergy.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 32 of 41 Student Notes
5.Thependulumhasamassof1.00k.Itrisestoaverticalheightof0.320m.
a) Whatisthemaximumgravitationalpotentialenergyofthependulum?
b) Ifthependulumisreleased,whatisthemaximumkineticenergyofthependulum?c) Whatwillbethemaximumspeedofthependulum?
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 33 of 41 Student Notes
Section2.5–EnergyConversionsEvidenceofenergyconversions
o ___________________________________ Forexample,theworkdonebyapitcherisconvertedintoaball’smotion
o ___________________________________
Forexample,apersonclimbsaladder
o ___________________________________ Forexample,anarcherpullsthestringsofabowback
o ___________________________________
Forexample,waterbeingstoboilonastoveReadpage190‐191andcompletetheMindsonactivity…Identifyingenergyconversionsinnature.1. Listalltheenergyconversions,inorderstartingfromsolarenergybeingemittedfromtheSuntothefinal
useoffossilfuels
2. Isallthesolarenergythatstrikesplantsstoredaschemicalpotentialenergyinfossilfuels?Canyou
identifyplaceswheresolarenergyiswastedinthisenergyconversionsystem?
3. Whatisthemaindifferencebetweenphotosynthesisandrespirationorcombustion?
Assignment: 1. Complete Notepack pages 10‐13
2. Section 2 Review: Page 196‐197 #’s
2,4,5,9,11,12,13,16,17,20,21,22 ‐30
3. Prepare for Section 2.0 Quiz
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 34 of 41 Student Notes
Hydro‐ElectricPowerStation
1.Describetheoperationofahydro‐electricpowerstation.Inyourdescription,identifyandlabelalltheimportantpartswhereanenergytransferortransformationisoccurring.Describeeachoftheseenergytransformations.
2.Stateadrawbackofthistechnology.
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 35 of 41 Student Notes
Coal‐BurningPowerStation
1.Describetheoperationofacoal‐burningpowerstation.Inyourdescription,identifyandlabelalltheimportantpartswhereanenergytransferortransformationisoccurring.Describeeachoftheenergytransformations.
2.Stateadrawbackofthistechnology.
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 36 of 41 Student Notes
NuclearPowerStation
1.Describetheoperationofanuclearpowerstation.Inyourdescription,identifyandlabelalltheimportantpartswhereanenergytransferortransformationisoccurring.Describeeachoftheenergytransformations.
2.Stateadrawbackofthistechnology.
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 37 of 41 Student Notes
SolarCell
1.Describetheoperationofasolarcell.Inyourdescription,identifyandlabelalltheimportantpartswhereanenergytransferortransformationisoccurring.Describeeachoftheenergytransformations.
2.Stateadrawbackofthistech
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 38 of 41 Student Notes
UnitB–Section3.0‐PhysicsSection3.1–LawsofThermodynamicsLawsofThermodynamicsThermodynamicsisthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetween_______,_________________________.THE2LAWSOFTHERMODYNAMICSSTATE…
1. Thetotalenergy,includingheat,inasystemandit’ssurroundingsremainsconstant Typesofsystemsinclude:_________(exchangebothmatterandenergy),closed(exchange
energyONLY)and___________________________(exchangesneither). Thetotalenergyinasystemcanbeincreasedbyadding__________toasystemfromthe
surroundingsorby_________________theamountofworkdoneonasystem.(PositiveWork)
Negativeworkresultswhenthe_____________________inasystemdecreasesortheamountofworkdoneinasystemdecreases
2. Heatflowsfrom_______________objectsto_______________objects,resultinginsomeheatbeingconvertedinto______________________todowork
Asaresult,perpetualmotionorperfectmachinesare____________________sincesomeinputenergyisALWAYSconvertedtoheat
Youcanneverhave100%efficiency…youcannevergetoutofamachineasmuchasyouputin.
HeatEnginesandHeatPumpsHeatEnginesAheatengineisadevicewhichconverts_______________________________________________Examples:Thermo‐electricconverter,jetengineHeatPumpsAheatpumpisadevicewhichuses____________________________________________________Examples:Refrigeratorpump,airconditioner
Assignment: 1. Read pages 198 ‐205 2. Check and Reflect page 205 #’s 1‐10 3. Read section B3.2 pages 206‐ 214 4. Notepack Page 39‐40 5. Check and Reflect Page 214 #’s 2,4,6,8
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 39 of 41 Student Notes
Section3.2–TheDevelopmentofEngineTechnologyDevelopingTechnologyIfwelookatthetechnologywehavetoday,weknowthatwetakeitallforgranted;cars,planes,computers,ipods,cellphonesetc.Howlonghasittakentodevelopthevarioustechnologiesusedpersonally,professionallyoreventhemilitary?ThissectionisfocusingonInternalcombustionengines.Wearegoingtolookatthevariousdevelopmentsinenginetechnologyovertheyears.Useyourtextbooktofillinthefollowinginformationonthedevelopmentoftheseengines.Remembertokeepyouranswerssummative(don’tcopydirectlyfromthetext).TheGunpowderEngineWho:__________________________________________________________________________________________________
When:__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Why:___________________________________________________________________________________________________
ExplaintheTechnology:____________________________________________________________________________________
ProblemswiththeTechnology:______________________________________________________________________________
TheHeatEngineWho:__________________________________________________________________________________________________
When:__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Why:___________________________________________________________________________________________________
ExplaintheTechnology:____________________________________________________________________________________
ProblemswiththeTechnology:______________________________________________________________________________
TheSaveryEngineWho:__________________________________________________________________________________________________
When:__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Why:___________________________________________________________________________________________________
ExplaintheTechnology:____________________________________________________________________________________
ProblemswiththeTechnology:______________________________________________________________________________
TheNewcomenEngineWho:__________________________________________________________________________________________________
When:__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Why:___________________________________________________________________________________________________
ExplaintheTechnology:____________________________________________________________________________________
ProblemswiththeTechnology:______________________________________________________________________________
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 40 of 41 Student Notes
TheWattEngineWho:__________________________________________________________________________________________________
When:__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Why:___________________________________________________________________________________________________
ExplaintheTechnology:____________________________________________________________________________________
ProblemswiththeTechnology:_________________________________________________________
TheInternalCombustionEngine(1st)Who:_____________________________________________________________________________
When:_____________________________________________________________________________
Why:______________________________________________________________________________
ExplaintheTechnology:_______________________________________________________________
ProblemswiththeTechnology:_________________________________________________________
TheInternalCombustionEngine(2nd)Who:_____________________________________________________________________________
When:_____________________________________________________________________________
Why:______________________________________________________________________________
ExplaintheTechnology:_______________________________________________________________
ProblemswiththeTechnology:_________________________________________________________
Section3.3–UsefulEnergyWeusemachinestoconverttheenergyaddedtoit(_______________)toadifferentformofenergy(__________________)thatwemaywanttodowork(_____________________).Asystemwillalwayslosesomeenergyas____________________________.Inotherwords,theusefulenergyinputis___________equaltotheusefulenergyoutput.A________________________,whichis100%efficientinconvertingenergy,isonly________________.
________________isameasurementofhoweffectivelyamachine______________inputenergyintouseful
energyoutput.
This gives us the efficiency as a decimal between 0 and 1.
total work outputefficiency =
total work input
Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 41 of 41 Student Notes
Efficiencyissometimesexpressedasa_________________.
100%
Trytheseexamples:1. Inliftingacar,thetotalmechanicalenergyinputofahydraulichoistis5.61x104J,whilethe
usefulmechanicalenergyoutputis1.96x104J.Calculatethepercentefficiencyofthehoist.
2. Asmallelectricmotorhasanefficiencyof85%.Inliftingasmallload,itproduces15Jofmechanicalenergyinput.Calculatetheusefulmechanicalenergyoutputofthemotor.
3. ABunsenburnersupplies4.00x103Jofheattoasmallbeakerofwater.Only125Jofheatisgainedbythebeakerandwater.Calculatethepercentefficiencyoftheburner.
Section3.4–EnergyApplicationsForthissectionyouwillbecreatingyourownnotesbycompletingthefollowingquestions:
1. Theprimaryenergysourceforlifeonearthisthe______________.2. Definesolarenergysourcesandprovideexamples.
3. Definenon‐solarenergysourcesandprovideexamples.
4. Distinguishbetweenrenewableannon‐renewableresourcesandprovideexamplesofeach.
5. Themostimportantsourceofenergyinindustrialsocietiesis____________.6. Listthethreefactorsthathaveplaceddangerousdemandsonourenergysupplies.
7. Name2negativeeffectsofourdependenceonfossilfuels.
8. List3waysthatwecanmaintainsustainabledevelopment.
Assignment:
1. Read pages read pages 215 – 220 2. B3.3 Check and Reflect Page 220 #’s 1, 3 – 10
Assignment: 1. Section 3 Review page 228 #’s1‐20
2. Prepare for Physics Unit Exam
3. Complete Unit B Review page 232‐235