Download pdf - Unit B - Student Notes - Archbishop O'Leary High Schoolyakiwchuk.weebly.com/uploads/5/9/7/3/59730135/unit_b_-_student_n… · Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 3 of 41 Student

Science10

UnitB–Physics

This Booklet Belongs to: ____________________

Science 10 Unit B – Section 1.0 Page 2 of 41 Student Notes

UnitB‐Section1.0Section1.1‐MotionUniformmotion Motionoccurswhen _______________ _________ _________Thetermuniformmotiondescribesanobjectthatmovesataconstantrateinthesamedirection.Trueuniformmotionisnearlyimpossibletomaintaininreallifesituationsduetoforcessuchas _________________________AverageSpeedTheaveragespeedofthecarisdefinedas __________ __________Examples

1) Ahugeoceanwave,ortsunami,travelsadistanceof4.0x106min3.6x104s.Calculatetheaveragespeedofthetsunami.

2) AConcordeairplanecouldflyatanaveragespeedof694m/s.CalculatehowlongitwouldhavetakentheConcordetoflyaroundtheworld,whichisapproximately4.00x107m.

3) Anelectrictrainistravelingatanaveragespeedof6.9m/sfor4.0s.Calculatethedistancetraveledbythetrain.

avg

dv

t


GraphingSkillsIndependentVariableTheindependentvariableisalsocalledthemanipulatedvariable.Itistheonethattheexperimenterchanges,or .Itisalwaysplottedonthe .Whenlookingatadatatable,theindependentvariablewillbeseentoincreasebyregularintervals.DependantVariableThedependentvariableisalsocalledtherespondingvariable.Itistheonethattheexperimenter .It’svaluedependsontheindependentvariable.Itchangesinresponsetothechangethattheexperimentermakestothemanipulatedvariable.Itisalwaysplottedonthe .Whenlookingatadatatable,thedependentvariablewillNOTbeseentoincreasebyregularintervals.Forexample,todeterminethedensityofaliquid,astudentmeasuresthemassofvariousvolumesoftheliquid.

Volumeisthe becausetheexperimentersetit,anditincreasesbyregularintervals.Massisthe becausetheexperimentermeasureditanditdoesnotincreasebyregularintervals.

Rememberwhengraphing…

AllgraphsMUSThaveatitle,oftheyvsxformat. Eachaxismusthavetheappropriatelabelandthesymbol(abbreviation)forthe

units,inbrackets. Eachpointthatyouplaceonthegraphmustbecircled.

Volume(ml) Mass(g)

10.0 26.7

20.0 53.6

30.0 80.6

40.0 107.1

50.0 134.0


DefiningSlopeSlope(m)measures .Slopemaybedefinedastheverticalchange(rise)dividedbythehorizontalchange(run).Howtodetermineslope

1. Pickanytwopointsonthegraph.Labelthepointsas(x,y)2. Substitutethevaluesintotheslopeformula.Remembertoincludeunits

***Remembertopresenttheslopewithunitsandtoanappropriatenumberof

significantdigits!!!Example

Lineswithapositivesloperisetotheright. Lineswithanegativeslopefalltotheright. Horizontallineshaveaslopeofzero. Verticallineshaveaninfiniteslope.

LinesofBestFitIfthereisaclearpatternamongthepoints,drawabestfitlinethatcomesascloseaspossibletomostofthepoints.Bestfitlinemaybestraightorcurved.

Distance vs Time

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 10 20 30 40 50Time (h)

Dis

tan

ce (

km

)

(s)

(m)


DistancetimegraphsAmotorboatistravelingataconstantspeed.Apersonontheshoreisrecordingthedistancetheboattravelsawayfromthefirstmarkerbuoyevery2.0s.Adistancevstimegraphcanbeplottedtoanalyze oftheboat.

Timet(s)

DistancefromFirstMarkerd(m)

0.0 0

2.0 10

4.0 20

6.0 30

8.0 40

10.0 50

The___________ofalineonadistance‐timegraphisequal .

Thisgraphshowsthemotionofthreedifferentcars.Despitedifferentslopes,allthreecarshaveaconstantspeed.Thisisbecausetheslopeoftheirlinedoesnotchange.Car1istravelingataconstantspeed, thancar2Car2istravelingataconstantspeed, thancar1Car3is

0

10

20

30

40

50

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

Time (s)

Distance vs. Time graph

Distance (m)


Speed‐Timegraph

TimeWhenBoatPassesMarker

t(s)

SpeedoftheBoatasitPassesEach

Markerv(m/s)

0.0 5.00

2.0 5.00

4.0 5.00

6.0 5.00

8.0 5.00

10.0 5.00Theboatisexhibiting ,sothatmeansthespeeddoesnotchange.Ahorizontallinehas ,andthatmeansthatthespeedstaysconstantastimepasses.Theslopeofalineonaspeed‐timegraphindicatesthatanobjectiseither .

Theareaunderthelineofaspeed‐timegraphdetermines

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________area=lengthxwidth

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

Speed vs. Time graph

Time (s)

Speed (m/s)

Object A is increasing its speed Object B is decreasing its speed

Assignment: 1) Read Textbook Pages 472‐477 (Graphing)

2) Read Textbook Pages 126‐133

3) Pgs 7‐8 in Notepack 4) Read Check and Reflect pg 135 # 2,5‐13 a. Show all your work for all mathematical

calculations!


GraphicalAnalysisofUniformMotion(AverageSpeed)

Atickertaperecordsthemotionofanobjectatintervalsof0.10s.

. . . . . . . . . .

1.Completethefollowingtableofvalues,anddrawadistance‐timegraphofthemotion.

Timet(s)

Distanced(cm)

2.Onthegraph,determinetheslopeofthegraphandstatewhatthesloperepresents.


3.Completethefollowingtableofvalues,anddrawanaveragespeed‐timegraphofthemotion.

Timet(s)

AverageSpeedv(cm/s)

0.0–0.10

0.10–0.20

0.20–0.30

0.30–0.40

0.40–0.50

0.50–0.60

0.60–0.70

0.70–0.80

0.80–0.90

0.90–1.00

4.Onthegraph,determinetheslopeandtheareabelowthelineofbestfit.Statewhatquantitiestheslopeandthearearepresent.


Section1.2‐VelocityScalarsandVectorsScalar:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ex.____________________________Vector:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ex.____________________________Position:The_____________________ofanobjectistheseparationbetweenthatobjectanda_____________________.(whichisusually“zero”onthescale)

Sincewestatedthedirection,positionisa_____________________quantity.

Distance,________________________________________________________________________________________________________Youmeasurethedistancebetweentwoobjectsbymeasuringtheirseparation.

Ex.CarAis9.0mfromcarBnomatterwhereyouputthereferencepoint.

Sincewedidnotstatethedirection,distanceisa__________________quantity.Displacement:Thedisplacement_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Ex.Thecarhasmovedadistanceof5.0m.

Thedisplacementofthecaris5.0m________________________.

Sincewestatedthedirection,displacementisa_________________quantity.


VectorSignConventionsWhenusingvectorquantitiesinformulas,____________________________________________________________________Instead,weusepositive(+)andnegative(‐)signs:X‐AxisMethodHowtousetheX‐axisMethod:Readthegridfrom0ocounterclockwiseandincludedirection.

• Upandrightare_______________• Downandleftare______________• Directionsbetweenaxislinesaregivenonlyindegrees.

Ex.VectorAispositionedat5m(220o)Seepage139,exampleproblemB1.4formoreexamples.NavigatorMethodHowtousetheNavigatorMethod:Readthegridfrom0oclockwiseandincludedirection.

• Northandeastare_______________• Southandwestare________________• Directionsbetweenaxislinesaregivenonlyindegrees.

Ex.VectorAispositionedat5m(230o)Seepage140,exampleproblemB1.5formoreexamples.

Up (90o)

Left (180o)

Down (270o)

Right (0o) 40

o

N (0o)

W (270o)

S (180o)

E (90o)

40o


PracticeProblems

1.

2.

3.


AverageVelocity

Thecarhasadisplacementof5.0mtotherightin1.2s.Theaveragevelocityofthecarisdefinedasachangeinpositionduringatimeinterval.Itiscalledanaveragevelocitybecause___________________________________________________________________________Sincewestatedthedirection,averagevelocityisa_________________quantity.PracticeProblemsp.141

1. Astudentwalks10.0m[E]in7.00s.Thenhewalksanother12.0m[E]in8.00s.Determine:a. Thedisplacementofthestudentin15.00s

b. Theaveragevelocityofthestudent

2. Aboattravelsatavelocityof8.00m/s[N]for14.0s.Whatisthedisplacementoftheboat?

3. Anairplaneflyingatavelocityof900km/h[W]travels400kmWest.Howlongwilltheplanebeinflight?

Theonlydifferencebetweendistance‐timegraphsandposition‐timegraphsisthatdirectionisincluded.Thismeansthattheslopeisequaltothevelocity.

5.0 m

t = 1.2 s

Assignments 1. read pages 137 – 144

2. Notepack Pg 13‐14

3. B1.2 Check and Reflect page 145 #’s 1‐7

avg

dv

t

We use the arrows “→” to indicate

vector quantities.


GraphicalAnalysisofUniformMotion(AverageVelocity)

Inintervalsof0.10s,atickertaperecordsthemotionofanobjecttravellingeast.

. . . . . . . . . .

1.Completethefollowingtableofvaluesanddrawaposition‐timegraphofthemotion.

Timet(s)

Position

d(cm)[east]

2. Onthegraph,determinetheslopeofthegraph.Statewhatthesloperepresents.


3.Completethefollowingtableofvalues,anddrawanaveragevelocity‐timegraphofthemotion.

Timet(s)

AverageVelocityv(cm/s)[east]

0.00–0.10

0.10–0.20

0.20–0.30

0.30–0.40

0.40–0.50

0.50–0.60

0.60–0.70

0.70–0.80

0.80–0.90

0.90–1.00

4.Onthegraph,determinetheslopeandtheareaofthegraph.Statewhatthesevaluesrepresent.


Section1.3‐AccelerationAccelerationis__________________________________________________________________________Where: So…. Because….

Sincevelocityisa____________________,ithasboth____________________________________.

So,an_________________________________________________________________________________.Inthiscourse,wewillfocusonobjectsthatarechangingspeed.

Refertothefigureonpg146.Meterspersecondsquared??Let’slookattheformulatobetterunderstandwhatthisreallymeans... So…“meterspersecondpersecond”So,forexample,anobjectwithanaccelerationof2.0m/s2changesitsvelocityby2.0m/seachsecond.So,“__________________________________”isthesameas“meterspersecondpersecond.”

a

v

t

Assignments 1. Read pages 146 – 147 2. B‐1.3 Check and Reflect

page 154 #’s 1 –9


PracticeProblems1. Ashuttlecraftacceleratesfromresttoavelocityof50m/s[upward]in4.00s.Whatisthe

acceleration?

2. Abaseballthrownat25.0m/sstrikesacatcher’smittandslowsdowntorestin0.500s.Whatisthemagnitudeoftheball’sacceleration?

3. Ahockeypucktravelingat10.0m/sstrikestheboards,comingtorestin0.0300s.Whatisthemagnitudeofthepuck’sacceleration?

4. Acardriverappliesthebrakesandslowsdownfrom15.0m/s[E]to5.00m/s[E]in4.00s.Determinethecar’sacceleration.

Position‐TimeGraphsRecallthattheslopeofthelineonaposition‐timegraphisthevelocityoftheobject,andthatanacceleratingobjectischangingitsvelocity.So,thatwouldgiveusa___________________________________________________________.A_______________lineonaposition‐timegraphmeanstheobjectis___________________________.Ifyouseeeitheroneofthesecurves,thenitis____________________________________.Ifyouseeeitheroneofthesecurves,thenitis____________________________________.


Velocity‐TimeGraphs

Timet(s)

VelocityofBoatv(m/s)[E]

0.0 0.0

1.0 2.0

2.0 4.0

3.0 6.0

4.0 8.0

5.0 10.0

Avelocity‐timegraphisusedtodescribethemotionoftheboatUsethegraphtodescribethemotionoftheobjectineachtimeinterval:

a) t = 0.0 s to t = 3.0 s b) t = 3.0 s to t = 5.0 s c) t = 5.0 s to t = 8.0 s

__________velocity _______velocity _________ velocity

A motorboat is accelerating in an easterly direction and the velocity of the boat is recorded every second for 5.0 seconds.


Thegraphscanberelatedtoeachother,butthatdoesn’tmeanyoulookatthemthesameway.

GraphingSummary

Assignments 1. Read pages 146 – 153 2. Check and Reflect page 154 #1‐4 3. Practice problems p 149 (#16) & 153 (#17) 4. Notepack Pg 19‐20


GraphicalAnalysisofAcceleratedMotionInintervalsof0.10s,atickertaperecordsthemotionofanobjecttravellingeast.

. . . . . . . .

1.Completethefollowingtableofvalues,anddrawaposition‐timegraphofthemotion.

Timet(s)

Position

d(cm)[east]

2. Onthegraph,determinetheslopeofthegraph.Statewhatthesloperepresents.


3.Completethefollowingtableofvalues,anddrawanaveragevelocity‐timegraphofthemotion.

Timet(s)

AverageVelocityv(cm/s)[east]

0.00–0.10

0.10–0.20

0.20–0.30

0.30–0.40

0.40–0.50

0.50–0.60

0.60–0.70

4.Onthegraph,determinetheslopeandtheareaofthegraph.Statewhatthesevaluesrepresent.


Section1.4–WorkandEnergyAforce_________________________________________________________________________________________________.Theunitforforceisthe______________________.Thesymbolusedis_______.Wewillonlyreviewforcesbrieflyandqualitatively,buttheformulaforcalculatingforcesis:“Onenewtonequalsonekilogrammetrepersecondsquared.”BalancedForces

Whentheforcesactingonanobjectarebalanced,itwillremainata_________________________(includingzero).

Force1andforce2arebalanced(_______________________________________________________________________).

Toliftaballupataconstantspeed,youmustapplyaforcethatis

_______________________________________________________pullsontheballwith(i.e.theweightoftheobject).

UnbalancedForces

Iftheforcesactingonanobjectareunbalanced,______________________________________________________________.

Thedirectionoftheaccelerationwillbeinthedirectionofthe________________force.

Forcescanbeusedtotransferenergy,orconvertenergyfromoneformtoanother.Work&EnergyWorkandenergyaretwoconceptswhichareverycloselyrelatedtooneanother.Energy:______________________________________________________________________________Work:_______________________________________________________________________________Inphysics,wespeakaboutworkbeingdone____________________________________.TheS.I.unitforworkisthe______________.

1joule=______


Thejoule,liketheNewton,isa________________.Toseehowwebreakitdownfromit’sfundamentalunits,welookattheformulaWorkisatransfer(orconversion)of__________.So,theunitthatweuseforenergyisalsothejoule.Theformulaforworkcanalsobetranslatedinto:Thedirectiontheobjectmovesmustbeinthe_____________________astheappliedforce,otherwise____________________________________________________________________.WorkInputandWorkOutput

The___________(orenergy)__________________canbecalculatedusingtheformula______________. Whendoingwork,________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________. The___________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________. Itisthe_______________________________________________________________________________.

CalculatingWorkFromForcevsDisplacementGraphs

Tocalculateworkfromaforce‐displacementgraph,wecalculatethe_______________________________. By“underthecurve,”wemeantheareabetween______________________________________________. Let’ssaywewantedtocalculatetheworkdoneontheobjectinmovingit10.0m

o Theareaunderthecurveformsa__________________

So,theworkdonewas_______.

Assignments 1. Read pages 155 – 160 2. Prepare for section 1 quiz 3. Section Review page 162‐163 # 1‐24 4. Notepack p.23


WorkandEnergy

Usethefollowinginformationtoanswerthequestionsbelow:

Astudentexertsaforceof100Ntopushawagonwithamassof20.0kg(aweightof196N)adistanceof35.0mupahill.Thenetverticalheightgainofthewagonis10.0m.

1.Whatistheworkinputofthestudent?

2.Howmuchenergywasexpendedbythestudent?

3.Whatisthenetworkoutputofthestudent?

4.Whathappenedtotheextrawork?


UnitB–Section2.0Section2.1–FormsofEnergyChemicalEnergy

• Chemicalenergyisthe__________________________storedinthechemicalbondsofcompoundsExamples:

• Foodprovidesenergyafterthebondsfoundinfoodarebroken• Thechemicalenergyinamatchisreleasedafterisitstruck

ElectricalEnergy

• Electricalenergyisthe_________________bymovingcharges– Canproducebothheatandlight

Examples:• Lightbulb• Batteries

Magnetism

• Magnetismisaproperty,possessedbycertainmaterials,to_________________similarmaterials.Magnetismisassociatedwithmovingelectricity.

NuclearEnergy• Nuclearenergyisthepotentialenergystoredinthe____________ofanatom.Whenthenucleiis

split(___________)orwhentwonucleicombine(_____________)energyisreleased.SolarEnergy

• Solarenergyisproducedfroma________________nuclearfusionreactionwiththereleaseofnuclearenergy.

• Solarenergyisoftenconvertedtootherformsofenergysuchasheat.Forexample,agreenhouse.

KineticEnergy• Kineticenergyisenergythatcando_____________________________

Examples:WindandFlowingwater

Mini History of People: ____________________

• Discovered that electricity could produce magnetism • By placing a metal wire with a current passing through it over a compass, he noticed that the

compass wire moved. • See page 166, Figure B2.3

____________________ • Discovered that magnetism could produce electricity. • By moving a magnet through a coil of wire, Faraday produced an electrical current and the first

generator • See page 166, Figure B2.4


GravitationalPotentialEnergy• Gravitationalpotentialenergyisenergythathasthepotentialtodoworkduetoit’sposition

abovethe_____________surface.Example:

• Arollercoasterontopofacrest

MechanicalEnergy• Mechanicalenergyisthe___________oftheenergyof_____________________________

Example:• Mechanicalenergy=kineticenergy+potentialenergy

Newton'scradle• The_________ofNewton'scradlewasfirstexplainedbyaliving

force‐“visvisa”• Whatisactuallyhappeningisthatthegravitationalpotential

energyoftheraisedballisconvertedintokineticenergywhenreleased.Asaresult,amajorityofthemechanicalenergyisconservedandthecradlewillcontinuethismotionforsometime.

HeatEnergy

• Heatenergyisthetransferof___________duetovibrationsandthemovementofatomsfromahotobjecttoacoldobject

JoulesExperiments

• Joulesexperimentssupportedtheideathattransformationsofheatenergyintomechanicalenergycouldonlyoccurwhenthermalenergyflowedfromhottocoldobjects.Also,theyalsosupportedtheideathatinthisprocesssomeenergy,intheformofheat,isalwayslost.

JoulesChurn• Asthemassfalls,thewaterischurned,causingthe

temperatureofthewatertoincrease.• Thepotentialenergyofthemassisconvertedintothe

kineticenergyofthepaddles,allowingthewatertomoveandtransformintoheat.

• Asaresult,Joulesexperimentsupportedaconnectionbetweenpotentialenergyandheat.

FallingBlockExperiment• Afallingblockofwoodhitsastationaryblockandthe

______________oftheblockincreases• Thekineticenergyofthefallingblockistransferredtothestationaryblockandthe

temperatureofthestationaryblockincreasesasaresult.Joulesexperimentsupportedaconnectionbetweenkineticenergyandheat.

Assignment: 1. Read pages 164‐170

2. Check and Reflect pg 172, #4‐8, 12‐14.


Section2.2–PotentialEnergyMassvsWeight

Themassofanobjectisameasureofthe____________________________________________________. Themassofanobjecthasnothingtodowiththeamountof_____________. AnobjectwillhavethesamemassonEarthasitdoesonthe_________,oreveninaregionwherethereis

nogravity. Massisa___________quantity,andismeasuredinkilograms(kg).

The_______ofanobjectisthegravitationalforceexertedonitbyalargebody(usuallyEarth). Weightisa________,andisthereforeavectorquantityandmeasuredinnewtons(N).

Ex.yourmassstaysthesameonthemoon,butyourweightwillchangeduetoadifferenceintheamountof___________actingonyou.PotentialEnergy

Potentialenergyisenergystoredinanobjectbecauseofitsstateorposition. Examplesinclude:__________potentialenergy/___________potentialenergy

Inthiscourse,wewillfocusongravitationalpotentialenergy.PracticeProblems

1. Achildwithamassof25.0kgisatthetopofaslideinanamusementpark.Iftheverticalheightoftheslideis4.00m,calculatethegravitationalpotentialenergyofthechildrelativetotheground.

2. An800‐gbirdhas47.0Jofgravitationalpotentialenergywhenitisperchedhighupinatree.Calculatethebird’sverticalheightfromtheground.

3. Ahangingsignis3.00mabovethegroundandhas1.47x103Jofgravitationalpotentialenergy.Calculatethemassofthesign.

Assignment:

1. Check and Reflect Pg 178 (1‐10)

gF mg

pE mgh


Section2.3–KineticEnergyKineticEnergyKineticenergyis__________________________________Anymovingobjectthathasmass,haskineticenergy.Thekineticenergyofanobjectvariesdirectlyasits______. Example:ifyoudoublethemassofanobject,itskineticenergywilldouble.Thekineticenergyofonobjectvariesdirectlyasthesquareofits________. Thisisa“directsquared”relationship!Example:ifyoudoublethespeedofanobject,itskineticenergywillincreasebyafactorof_________.Examples:

1. Calculatethekineticenergyofanelectronwithamassof9.11x10‐31kgmovingatauniformspeedof2.00x105m/s.

2. Asmalltoymovinghorizontallyatauniformspeedof2.2m/shasakineticenergyof18J.Calculatethemassofthetoy.

3. Abaseballwithamassof300ghasakineticenergyof304J.Calculatethespeedofthebaseball.

4. Amovingtoywithamassof7.4kghasakineticenergyof18J.Calculatethespeedofthetoy.

Assignment: 1. Check and Reflect Page 182 #’s 1 – 7, 10(a thinker!)

2. Notepack pg 5.

212KE mv

KE m

2 KE v

2 2KE

4KE


KineticEnergyandMotion

Usethefollowinginformationtoanswerthequestionsbelow.

AballrollsfrompositionAtopositionBin15.0s.

1. Whatisthedistancetravelledbytheballin15.0s?

2.Whatistheaveragespeedoftheball?

3.Whatisthekineticenergyofthe2.00‐kgball?


Section2.4–MechanicalEnergyThetermmechanicalenergymeansthe_______ofanobject’spotentialandkineticenergy.

Whenworkisdoneonanobject,theobject______energyasaresult. Anobjectisgainingkineticenergyifit_________________itsspeed. Anobjectisgaininggravitationalpotentialenergyifitisgetting_____________abovethereferencepoint

(theground).

TheLawofConservationofMechanicalEnergy“Withinaclosed,isolatedsystem,energycanchangeform,butthetotalamountofmechanicalenergyremainsconstant.”Allthisreallymeansisthatpotentialenergyisbeingconvertedtokineticenergy,orviceversa.PracticeProblems:

1. Aseagullflyinghorizontallyat8.00m/scarriesaclamwithamassof300ginitsbeak.Calculatethetotalmechanicalenergyoftheclamwhentheseagullis30.0mabovetheground.

2. A55.0kghigh‐jumpathleteleapsintotheairinanattempttoclearthebar.Atthetopoftheleap,theathletehasatotalmechanicalenergyof3.00x103Jandismovingat8.33m/s.Calculatethegravitationalpotentialenergyoftheathlete.

3. Aconstructionworkerdropsa2.00kghammerfromaroof.Whenthehammeris50.0mabovetheground,ithasatotalmechanicalenergyof1.88x103J.Calculatethekineticenergyofthehammer.

A closed, isolated system means that it is isolated from external forces, so no work can be done on it (i.e. energy can’t be added or taken away). It is sometimes referred to as a frictionless system. Friction “dissipates” energy as useless heat.

Assignment: 1. Notepack Pg 30‐31

2. Check and Reflect Page 188 #’s, 5‐9

m K PE E E

k PE E

212 mv mgh

212v gh


PracticeProblems4. A10.0kgwaterballoonisdroppedfromaheightof12.0m.Calculatethespeedoftheballoonjust

beforeithitstheground.

5. A30.0kgchildonatrampolinejumpsverticallyintotheairataninitialspeedof1.60m/s.Calculatehowhighthechildwillrise.

6. A20.0gdartisfiredfromadartgunwithahorizontalspeedof4.10m/s.Thetotalmechanicalenergyofthedartis0.481J.Calculatethegravitationalpotentialenergyofthedart.

7. Apendulumconsistsofa500gmetalballsuspendedona50.0cmstring.Theballispulledhorizontallyandupatotalverticaldistanceof10.0cm.Itisthenreleased.Atthebottomofthearc,themechanicalenergyoftheballwasdeterminedtobe0.491J.Whatwasthespeedoftheballatthebottomofitsarc?


MechanicalEnergyandthePendulum

ApendulumatpositionAisreleasedandswingsthroughpositionBtopositionContheotherside. 1.Describethetotalmechanicalenergyateachofthefollowingpositions:

A_____________________________________________________________________

B_____________________________________________________________________

C_____________________________________________________________________

2.Describetheenergytransformations:

FromAtoB______________________________________________________________

FromBtoC______________________________________________________________

3.Onthediagram,identifythepositionswhenthependulumhas:a) amaximumspeedb) aminimumspeedc) greatestpotentialenergyd) leastpotentialenergye) greatestkineticenergyf) leastkineticenergy

4.Usethediagramaboveasanexampletoexplainthelawofconservationofenergy.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________


5.Thependulumhasamassof1.00k.Itrisestoaverticalheightof0.320m.

a) Whatisthemaximumgravitationalpotentialenergyofthependulum?

b) Ifthependulumisreleased,whatisthemaximumkineticenergyofthependulum?c) Whatwillbethemaximumspeedofthependulum?


Section2.5–EnergyConversionsEvidenceofenergyconversions

o ___________________________________ Forexample,theworkdonebyapitcherisconvertedintoaball’smotion

o ___________________________________

Forexample,apersonclimbsaladder

o ___________________________________ Forexample,anarcherpullsthestringsofabowback

o ___________________________________

Forexample,waterbeingstoboilonastoveReadpage190‐191andcompletetheMindsonactivity…Identifyingenergyconversionsinnature.1. Listalltheenergyconversions,inorderstartingfromsolarenergybeingemittedfromtheSuntothefinal

useoffossilfuels

2. Isallthesolarenergythatstrikesplantsstoredaschemicalpotentialenergyinfossilfuels?Canyou

identifyplaceswheresolarenergyiswastedinthisenergyconversionsystem?

3. Whatisthemaindifferencebetweenphotosynthesisandrespirationorcombustion?

Assignment: 1. Complete Notepack pages 10‐13

2. Section 2 Review: Page 196‐197 #’s

2,4,5,9,11,12,13,16,17,20,21,22 ‐30

3. Prepare for Section 2.0 Quiz


Hydro‐ElectricPowerStation

1.Describetheoperationofahydro‐electricpowerstation.Inyourdescription,identifyandlabelalltheimportantpartswhereanenergytransferortransformationisoccurring.Describeeachoftheseenergytransformations.

2.Stateadrawbackofthistechnology.


Coal‐BurningPowerStation

1.Describetheoperationofacoal‐burningpowerstation.Inyourdescription,identifyandlabelalltheimportantpartswhereanenergytransferortransformationisoccurring.Describeeachoftheenergytransformations.



NuclearPowerStation

1.Describetheoperationofanuclearpowerstation.Inyourdescription,identifyandlabelalltheimportantpartswhereanenergytransferortransformationisoccurring.Describeeachoftheenergytransformations.



SolarCell

1.Describetheoperationofasolarcell.Inyourdescription,identifyandlabelalltheimportantpartswhereanenergytransferortransformationisoccurring.Describeeachoftheenergytransformations.

2.Stateadrawbackofthistech


UnitB–Section3.0‐PhysicsSection3.1–LawsofThermodynamicsLawsofThermodynamicsThermodynamicsisthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetween_______,_________________________.THE2LAWSOFTHERMODYNAMICSSTATE…

1. Thetotalenergy,includingheat,inasystemandit’ssurroundingsremainsconstant Typesofsystemsinclude:_________(exchangebothmatterandenergy),closed(exchange

energyONLY)and___________________________(exchangesneither). Thetotalenergyinasystemcanbeincreasedbyadding__________toasystemfromthe

surroundingsorby_________________theamountofworkdoneonasystem.(PositiveWork)

Negativeworkresultswhenthe_____________________inasystemdecreasesortheamountofworkdoneinasystemdecreases

2. Heatflowsfrom_______________objectsto_______________objects,resultinginsomeheatbeingconvertedinto______________________todowork

Asaresult,perpetualmotionorperfectmachinesare____________________sincesomeinputenergyisALWAYSconvertedtoheat

Youcanneverhave100%efficiency…youcannevergetoutofamachineasmuchasyouputin.

HeatEnginesandHeatPumpsHeatEnginesAheatengineisadevicewhichconverts_______________________________________________Examples:Thermo‐electricconverter,jetengineHeatPumpsAheatpumpisadevicewhichuses____________________________________________________Examples:Refrigeratorpump,airconditioner

Assignment: 1. Read pages 198 ‐205 2. Check and Reflect page 205 #’s 1‐10 3. Read section B3.2 pages 206‐ 214 4. Notepack Page 39‐40 5. Check and Reflect Page 214 #’s 2,4,6,8


Section3.2–TheDevelopmentofEngineTechnologyDevelopingTechnologyIfwelookatthetechnologywehavetoday,weknowthatwetakeitallforgranted;cars,planes,computers,ipods,cellphonesetc.Howlonghasittakentodevelopthevarioustechnologiesusedpersonally,professionallyoreventhemilitary?ThissectionisfocusingonInternalcombustionengines.Wearegoingtolookatthevariousdevelopmentsinenginetechnologyovertheyears.Useyourtextbooktofillinthefollowinginformationonthedevelopmentoftheseengines.Remembertokeepyouranswerssummative(don’tcopydirectlyfromthetext).TheGunpowderEngineWho:__________________________________________________________________________________________________

When:__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Why:___________________________________________________________________________________________________

ExplaintheTechnology:____________________________________________________________________________________

ProblemswiththeTechnology:______________________________________________________________________________

TheHeatEngineWho:__________________________________________________________________________________________________

When:__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Why:___________________________________________________________________________________________________



TheSaveryEngineWho:__________________________________________________________________________________________________

When:__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Why:___________________________________________________________________________________________________



TheNewcomenEngineWho:__________________________________________________________________________________________________

When:__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Why:___________________________________________________________________________________________________




TheWattEngineWho:__________________________________________________________________________________________________

When:__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Why:___________________________________________________________________________________________________


ProblemswiththeTechnology:_________________________________________________________

TheInternalCombustionEngine(1st)Who:_____________________________________________________________________________

When:_____________________________________________________________________________

Why:______________________________________________________________________________

ExplaintheTechnology:_______________________________________________________________


TheInternalCombustionEngine(2nd)Who:_____________________________________________________________________________

When:_____________________________________________________________________________

Why:______________________________________________________________________________

ExplaintheTechnology:_______________________________________________________________


Section3.3–UsefulEnergyWeusemachinestoconverttheenergyaddedtoit(_______________)toadifferentformofenergy(__________________)thatwemaywanttodowork(_____________________).Asystemwillalwayslosesomeenergyas____________________________.Inotherwords,theusefulenergyinputis___________equaltotheusefulenergyoutput.A________________________,whichis100%efficientinconvertingenergy,isonly________________.

________________isameasurementofhoweffectivelyamachine______________inputenergyintouseful

energyoutput.

This gives us the efficiency as a decimal between 0 and 1.

total work outputefficiency =

total work input


Efficiencyissometimesexpressedasa_________________.

100%

Trytheseexamples:1. Inliftingacar,thetotalmechanicalenergyinputofahydraulichoistis5.61x104J,whilethe

usefulmechanicalenergyoutputis1.96x104J.Calculatethepercentefficiencyofthehoist.

2. Asmallelectricmotorhasanefficiencyof85%.Inliftingasmallload,itproduces15Jofmechanicalenergyinput.Calculatetheusefulmechanicalenergyoutputofthemotor.

3. ABunsenburnersupplies4.00x103Jofheattoasmallbeakerofwater.Only125Jofheatisgainedbythebeakerandwater.Calculatethepercentefficiencyoftheburner.

Section3.4–EnergyApplicationsForthissectionyouwillbecreatingyourownnotesbycompletingthefollowingquestions:

1. Theprimaryenergysourceforlifeonearthisthe______________.2. Definesolarenergysourcesandprovideexamples.

3. Definenon‐solarenergysourcesandprovideexamples.

4. Distinguishbetweenrenewableannon‐renewableresourcesandprovideexamplesofeach.

5. Themostimportantsourceofenergyinindustrialsocietiesis____________.6. Listthethreefactorsthathaveplaceddangerousdemandsonourenergysupplies.

7. Name2negativeeffectsofourdependenceonfossilfuels.

8. List3waysthatwecanmaintainsustainabledevelopment.

Assignment:

1. Read pages read pages 215 – 220 2. B3.3 Check and Reflect Page 220 #’s 1, 3 – 10

Assignment: 1. Section 3 Review page 228 #’s1‐20

2. Prepare for Physics Unit Exam

3. Complete Unit B Review page 232‐235