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Unit 5 ReviewProkaryotes (monera), Eukaryotes (protista), Fungi
•Initial questions are worth 1 point each.•Each question will be followed by an explanation•All questions will be asked a second time at theAll questions will be asked a second time at the very end, each of those questions will be worth 2
points.p
S. L. Miller's classic experiment demonstrated that a discharge of sparks through a mixture of gases could result in theof sparks through a mixture of gases could result in the
formation of a large variety of organic compounds. All of thefollowing gases were used in this experiment EXCEPT
A. hydrogen
B thB. methane
C. ammonia
D. oxygen
E. water vaporE. water vapor
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0% 0%0%0%
When did we learn that?
…not sure, but it’s on the test.
•Stanley Miller’s experiment aimed to imitate the early atmosphere of the earth.
•Earth’s early atmosphere contained very little y p yO2 due to it’s high reactivity.
Which of the following are found in viruses?
A. Chloropiasts
B RibB. Ribosomes
C. Mitochondria
D. Nucleic acids
E. Golgi bodiesE. Golgi bodies
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0% 0%0%0%
The en me that is fo nd in retro ir ses and that is req ired forThe enzyme that is found in retroviruses and that is required for the synthesis of DNA from RNA is
A. DNA polymerase III
B RNA lB. RNA polymerase
C. Restriction endonuclease
D. Reverse transcriptase
E. DehydrogenaseE. Dehydrogenase
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0% 0%0%0%
In h mans the HIV ir s primaril attacks hich of the follo ingIn humans, the HIV virus primarily attacks which of the following types of cells?
(A) Epidermal cells
(B) R d bl d ll(B) Red blood cells
(C) White blood cells
(D) Glial cells
(E) Neurons(E) Neurons
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0% 0%0%0%
Viruses•Viruses are little more than nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
enclosed in a protein capsid.•Viruses are not technically living because they cannot
reproduce on their own.•Viruses must highjack the organelles of a host cell inViruses must highjack the organelles of a host cell in
order to create new copies of the virus•Many viruses contain DNA that can be implanted into a
host cellhost cell•Retroviruses contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase that allows DNA to be created from their RNA template
within the host cell•Viruses can either be in a lysogenic cycle, or a lytic cycle
within a cell.t a ce
Which of the follo ing processes is associated ith someWhich of the following processes is associated with some prokaryolic cells but not with eukaryotic cells?
(A) Photosynthesis
(B) A bi i ti(B) Aerobic respiration
(C) Meiosis
(D) Nitrogen fixation
(E) Endocytosis(E) Endocytosis
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0% 0%0%0%
In order for a bacterium to produce a eukaryotic protein, which p y p ,of the following must first be isolated from a eukaryotic cell prior
to cloning?
A. The protein's primary RNA transcript from the nucleusfrom the nucleus
B. The protein's mRNA from the cytoplasm
C The protein from the rough endoplasmicC. The protein from the rough endoplasmic reticulum
D Th i t f th t f DNAD. The introns from the segment of DNA that codes for the protein
E Th f DNA h l
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0% 0%0%0%
E. The segments of DNA that control transcription for this protein
Some varieties of Neisseria gonorrhoeas are now resistant to gpenicillin. These varieties of bacteria most probably developed
as a result of
A. natural selection
B h b id iB. hybrid vigor
C. coevolution
D. adaptive radiation
E. convergent evolutionE. convergent evolution
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0% 0%0%0%
Prokaryotesy•Prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus or organelles•Bacterial chromosomes are circular and do notBacterial chromosomes are circular and do not
contain introns•Most prokaryotes do not cause disease, disease
k ll d hcausing prokaryotes are called pathogens•Prokaryotes play a major role in an ecosystem by
decomposing organic matter and fixing nitrogen gasdecomposing organic matter and fixing nitrogen gas.•Prokaryotes come in 3 shapes: Cocci, Bacilli, and
Spirochetep•Prokaryotes can either be gram positive (cell wall of peptidoglycan) or gram negative (lipopolysaccharide
cell wall)cell wall).
The working of the lac operon is important for which ofThe working of the lac operon is important for which of the following reasons?
A. It represents a principal means by which genes are regulated in prokaryotes
B. It represents a principal means by which genes are regulated in eukaryotes
C It ill t t th l iti f RNAC. It illustrates the complexities of rRNAtranscription
D. It provided the first clues to how DNAD. It provided the first clues to how DNA replication is controlled during the cell cycle
E. The understand of it led to the development
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0% 0%0%0%
of an economical means for the biological production of lactose
Which of the following statements aboutWhich of the following statements about plasmids is correct?
A. They are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulumendoplasmic reticulum
B. The are found only in eukaryotic cells
C. They are composed of RNA
D. They are larger in size than bacterial chromosomes
E. They are self‐replicating
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0% 0%0%0%
E. They are self replicating
Prokaryotic Geneticsy•Gene expression is controlled by operons
•Prokaryotes can share DNA using plasmids (not to•Prokaryotes can share DNA using plasmids (not to be confused with plastids)
•Plasmids are self replicating extra‐chromosomalPlasmids are self replicating extra chromosomal rings of DNA that contain genes that may be
important for adaptation•Designer bacteria can be produced using restriction enzymes that splice in a segment of DNA into an
i i l idexisting plasmid.•Bacteria that take in a plasmid are said to be
“t f d”“transformed”
A microscopic, unicellular organism that has a cell wall impregnated with silicon and is important as planktonimpregnated with silicon and is important as plankton
in a food chain belongs to which of the following groups?groups?
A. Mosses
B Di tB. Diatoms
C. Cyanobacteria (blue‐green algae)
D. Ferns
E. Brown algaeE. Brown algae
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0% 0%0%0%
Which of the following provides the weakest evidence that mitochondria were once free‐living prokaryotes?
(A) Mitochondrial ribosomes resemble those of prokaryotes.
(B) Mitochondria have DNA that is circular and do not have histones or associated proteins.
(C) E th it h d i l(C) Enzyme pathways on mitochondrial membranes resemble those found on modern prokaryote membranes.p y
(D) Mitochondria reproduce by a process similar to binary fission.
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0% 0%0%0%
(E) Mitochondria and prokaryotes both are found in a variety of sizes.
EukaryotesyEukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organellesEukaryotes evolved from an endosymbioticEukaryotes evolved from an endosymbiotic
eventMitochondria were engulfed into a largerMitochondria were engulfed into a larger
prokaryote.A second endosymbiotic event occurred where aA second endosymbiotic event occurred where a eukaryotic cell engulfed a cyanobacteria that
developed into the plastiddeveloped into the plastid.Eukaryotic cells that are not fungi, plants or animals are classified in the kingdom protistaanimals are classified in the kingdom protista
FungigThere was not a single question on either released exam about
fungi.Here’s some random stuff:
•Fungi eat through absorption•They secrete exoenzymes to digest food without ingestion.They secrete exoenzymes to digest food without ingestion.
•Fungi have hyphae (tubes with large S.A.) that branch to make mycellium.
•Mycorrhizae is a symbiotic relationship between fungal•Mycorrhizae is a symbiotic relationship between fungal hyphae and plant roots.
•Fungi reproduce with sporesF l d ti t t h t l k•Fungal reproductive structures are what we commonly know
as mushrooms.•Fungi have cell walls made of Chitin
S. L. Miller's classic experiment demonstrated that a discharge of sparks through a mixture of gases could result in theof sparks through a mixture of gases could result in the
formation of a large variety of organic compounds. All of thefollowing gases were used in this experiment EXCEPT
A. hydrogen
B thB. methane
C. ammonia
D. oxygen
E. water vaporE. water vapor
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0% 0%0%0%
Which of the following are found in viruses?
A. Chloropiasts
B RibB. Ribosomes
C. Mitochondria
D. Nucleic acids
E. Golgi bodiesE. Golgi bodies
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0% 0%0%0%
The en me that is fo nd in retro ir ses and that is req ired forThe enzyme that is found in retroviruses and that is required for the synthesis of DNA from RNA is
A. DNA polymerase III
B RNA lB. RNA polymerase
C. Restriction endonuclease
D. Reverse transcriptase
E. DehydrogenaseE. Dehydrogenase
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0% 0%0%0%
In h mans the HIV ir s primaril attacks hich of the follo ingIn humans, the HIV virus primarily attacks which of the following types of cells?
(A) Epidermal cells
(B) R d bl d ll(B) Red blood cells
(C) White blood cells
(D) Glial cells
(E) Neurons(E) Neurons
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0% 0%0%0%
Which of the follo ing processes is associated ith someWhich of the following processes is associated with some prokaryolic cells but not with eukaryotic cells?
(A) Photosynthesis
(B) A bi i ti(B) Aerobic respiration
(C) Meiosis
(D) Nitrogen fixation
(E) Endocytosis(E) Endocytosis
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0% 0%0%0%
In order for a bacterium to produce a eukaryotic protein, which p y p ,of the following must first be isolated from a eukaryotic cell prior
to cloning?
A. The protein's primary RNA transcript from the nucleusfrom the nucleus
B. The protein's mRNA from the cytoplasm
C The protein from the rough endoplasmicC. The protein from the rough endoplasmic reticulum
D Th i t f th t f DNAD. The introns from the segment of DNA that codes for the protein
E Th f DNA h l
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0% 0%0%0%
E. The segments of DNA that control transcription for this protein
Some varieties of Neisseria gonorrhoeas are now resistant to gpenicillin. These varieties of bacteria most probably developed
as a result of
A. natural selection
B h b id iB. hybrid vigor
C. coevolution
D. adaptive radiation
E. convergent evolutionE. convergent evolution
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0% 0%0%0%
The working of the lac operon is important for which ofThe working of the lac operon is important for which of the following reasons?
A. It represents a principal means by which genes are regulated in prokaryotes
B. It represents a principal means by which genes are regulated in eukaryotes
C It ill t t th l iti f RNAC. It illustrates the complexities of rRNAtranscription
D. It provided the first clues to how DNAD. It provided the first clues to how DNA replication is controlled during the cell cycle
E. The understand of it led to the development
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0% 0%0%0%
of an economical means for the biological production of lactose
Which of the following statements aboutWhich of the following statements about plasmids is correct?
A. They are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulumendoplasmic reticulum
B. The are found only in eukaryotic cells
C. They are composed of RNA
D. They are larger in size than bacterial chromosomes
E. They are self‐replicating
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0% 0%0%0%
E. They are self replicating
A microscopic, unicellular organism that has a cell wall impregnated with silicon and is important as planktonimpregnated with silicon and is important as plankton
in a food chain belongs to which of the following groups?groups?
A. Mosses
B Di tB. Diatoms
C. Cyanobacteria (blue‐green algae)
D. Ferns
E. Brown algaeE. Brown algae
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0% 0%0%0%
Which of the following provides the weakest evidence that mitochondria were once free‐living prokaryotes?
(A) Mitochondrial ribosomes resemble those of prokaryotes.
(B) Mitochondria have DNA that is circular and do not have histones or associated proteins.
(C) E th it h d i l(C) Enzyme pathways on mitochondrial membranes resemble those found on modern prokaryote membranes.p y
(D) Mitochondria reproduce by a process similar to binary fission.
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0% 0%0%0%
(E) Mitochondria and prokaryotes both are found in a variety of sizes.