By Alexa Berry, Samantha Liebensohn, Julianna Shalhoub

UNIT 3: AGE OF EXCHANGE

The religion of Islam started in ArabiaThe clans provided support for each other because of

the conditions that occurred in the desert. Some areas consisted of fertile soil and water

supplies in communities, which helped people farm. Arabs had selected to settled by a market town. Other

settlers from the west coast of Arabia also became market towns, resulting in long-distance trade.

The trade routes ran from the south to the north of Arabia.

The items that were traded consisted of spices, and incense, along with information. For example, ideas from outside of Arabia.

ISLAM GEOGRAPHY

In the Islam religion they were monotheistic , they believed in one God; Allah

The Muslims had a religious book called the Qur’anThe Muslim belief is that Muhammad was very

interested in religions, and one day when he was praying outside of cave by Mecca, a voice that belonged the angel Gabriel, came and spoke to him. After this, Muhammad went on to teach people about Allah by preaching in Mecca publicly.

Muhammad moved on to Islam which became a famous migration, Hijrah. When Muhammad returned to Mecca, may people joined his Muslim religious community.

ISLAM RELIGION

Faith: In the Muslim religion they must swear under oath to obey the statement, “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.”

Prayer: The Muslim traditions requires people to face Mecca and pray five times a day, in their homes or in a mosque, or where ever they like.

Alms: Muslims were taught to have responsibility and to care for others. As a result, they give out alms, and money to the poor to help them, just as they were taught by Muhammad.

Fasting: Muslims fast which shows that there are more appreciated of their spiritual lives rather than their everyday life. The Muslims fast between dawn and sunset during their Holy Month.

Pilgrimage: All Muslims must make the pilgrimage to Mecca if they can.

FIVE PILLARS

Muslim influence had attracted people from various places

Damascus was the center of Islamic learning and other cities soon grew around power centers symbolizing the strength of the caliphate

The major capital city of Abbasid was Baghdad It’s population consisted of four social classes

including Muslim at birth, people who converted to Islam, the “protected people” which had Christians, Jews and Zoroastrians, and slaves

Women had equal rights and were considered equal as believers

ISLAM’S GOLDEN AGE

Art and Literature: calligraphy- the art of beautiful handwriting poetry- celebrated ideas of bravery, love, generosity, and

hospitality no pictures of Muhammad House of Wisdoms- combination of a library, academy, and

translation centerMath and Science:

Algebra medical advances- C-section astronomy- observed stars, comets, and planets

ISLAM’S GOLDEN AGE ACHIEVEMENTS

Caliph- a supreme political/religious leader in Muslim government

Hajj- a pilgrimage to Mecca, preformed as a duty by Muslims

Hijrah- Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Ya thrib

Mosque- an Islamic place of worship

ISLAM AND ISLAM’S GOLDEN AGE VOCABULARY

527A.D.: Justinian succeeded his uncle from throne in in 533A.D. he sent Belisarius to recover North Africa

Justinian soon ruled almost all the territory Rome didThe emperors ruled with absolute power- controlling

the states and church Justinian built the Hagia Sophia(meaning “Holy

Wisdom” in Greek) and it’s considered the most splendid church in the Christian

Constantinople became the capital Justinian died in 565 causing the empire to suffer

BYZANTINE EMPIRE

After Justinian’s death, there was riots, palace intrusions, religious quarrels, and foreign dangers

Problems included: A disease similar to the bubonic plague which in 542 killed

10,000 people each day Foreign enemies attacked from the east and west and the

Byzantine empire used bribes, military power, political marriages, and diplomacy

The church split(western and eastern) “the Christian…should not be desirous money, nor treasure up

on unnecessary things to no avail.” –Saint Basil

BYZANTINE EMPIRE

BYZANTINE EMPIRE TIMELINE

The Justinian Code is the uniform code created by the panel

If consisted of four works including the:

Codex: contained nearly 5,000 Roman laws that were still considered useful for the Byzantine Empire.

Digest: quoted and summarized the opinions of Rome’s greatest legal thinkers about the laws. (50 volumes)

Institutes: textbook that told law students how to use the law

Novellae: (New Laws) presented legalism passed after 534

BYZANTINE EMPIRE:JUSTINIAN CODE

Excommunication- the taking away of a person’s right of membership in a Christian church

Icon- a religious image used by eastern ChristiansPatriarch- a principal bishop in the eastern branch of

Christianity

BYZANTINE EMPIRE VOCABULARY

The Han Dynasty fell in 220 A.D. and no emperor was strong enough to save it

Many other dynasties tried to hold China together but failed over the next 350 years

589 A.D.: Northern and Southern China became untied by Wendy and as a result a strong central government was created

The Tang and Song dynasty ruled during the Golden Age of China

China was known to be the richest and most advanced country at the time

CHINA’S GOLDEN AGE

Science, Technology, and Math: the moveable typewriter- typed a page of individual

characters gun powder- many explosive weapons such as bombs,

grenades, small rockets, and cannons porcelain clock paper money magnetic compass arithmetic algebra use of negative numbers

CHINA’S GOLDEN AGE ACHIEVEMENTS

Agriculture and Trade: rice was an important crop because it feed the rapid

growing population Vietnam imported a new type of rice that grew fast Silk Road was used to trade when the compass was developed they used ocean trade Buddhism spread from China to Japan and Vietnam

CHINA’S GOLDEN AGE ACHIEVEMENTS

Art and Literature: Poetry- poets wrote about life’s pleasures, war and

Confuism. For example, Li Bo and Tu Fu Painters painted about Daoist influences and natural

landscapes A lot of Chinese painters used black ink

CHINA’S GOLDEN AGE ACHIEVEMENTS

Conquest Under the rule of Genghis Khan the Mongols conquered Asia 1225: the Mongols controlled central Asia Genghis Khan was a smart strategist but cruel and died in

1227 The Mongols then conquered from China to Poland and

invaded North China and Korea The Pax Mongolica was known as the Mongol peace from

the 1200s to the 1300s

MONGOLS

Empire: Kublai Khan became emperor and created the Yuan dynasty He united China and was their greatst emperor He opened China to greater trade but failed to take over

Japan When the Yuan dynasty fell, the empire disintegrated

MONGOLS

Bubonic Plague- a deadly disease that spread across Asia and Europe in the mid-1400 th century killing millions of people

CHINA’S GOLDEN AGE AND THE MONGOLS VOCABULARY

As a result of the invasions of the Vikings, Magyars and Muslims, the Europeans lived in fear and danger and created Feudalism

The system was based on protection, rights and obligations people have. For example, the lord gave land to a vassal in exchange for his military protection

People social status’s were effected by the Feudal system

The lord’s house was called a manor. The manor was part of the arrangement that the lord made to his serfs.

The manor was self-sufficient because it provided for itself. This is because it provided protection, farmland, and resting to its residents.

FEUDALISM IN EUROPE

Fief- an estate granted to a vassal by a lord under the feudal system in medieval Europe

Knight- in medieval Europe, an armored warrior who fought on horseback

Lord- in feudal Europe, a person who controlled land and could therefore grant estates to vassals

Manor- a lord’s estate in feudal Europe Serf- a medieval peasant legally bound to live on a

lord’s estate Tithe- a family’s payment of one-tenth of its income

to a church Vassal- in feudal Europe, a person who received a

grant of land from a lord in exchange for a pledge of loyalty and services

FEUDALISM IN EUROPE VOCABULARY

The pope took all order Many people practiced sacraments which brought

people together and created a stable environment This allowed people to worship their religion and the

church developed lawsSome people think that the kings shouldn’t have all

the powerAs a result King Henry IV called a meeting because he

didn’t agree with others and Pope Gregory VII In the end, Gregory excommunicated Henry

ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH

Pope Urban II called for a crusade to gain control of the Holy Land from the Muslims

The crusades had won a strip of land from Edessain to the north of Jerusalem

Edessain was taken back by the Turks in 1114. As a result, the crusades went back to conquer the land but failed.

1204: the attempt to capture Jerusalem failed. As a result, they didn’t win back the Holy Land but got Constantiople instead

The Spanish crusades: the Spanish controlled most of the land until the Reconquista

came and drove most of the Muslims out of Spain to bring back their country and their religion, Christianity,

they created an inquisition which was made to stop heresy

THE CRUSADES

THE CRUSADES

Success Failure The crusades had a

lot of power during these times

Merchants expanded trade from Europe to Southwest Asia

The traded spices, fruits, and cloth

The pope had less power

The feudal system became weaker

The king’s power increased

They didn’t regain back the Holy Land

THE CRUSADES: MAP

Three-field system- a system of farming develop in Medieval Europe in which farmland was divided into three fields of size and each of these was successfully planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop and left unplanted.

Crusade- one of the expeditions in which medieval Christian warriors sought to recover control of the Holy Land from the Muslims

Gothic- relating a style of church architect that developed in Medieval Europe

Guild- a medieval association of people working at the same occupation which controlled its members wages and prices

Inquisition- a Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy

THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE CRUSADES VOCABULARY

Lay Investiture- the appointment of religious officials by kings and nobles

Reconquista- the effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain lasting from the 1100s to 1492

Sacrament- one of the Christian ceremonies in which God’s grace is transmitted to people

Simony- the selling or buying of positions in a Christian church

Vernacular- the everyday language of people in a region or country

THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE CRUSADES VOCABULARY(CONT.)

Aristocracy- a government in which power is on the hands of a heredity ruling class or nobility

Autocracy- a government in which the ruler has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner

Bureaucracy- a system of departments and agencies formed to carry out the work of government

Century- a period of one hundred yearsCivilization- a form of culture characterized by cities,

specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping and advanced for it

Command economy- an economic system in which the government makes all the economic decisions

Cultural diffusion- the spreading of ideas and products from one culture to another

REQUIRED VOCABULARY

Democracy- a government controlled by its citizens, either directly or through representatives

Dictatorship- a political ruler given absolute power to make laws and command the army for a limited time

Dynasty- a series of rulers from a single family Empire- a political unit in which a number of or

countries are controlled by a single rulerEquator- an imaginary line drawn around the earth

equally distant from both poles, dividing the earth into northern and southern hemispheres

Golden Age- a time of peace and prosperity with little to no wars; advances in art, science, literature, and economy

REQUIRED VOCABULARY(CONT.)

Latitude- the angular distance of a place north or south of the earth’s equator

Longitude- the angular distance of a place east or west of the meridian at Greenwich

Market economy- a capitalistic economic system in which there is free competition and prices

Mixed economy- an economy in which there are elements of both public and private enterprise

Monarch- a government in which power is in the hands of a single person

Monotheism- a belief in a single godOligarchy- a government in which power is in the

hands of few people

REQUIRED VOCABULARY(CONT.)

Polytheism- a belief in many godsPrime meridian- meridian running through Greenwich,

England, from which longitude east and west is recorded

Republic- government is which the power is in the hands of representatives and leaders elected by citizens

Theocracy- ruler is viewed as a divine figureTopography- detailed map/chart of features of a small

areaScribe- professional record keepers in early

civilizations

REQUIRED VOCABULARY(CONT.)

1) How many gods did the Islams believe in?

REVIEW QUIZ

One

REVIEW QUIZ

2) What is the name of the Islamic god?

REVIEW QUIZ

Allah

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3) What is the name of the annual trip taken by the people of Islam?

REVIEW QUIZ

Mecca

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4) Why was rice an important agricultural advance?

REVIEW QUIZ

It speed production

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5) What is the art of beautiful handwriting?

REVIEW QUIZ

calligraphy

REVIEW QUIZ

6) Where can you find a picture of Muhammad?

REVIEW QUIZ

There are no pictures of Muhammad

REVIEW QUIZ

7) What was the capital city of Abbasid?

REVIEW QUIZ

Baghdad

REVIEW QUIZ

8) What famous church did Justinian build?

REVIEW QUIZ

The Hagia Sophia

REVIEW QUIZ

9) What were the four parts of the Justinian code?

REVIEW QUIZ

Codex, Digest, Institutes, Novellae

REVIEW QUIZ

10) What was the capital of the Byzantine Empire?

REVIEW QUIZ

Constantinople

REVIEW QUIZ

11) What important technological achievement helped the Chinese

advance in sea trade?

REVIEW QUIZ

Magnetic compass

REVIEW QUIZ

12) Under what dynasties did the golden age of China occur?

REVIEW QUIZ

Tang and Song

REVIEW QUIZ

13) Under what ruler did the Mongols conquer Asia?

REVIEW QUIZ

Gangas Kong

REVIEW QUIZ

14) What dynasty did Kan create?

REVIEW QUIZ

Yuan dynasty

REVIEW QUIZ

15) What was the role of Marco Polo?

REVIEW QUIZ

Went on missions for Gangas court

REVIEW QUIZ

16) What did manors provide for lords and servants?

REVIEW QUIZ

It was self-sufficient and provided housing and protection

REVIEW QUIZ

17) Who was on top of the social system in feudalism?

REVIEW QUIZ

The king

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18) What religious building was in a manor?

REVIEW QUIZ

The church

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19) Who took control during the Holy Roman empire?

REVIEW QUIZ

Popes

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20) What was the type of religion?

REVIEW QUIZ

catholic

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21) How many gods did they have?

REVIEW QUIZ

One

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22) What is a crusade?

REVIEW QUIZ

Recover of the Holy Lands

REVIEW QUIZ

23) Why did Urban Pope II call the crusades?

REVIEW QUIZ

Gain back Holy Land

REVIEW QUIZ

24) What land did they gain?

REVIEW QUIZ

Constantinople

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25) Why were the crusades a successful failure?

REVIEW QUIZ

Trade expanded from Europe to Asia but they never regained Holy Land

REVIEW QUIZ