Age of JeffersonAge of Jefferson&&

Age of JacksonAge of Jackson

Unit IIIAUnit IIIA

AP U.S. HistoryAP U.S. History

What is Jeffersonianism?What is Jeffersonianism? Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

Plantation farmer from Virginia; Statesman (Declaration of Independence, Secretary of State, Vice-Plantation farmer from Virginia; Statesman (Declaration of Independence, Secretary of State, Vice-President, President); “Renaissance Man”; Slave owner; Democratic-RepublicanPresident, President); “Renaissance Man”; Slave owner; Democratic-Republican

American Political TheoryAmerican Political Theory States’ rightsStates’ rights

Ultimate sovereignty in the statesUltimate sovereignty in the states Strict interpretation of the ConstitutionStrict interpretation of the Constitution Federal government priority to ensure rights/libertiesFederal government priority to ensure rights/liberties Standing armies dangerous; economic coercion betterStanding armies dangerous; economic coercion better

Representative democracy and civic virtueRepresentative democracy and civic virtue People responsible to the statePeople responsible to the state

Prevent corruption and overpowering governmentsPrevent corruption and overpowering governments Place their trust in natural elitesPlace their trust in natural elites

Yeoman farmers as the ideal citizenYeoman farmers as the ideal citizen Educated landowners exemplified independence and virtueEducated landowners exemplified independence and virtue Industrialists and urbanites influenced the electorateIndustrialists and urbanites influenced the electorate

Empire of LibertyEmpire of Liberty America’s responsibility to preserve and promote liberty around the worldAmerica’s responsibility to preserve and promote liberty around the world Avoid foreign political alliancesAvoid foreign political alliances

Agriculture over industryAgriculture over industry Responsibility of subsistenceResponsibility of subsistence Dependence led to class conflictDependence led to class conflict

SocietySociety Natives capableNatives capable Blacks inferiority and white superiority could lead to race warBlacks inferiority and white superiority could lead to race war

Was Jefferson Jeffersonian?Was Jefferson Jeffersonian?

Consider the following historical concepts Consider the following historical concepts and events and answer the question…and events and answer the question…

The Federal JudiciaryThe Federal Judiciary Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase Tripoli PiratesTripoli Pirates Embargo Act of 1807Embargo Act of 1807

First Party SystemFirst Party System

American period of political parties between the American period of political parties between the Federalists and Democratic-RepublicansFederalists and Democratic-Republicans

Begins around 1792; ends between 1816-1824Begins around 1792; ends between 1816-1824 Federalists: loose interpretation of Constitution; Federalists: loose interpretation of Constitution;

business, commercial, and upper class; New business, commercial, and upper class; New England; pro-British; dominated early years of England; pro-British; dominated early years of national government, but dominated most of national government, but dominated most of JudiciaryJudiciary

Democratic-Republicans: strict interpretation of Democratic-Republicans: strict interpretation of Constitution; working class; South, West, frontier; Constitution; working class; South, West, frontier; large majorities in Congress and Executive in large majorities in Congress and Executive in latter yearslatter years

Jefferson and the Federal Jefferson and the Federal JudiciaryJudiciary

Only Federalist justices on Only Federalist justices on the Supreme Courtthe Supreme Court

Judiciary Act of 1801Judiciary Act of 1801 Reduced number of SC Reduced number of SC

justicesjustices Increased number of federal Increased number of federal

courts; filled by Adamscourts; filled by Adams Repealed in 1802Repealed in 1802

Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison (1803) (1803) Judicial review - Supreme Judicial review - Supreme

Court’s determining Court’s determining constitutionality of issuesconstitutionality of issues

Dem-Reps lead Dem-Reps lead impeachments against impeachments against Federalist judgesFederalist judges Alcoholism and Alcoholism and

partisanship grounds for partisanship grounds for impeachment?impeachment?

Jefferson and the Louisiana Jefferson and the Louisiana PurchasePurchase

Napoleon’s Caribbean Empire Plan Napoleon’s Caribbean Empire Plan and Britain’s Control of the Atlanticand Britain’s Control of the Atlantic America sandwiched between America sandwiched between

European powersEuropean powers Brokered a deal for $15 millionBrokered a deal for $15 million

Gain control of New OrleansGain control of New Orleans Lewis and Clark ExpeditionLewis and Clark Expedition

Find waterway from east to PacificFind waterway from east to Pacific Federalist oppositionFederalist opposition

Jefferson and the Tripoli PiratesJefferson and the Tripoli Pirates Barbary pirates earned revenue for North African statesBarbary pirates earned revenue for North African states Extorting and harassing American shipsExtorting and harassing American ships U.S. Navy and Marines dispatched to end the Tripoli threatU.S. Navy and Marines dispatched to end the Tripoli threat Treaty signed in 1805 in favor of AmericansTreaty signed in 1805 in favor of Americans War cost less than preserving peaceWar cost less than preserving peace

Jefferson and the Embargo ActJefferson and the Embargo Act

Orders of Council and Continental System outlawed Orders of Council and Continental System outlawed American tradeAmerican trade

British impressment of Americans and seizures of British impressment of Americans and seizures of American shipsAmerican ships HMS Leopard and USS ChesapeakeHMS Leopard and USS Chesapeake

Embargo Act of 1807Embargo Act of 1807 Prohibited vessels from leaving American ports for foreign Prohibited vessels from leaving American ports for foreign

portsports Economic impact on AmericansEconomic impact on Americans

Merchants and traders sufferedMerchants and traders suffered Farms foreclosedFarms foreclosed

Increased production and diversified manufacturingIncreased production and diversified manufacturing

Jefferson’s Legacy Becomes Jefferson’s Legacy Becomes Madison’sMadison’s

James Madison (D-R) elected President, but James Madison (D-R) elected President, but Federalists gain some seatsFederalists gain some seats

Anglo-French rivalry bullies USAAnglo-French rivalry bullies USA Nonintercourse Act of 1809Nonintercourse Act of 1809 Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) British influence in the WestBritish influence in the West

Leading Up to the War of 1812Leading Up to the War of 1812 United States vs. Great BritainUnited States vs. Great Britain

British impressmentBritish impressment ““Our old enemy.”Our old enemy.” British influence in the frontierBritish influence in the frontier

War hawksWar hawks John C. Calhoun and Henry ClayJohn C. Calhoun and Henry Clay

OppositionOpposition FederalistsFederalists Old guard Dem-RepsOld guard Dem-Reps New England and merchantsNew England and merchants

War of 1812War of 1812 Failed American invasion of CanadaFailed American invasion of Canada British Invasion of D.C. and BaltimoreBritish Invasion of D.C. and Baltimore Naval Victories and U.S.S. ConstitutionNaval Victories and U.S.S. Constitution Americans and the NativesAmericans and the Natives

Tecumseh and William Henry HarrisonTecumseh and William Henry Harrison Battle of Horseshoe BendBattle of Horseshoe Bend

Battle of New OrleansBattle of New Orleans Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson

Treaty of Ghent (1814)Treaty of Ghent (1814) Stalemate; nothing earnedStalemate; nothing earned Patriotic victoryPatriotic victory

Nature FTWNature FTW

““Old Ironsides”Old Ironsides”

42 Wins0 Losses

- Constructed in 1797- Still in commission

The End of the FederalistsThe End of the Federalists

““Victory” over Great Britain and Victory” over Great Britain and pro-British/anti-war support labeled them as pro-British/anti-war support labeled them as unpatrioticunpatriotic

Hartford Convention (Dec. 1814)Hartford Convention (Dec. 1814) Ratify Constitution in attempt to weaken Dem-Rep Ratify Constitution in attempt to weaken Dem-Rep

in West and Southin West and South Talk of secession by radicals*Talk of secession by radicals*

After the War of 1812 Federalists soon would After the War of 1812 Federalists soon would dissolve even in New England strongholddissolve even in New England stronghold

War of 1812’s ImpactWar of 1812’s Impact

International respectInternational respect Development of U.S.-Canada relationsDevelopment of U.S.-Canada relations Natives on their own and weakNatives on their own and weak Industrial developmentIndustrial development Growth of nationalismGrowth of nationalism Eyes toward the WestEyes toward the West

Era of Good FeelingsEra of Good Feelings

James Monroe (D-R) elected President after James Monroe (D-R) elected President after James Madison (D-R)James Madison (D-R)

Under increased nationalism and Under increased nationalism and disintegration of Federalists, nation in good disintegration of Federalists, nation in good spiritsspirits

Political, economical, and social debates Political, economical, and social debates lingerlinger

Growth of American NationalismGrowth of American Nationalism

Effect of the “victory” over Effect of the “victory” over Great BritainGreat Britain

Exciting opportunities with Exciting opportunities with land and increased land and increased manufacturingmanufacturing

The arts and education The arts and education infused with patriotic infused with patriotic themesthemes

A STRONG Central GovernmentA STRONG Central Government

Fletcher v. PeckFletcher v. Peck ruled state law ruled state law unconstitutionalunconstitutional

Martin v. Hunter’s LeaseMartin v. Hunter’s Lease ruled Supreme ruled Supreme Court’s jurisdiction over state courtsCourt’s jurisdiction over state courts

McCullogh v. MarylandMcCullogh v. Maryland ruled on implied ruled on implied powerspowers

Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden increased federal increased federal government’s commerce authoritygovernment’s commerce authority

Dem-Reps FracturingDem-Reps Fracturing

Democratic-Republicans split as nation Democratic-Republicans split as nation growsgrows

Old Guard Dem-Reps cling to ideals and Old Guard Dem-Reps cling to ideals and strict interpretation; states’ rightsstrict interpretation; states’ rights

New Guard Dem-Reps adopt Federalist-New Guard Dem-Reps adopt Federalist-type platforms; nationalismtype platforms; nationalism

America ExpandsAmerica Expands

Land available in Louisiana Territory and Land available in Louisiana Territory and conquered native landsconquered native lands Loans from state banks than Bank of U.S.Loans from state banks than Bank of U.S. Cheap land sold by governmentCheap land sold by government

Trade restrictions and panics force New Trade restrictions and panics force New Englanders westEnglanders west

South demands new fertile landSouth demands new fertile land Slavery a necessitySlavery a necessity

Improved infrastructure makes expanding easierImproved infrastructure makes expanding easier Influx of immigrantsInflux of immigrants

Missouri Compromise (1820)Missouri Compromise (1820) Given North-South rift, politicians hoped to preserve sectional balanceGiven North-South rift, politicians hoped to preserve sectional balance House dominated by North, but Southern senators could block House dominated by North, but Southern senators could block

legislationlegislation Tallmadge AmendmentTallmadge Amendment

Prohibit more slaves in MissouriProhibit more slaves in Missouri Free child slaves by 25 years oldFree child slaves by 25 years old

Missouri Compromise by Henry ClayMissouri Compromise by Henry Clay Missouri as a slave stateMissouri as a slave state Maine as a free stateMaine as a free state Latitude 36 30’Latitude 36 30’

America’s Foreign PolicyAmerica’s Foreign Policy

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) naval activity and forts limited between U.S. and naval activity and forts limited between U.S. and

CanadaCanada Treaty of 1818Treaty of 1818

Better relations with Great BritainBetter relations with Great Britain FloridaFlorida

Andrew Jackson’s exploits and Seminole WarsAndrew Jackson’s exploits and Seminole Wars Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)

Monroe Doctrine (1823)Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Concerned about European aggression in Concerned about European aggression in the Americasthe Americas

Americas not subject to colonizationAmericas not subject to colonization United States gives warning to Europe, United States gives warning to Europe,

including Great Britain, to not interfere with including Great Britain, to not interfere with sovereign development of the Americassovereign development of the Americas

America’s Market EconomyAmerica’s Market Economy

Population increases with high birth rate and immigrationPopulation increases with high birth rate and immigration TransportationTransportation

Cumberland Road (National Road)Cumberland Road (National Road) Canals connected major waterwaysCanals connected major waterways SteamboatsSteamboats RailroadsRailroads

IndustryIndustry Monumental growthMonumental growth Innovations/inventions; selling stocks/corporations; factory Innovations/inventions; selling stocks/corporations; factory

systems; labor availability; unionssystems; labor availability; unions AgricultureAgriculture

Cheap land and easy creditCheap land and easy credit New marketsNew markets

Cumberland RoadCumberland Road

Erie CanalErie Canal

A New EconomyA New Economy

Increased manufacturing due to trade restrictions Increased manufacturing due to trade restrictions and warand war

Tariff of 1816Tariff of 1816 Protective tariffProtective tariff

The American System by Henry ClayThe American System by Henry Clay Protective tariffsProtective tariffs National bankNational bank InfrastructureInfrastructure

Panic of 1819Panic of 1819 Bank of U.S. reduced interest rates to control inflationBank of U.S. reduced interest rates to control inflation Land speculation and recession hits the West hardLand speculation and recession hits the West hard

United States c. 1824United States c. 1824

Jacksonian DemocracyJacksonian Democracy

Rise of the “common man”Rise of the “common man” Among white male society, equal opportunity was Among white male society, equal opportunity was

evidentevident Universal male suffrageUniversal male suffrage Change from caucuses to conventionsChange from caucuses to conventions Selection of electors chosen more by votersSelection of electors chosen more by voters Increase in local and state electionsIncrease in local and state elections Rise of third partiesRise of third parties Spoils system -> patronage, loyaltySpoils system -> patronage, loyalty FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION: Compare/contrast FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION: Compare/contrast

Jeffersonian Democracy and Jacksonian Jeffersonian Democracy and Jacksonian Democracy.Democracy.

D-R Split and Election of 1824D-R Split and Election of 1824

With no opposition and sectional and political With no opposition and sectional and political differences, Dem-Reps split updifferences, Dem-Reps split up

Election of 1824 has four candidates, including Election of 1824 has four candidates, including John Quincy Adams and Andrew JacksonJohn Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson

““Corrupt Bargain”Corrupt Bargain” House chose Adams over Jackson despite Jackson House chose Adams over Jackson despite Jackson

earning popular voteearning popular vote

Split among National Republicans and Jackonian Split among National Republicans and Jackonian DemocratsDemocrats

John Quincy AdamsJohn Quincy Adams

Son of Federalist John Son of Federalist John AdamsAdams

National Republican who National Republican who favored strong central favored strong central government and federal government and federal programsprograms

Most of his proposals Most of his proposals rejected by a pro-Jackson rejected by a pro-Jackson CongressCongress

Alienated the South and Alienated the South and WestWest

Tariff of 1828Tariff of 1828

Election of 1828Election of 1828

During Quincy During Quincy Adams’s presidency, Adams’s presidency, Jackson built a Jackson built a popular coalition, popular coalition, especially in the especially in the West and SouthWest and South

Political campaigns Political campaigns on national levelson national levels Jackson’s wifeJackson’s wife Coffin HandbillCoffin Handbill

Large turnoutLarge turnout Jackson soundly Jackson soundly

defeats Adamsdefeats Adams

““Old Hickory”Old Hickory”

Unlike the previous Unlike the previous presidentspresidents

War hero and example War hero and example of common man of common man successsuccess

Practiced the spoils Practiced the spoils systemsystem

Took office promising Took office promising a strong executivea strong executive

Endorsed states’ rightsEndorsed states’ rights

Jackson’s PresidencyJackson’s Presidency Vetoed more bills by Vetoed more bills by

Congress than all Congress than all predecessorspredecessors

““Kitchen Cabinet”Kitchen Cabinet” Peggy EatonPeggy Eaton Indian Removal Act (1830)Indian Removal Act (1830)

Jackson supported states and Jackson supported states and prevented full federal support of prevented full federal support of nativesnatives

Nullification CrisisNullification Crisis South Carolina and the Tariff of South Carolina and the Tariff of

AbominationsAbominations Webster-Hayne DebateWebster-Hayne Debate Proclamation to the People of Proclamation to the People of

South CarolinaSouth Carolina

Jackson and the EconomyJackson and the Economy Jackson and the BankJackson and the Bank

Jackson believed Bank of U.S. as Jackson believed Bank of U.S. as unconstitutionalunconstitutional

Nicholas Biddle ran bank Nicholas Biddle ran bank effectively but “suspiciously”effectively but “suspiciously”

Bank supported by Henry Clay Bank supported by Henry Clay and Daniel Websterand Daniel Webster

Jackson denied Bank’s charterJackson denied Bank’s charter Considered a private monopolyConsidered a private monopoly A force against the common manA force against the common man Transferred funds to state banks Transferred funds to state banks

aka “pet banks”aka “pet banks” Specie CircularSpecie Circular

Purchase of federal lands by gold Purchase of federal lands by gold and silver rather than bank notesand silver rather than bank notes

Panic of 1837Panic of 1837 Land speculation and price Land speculation and price

decreasedecrease Hard currency led to devalue of Hard currency led to devalue of

paper money and inflationpaper money and inflation Denial of Bank charterDenial of Bank charter Banks closed; unemployment Banks closed; unemployment

increased; depression for next increased; depression for next five yearsfive years

Second Party SystemSecond Party System American political period from 1828 to 1854 of relatively American political period from 1828 to 1854 of relatively

even party lineseven party lines National political campaigns and spoils system galvanize National political campaigns and spoils system galvanize

political partiespolitical parties Split of D-R’s leads to National Republicans and Jacksonian Split of D-R’s leads to National Republicans and Jacksonian

Democrats leads to Democrats vs. WhigsDemocrats leads to Democrats vs. Whigs Rise of third partiesRise of third parties Democrats: states’ rights, laissez-faire and free trade; equal Democrats: states’ rights, laissez-faire and free trade; equal

opportunity; South and West; working class – Andrew opportunity; South and West; working class – Andrew Jackson, Martin van BurenJackson, Martin van Buren

Whigs: American System; tariffs; strong federal government; Whigs: American System; tariffs; strong federal government; social conservatives; New England, Northerners; upper and social conservatives; New England, Northerners; upper and middle class professionals – Henry Claymiddle class professionals – Henry Clay

Anti-Masonic Party: issue party concerned about Anti-Masonic Party: issue party concerned about Freemasons, promoted economic nationalism and social Freemasons, promoted economic nationalism and social conservatism; introduced party conventionsconservatism; introduced party conventions

Liberty Party: abolitionist partyLiberty Party: abolitionist party Free Soil Party: anti-slavery party in latter yearsFree Soil Party: anti-slavery party in latter years

The End of Jacksonian DemocracyThe End of Jacksonian Democracy

Panic of 1837 and Martin van Buren’s presidency Panic of 1837 and Martin van Buren’s presidency drifted support toward Whigsdrifted support toward Whigs

Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison, a war Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison, a war hero and depicted common manhero and depicted common man

Whigs win presidency, but Harrison dies in officeWhigs win presidency, but Harrison dies in office John Tyler, a Whig, favors more Democratic John Tyler, a Whig, favors more Democratic

issuesissues The nation enters period of expansion and slaveryThe nation enters period of expansion and slavery