Understanding Rural Understanding Rural AmericaAmerica

Joe Collins

IntroductionIntroduction“This report aims to provide objective information about the changes taking place in and the diversity of rural America. Toward the end, the report looks at change and diversity from several angles - its people and places, its economies and industries, its concerns and future. The report begins by examining the shifts in rural employment, population, and well-being, continues by analyzing six county types, and concludes by outlining key realities that effective rural policy will need to recognize.” (ERS, 1992)

Is Rural America Unique?Is Rural America Unique?

• The People and Places in Rural America, certainly depend upon many things in order to function properly.

• Likewise, many communities within Rural America, have hardships and problems that remain unsolved at the present time.

Rural America is a Vital Rural America is a Vital and Changing part of our and Changing part of our

NationNation

• Rural America today comprises: Rural America today comprises: • 2,288 counties2,288 counties

• 83% of the Nation’s land83% of the Nation’s land

• Home to 21% (5 million) of the people of the Home to 21% (5 million) of the people of the United StatesUnited States

• Supplies 18% of all the Nation’s jobs Supplies 18% of all the Nation’s jobs (Manufacturing, Mining, Recreational Services, (Manufacturing, Mining, Recreational Services, and of course Agriculture)and of course Agriculture)

• Supplies 14% of the Nation’s earningsSupplies 14% of the Nation’s earnings . .

Rural Employment is Rural Employment is shifting from farming to shifting from farming to

manufacturingmanufacturing

• Farming Farming • Once considered synoymous with Once considered synoymous with

“rural”, unfortunately that is no longer “rural”, unfortunately that is no longer the case.the case.

• It is still the single largest user of rural It is still the single largest user of rural land, but it no longer dominates rural land, but it no longer dominates rural industry.industry.

FarmingFarming

• ““The decline of farming employment is, in many The decline of farming employment is, in many ways a consequence of success. Improvements ways a consequence of success. Improvements in technology, crop science, and farm in technology, crop science, and farm management have all boosted output while management have all boosted output while reducing the need for labor. Productivity growth reducing the need for labor. Productivity growth has in turn, led to farm consolidation, declining has in turn, led to farm consolidation, declining farm numbers, decreases in farm employment, farm numbers, decreases in farm employment, and consequently a surplus of farm labor. Thus, and consequently a surplus of farm labor. Thus, the ability to produce more with less, while the ability to produce more with less, while benefiting many, has caused economic hardship benefiting many, has caused economic hardship for others (ERS, 1992).”for others (ERS, 1992).”

Rural Population is Rural Population is Growing in some areas, Growing in some areas, but Declining in others.but Declining in others.

• In the 1970’s, Migration to rural areas In the 1970’s, Migration to rural areas increased.increased.

• In the 1980’s, Migration trend reversed In the 1980’s, Migration trend reversed and turned into a time of crisis for the and turned into a time of crisis for the farm as well as a recession for business.farm as well as a recession for business.

• In the 1990’s, Rebound occurred in the In the 1990’s, Rebound occurred in the rural areas and resulted in a softness in rural areas and resulted in a softness in the national economy has been more the national economy has been more urban than rural ever since.urban than rural ever since.

The Rural well-beingThe Rural well-being

• ImprovementsImprovements• Visable improvements include electricity, telephone Visable improvements include electricity, telephone

service, and a highway system.service, and a highway system.

• HousingHousing

• GapsGaps• Real earnings per job are consistently and have been Real earnings per job are consistently and have been

substantially lower since 1979. From 1979 – 1989, substantially lower since 1979. From 1979 – 1989, Real earnings per job as well as college completion Real earnings per job as well as college completion rates declined by 6.5%.rates declined by 6.5%.

• Population subgroups prone to economic Population subgroups prone to economic disadvantagesdisadvantages

Rural DiversityRural Diversity

• ““Rural America is diverse in many Rural America is diverse in many ways. No one industry dominates ways. No one industry dominates the rural economy, no single pattern the rural economy, no single pattern of population decline or growth of population decline or growth exists for all rural areas and no exists for all rural areas and no statement bout improvements and statement bout improvements and gaps in well being holds true for all gaps in well being holds true for all rural people”.rural people”.

Different challenges Different challenges means Different solutions.means Different solutions.

• Geographic RegionGeographic Region

• Six types of Non-metro countiesSix types of Non-metro counties

• Each county while overcoming Each county while overcoming significant barriers in the past, still significant barriers in the past, still are faced with overcoming are faced with overcoming significant barriers in the future.significant barriers in the future.

ConclusionsConclusions

• The diversity of rural America The diversity of rural America means different areas have means different areas have different needs.different needs.

• There is an overall pattern of There is an overall pattern of economic disadvantage in rural economic disadvantage in rural areas.areas.

FurthermoreFurthermore

• Rural settlement patterns tend to be small in Rural settlement patterns tend to be small in scale and low in density.scale and low in density.

• The natural resource based industries on which The natural resource based industries on which many rural areas have traditionally depended are many rural areas have traditionally depended are declining as generators of jobs and income.declining as generators of jobs and income.

• Low-skill, Low wage rural labor faces increasingly Low-skill, Low wage rural labor faces increasingly fierce global competition.fierce global competition.

• Finally, Distance and remoteness impede rural Finally, Distance and remoteness impede rural areas from being connected to the urban centers areas from being connected to the urban centers of economic activity.of economic activity.

The EndThe End