UNCLASSIFIED

An 263 356

luf, Ute

ARMED SERVICES TECHNICAL INFORMATION AGENCY ARLINGTON HALL STATION ARLINGTON 12, VIRGINIA

UNCLASSIFIED

NOTICE: When government or other dravlngs, speci- fications or other data are used for any purpose other than in connection with a definitely related government procurement operation, the U. S. Government thereby Incurs no responsibility, nor any obligation whatsoever; and the fact that the Govern- ment may have foiaulated, furnished, or In any way supplied the sold drawings, specifications, or other data is not to be regarded by implication or other- wise as in any manner licensing the holder or any other person or corporatior., or conveying any rights or permission to manufacture, use or sell any patented invention that may in any way be related thereto.

Best Available

Copy

•

HEADQUARTERS

QUARTERMASTER RESEARCH % ENGINEERING COMMAND

U S ARMY

TECHNICAL REPORT

EP-153

'

THE EFFECT OF INSULATING THE PALM

AND

BACK OF HANDS ON FINGER COOLING

■ ■ ■

QUARTERMASTER RESEARCH & ENGINEERING CENTER ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION RESEARCH DIVISION

JUNE 1961 jjj WtllM. NATICK. MASSACHUSETTS

Copies of this report may be secured from the Office of Technical Services, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington 26, D. C, for $1. 60.

äiliiLijl XF:ü Ü31IP

nVJBlä

iil«

»s^l

• 1 B-0

;- ago

ioEfc

«fi

»El

h iss

II fr iii g u .3 4 SS »frl I a p "8 SU

«11 III

rill

Hl illl ifll til

hi l«l

■Si,

fc IJ

'• S o C a«jiB

ie illlfl

I

Pi il|

UZli |ll«i ■ 14 « J

Illllll

iflliLli

lifl eHSl yi 1» s ä

^•a Uli 'ij lk:

«Hi Ittm

IIP l'lllll

* £ 11 * " ■ |l«

|

l|l Jlj ill is*

{Il

l| »o ■ J I» 111 ill ,-

Iii

'S I »1 lill »Ist l«lli I ^ I f 11 jSiJl i 11 s I

Illl«!

d-- 13 I e'

« £ I i ! I« :,* i . • «ö

i«jaa

llli IP o s

:• Pp

fSii

s0 B fc

4; [i, t., : ;

ISi.

,g|

151: J8*a

«ii^ £ ft

« o I i 1 C.J ' ■ c „ 1 n g ■— j; M

Illl i s 11

1 - h B « i|JI«

S 5 | u III Uli I 8 s s

III III |M . i •: f Ji • « I * D *: Ir ii «c

&§■ :M

«^■'.v1 l«lf

1^ lilli

-CO*

11

fil I y ■■■■

I SB

IM 1«] .!ll| jij! {ill

1**11 1111J |t|l|

ft 1*5

r>^ q §.;■*■

[Ji

» ft

SJ11 ' ;gR

»«"°B:

- 1«« li|ij . lk * 11

i:ii:

liäi SiSi II

it I

|l|

In ,s5s|

«

lllj O R ti ,2

I III

I-

Hl illl

l" III ill

Mi

ji

Ii!

Ifj tu «ii

iii iii iii

I« ■ | ri • ■ * IJ 1 * | ■ |

|M|i Ulli ilfil |ljl| 5) ft -O -O O

[|jhs

11 m

<

x (•' w 5 ■ F • i H H

■a

ifi K (- Li iii n a

t ti

i§ii lir

if}

ittkt lose

; ■ , ■'

; s v a ao o s §

11'?, a * n i«s 118 a : I ffl J £ u

u w * -

^'JfSi'fH

'o ;?,

6S

i M « B

^ ,

»It

OS OJ t», c :^

^ jj K ■

«Pita I 0 ■

■ s

" ^ «: c | h £ 9 III :•- 1211

6 "

S!fi Sill

S!* BI;

8 * 3 3 « i .iPlj ilHl

^ " ■■? i, c ■,

I 8 8 i i lllifj

t o ^ S • • ' 1 L. I I | I 1 ■ ■• ■ ■ I

''■ i i 15181 |el|ilj| «111fin 111 I'fH

Urn | 5 i 111' |i|i| Ulli

?e2; ; = s0: p a a ii ■ I Bill

ä a I ■a 11 S *31 • p * 4 B öS If fin •>"

liSI |§gl i 3 0 ?

I: B B « |8i| v C o § S £ I ■"• e ,■ 3 - ^ li: ™ u

i w . •

a< o

5! I ■ 1 I o * 3 d | f I f. I |«kl o E Si] lii! I r B « 8 i f f b I IlHl I s 8 J

6 ■■ 111 I1 ij

^ s ° s § •n « i n ■-* 7? 0

s * u s 8 o * • ■ s ■ * 8 elci11 * illllfJ «lliill Infill IfiilM -3 J S £ :ä § i?

Jlj

si

'■ I g 4» * rt A 1( ■ fl M ■ :• ■, n •a a, -o a. ,E s 1111

»»SI*

I 1Ǥ B ' '

fllZ 1 ■ I

lllfll I B 1 C V a e ■ J • ■ i 1111« • 1 r ii = » üS

S.,S

«li

Illi ||1 I I«

lllfM * 8 * T fl ""

■a f | 5;

■1

Hall

i 1111

fc ,E w aj rt a. a-

|HÖBl6 SP*

.illif i iilllisi rfi

s a ■:

"3 {I

■11 < -5 s

re Ja liSl fl|§J

«Ifll E ö M x:

' • o rt " ! O fi - C j

• 1111

■S3 ■ «

iii«] : •-■ c ,S < ill li

Illi 1 »111 I

.151 L*II

illi I'll Illi

lfcl»1 SO q c t

fill} Hull s 1 s; s klI. I iliil I cC m S 3 -2 S ■« [lUi Hill

iHif

11

11 ill 11! .-, m to

HI

S' I l«l " s s I £ ° ■ Jl

I I I J.

lit lljj ifs

i ■ ft ■

J 1 It

•8 4 11111

HEADQUARTERS QUARTERMASTER RESEARCH & ENGINEERING COMMAND, US ARMY

Quartermaster Research & Engineering Center Natlck, Massachusetts

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION RESEARCH DIVISION

Technical Report EP-153

THE EFFECT OF INSULATING THE PALM

AND BACK OF HANDS ON FINGER COOLING

Alexander Cohen, Ph. D. Research Psychologist

Psychology Branch

Project Reference: June 1961 7X83-01-009

FORPVORD

THE SOLDICRS'S ABILITY TO PERFORM OPERATIONS IN THE COLD WILL BE

IMPAIRED UNLESS HIS HANDS ARE GIVEN ADEQUATE THERMAL PROTECTION. PLACING

LARGE AMOUNTS OF INSULATION OVTR THE CNTI DC HAND HUM TO PROVIDE SUCH

PROTECTION BUT ALSO CAUSES LOSS IN MANUAL OCXTCRITY. HCNCC« TKCHNLOUES

FOR HAND INSULATION AFTC NECOCO IN WHICH THE ASSOCIATCO LOSS IN OCXTCRITY

is MiNiMizco. THE BEST COMWOMIU BCTWCCN PROTECTION AND OEXTCRITV MUST

BE SOUGHT. THE PRESENT INVtSTIGATION EVALUATES ONE POSSIBLE METNOO FOR RESOLVING THIS PROBLEM.

AUSTIN HCNSCHCL, PH.D. CHIEF

HINVIRONMFNTAL PROTECTION RESEARCH

DIVISION

APPROVED:

DALE H. SICLINQ, PH.D. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR

QM RESEARCH & ENGINEERING COMMAND

MERRILL L. TRIBE BRICAOIER GENERAL, USA COMMANOIMG QM RCSCARCH &. ENGINEERiNG COMMAND

I i

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

1• METHOD

2. PROCEDURE

3- RESULTS

4. DISCUSSION

1. METHOD

2. PROCEDURE

3» RESULT»

»• DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

STUDY I

STUDY I I

PAGE

IV

1

2

2

k

8

10

10

10

15

15

16

i ii

ABSTRACT

THC EFFECT OF ADDED INSULATION OF THE DORSUM (BACK) OR PALM OF THE

HANC> OR BOTH, ON THE RATE OF FINGER COOLING WAS STUDIED. ADDITIONAL INSULATION ON THE DORSUM WAS FOUND TO REDUCE THE RATE OF FINGER COOLING

AT -2;JAR BUT NOT AT 0OF HAND-COOLING TEMPERATURES. ADDED PALM INSULATION

HAD NO EFFECT ON FINGER COOLING UNDER EITHER OF THESE TWO COLD-EXPOSURE

CONDITIONS. COMBINED DORSUM AND PALM INSULATION PRODUCED A REDUCTION

IN THE RATE OF FINGER COOLING AT -20oF; THIS WAS LARGELY ATTRIBUTABLE TO

THE DORSUM INSULATION ALONE. WLTHIN THE RANGE OF INSULATION VALUES USED,

SYSTEMATIC INCREASES IN THE AMOUNT OF DORSUM INSULATION WERE NOT FOUND

TO CAUSE SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER REDUCTIONS IN THE RATE OF FINGER COOLING.

SUPPLEMENTARY FINDINGS OF THE STUDY WERE THAT ADDED DORSUM INSULA-

TION REDUCED THE RATE OF COOLING OF THE DORSUM AREA BUT DID NOT OFFSET

THE HEAT LOSS FROM THE PALM. CONVERSELY, ADDITIONAL PALM INSULATION

LESSENED THE RATE OF COOLING OF THE PALM BUT DID NOT ALTER THE RATE OF

DORSUM COOLING. REDUCTIONS IN FINGER-COOLING RATE DUE TO THE PRESENCE

OF ADDED DORSUM INSULATION DID NOT NECESSARILY FOLLOW FROM REDUCTIONS IN THE RATE OF DORSUM COOLING.

IV

THE EFFECT OF INSULATING THE PALM AND BACK OF HANDS ON FINGER COOLING

INTRODUCTION

IN HANDWEAR DESIGN, ONE Of THE SIMPLER WAYS TO IMPROVE THERMAL PRO-

TECTION IS TO INCREASE INSULATION ALL OVER THE HANDS. HOWEVER, THIS

INVOLVES LOSSES IN MANUAL PROFICIENCY, ESPECIALLY FOR TASKS DEMANDINFI

SKILLFUL MANIPULATION AND FINE TACTILE DISCRIMINATION. JN RECOONITION

OF THIS PROBLEM, VARIOUS PROPOSALS HAVE BEEN MADE FOR IMPROVING HAND

INSULATION WHILE AT THE SAME TIME MINIMIZING THE IMPAIRMENT ASPECTS OF

SUCH PROTECTION. FOR EXAMPLE, INSTEAD OF APPLYING LARGE AMOUNTS OF INSU-

LATION OVER THE ENTIRE HAND, INSULATION MIGHT BE GRADED ACCORDING TO

THE RATE OF COOLING OF DIFFERENT HAND AREAS (L). THAT IS, GREATER AMOUNTS

OF INSULATION WOULD BE PLACED OVER THOSE PARTS WHICH COOL FAST, AND PRO-

PORTIONATELY LESSER AMOUNTS OVER THOSE PARTS WHICH COOL MORE SLOWLY

UNDERLYING THIS TECHNIQUE IS THE NOTION THAT ELIMINATION OF NEEDLESS

INSULATION IN CERTAIN HAND AREAS SHOULD »ERMIT GREATER MOBILITY. HOWEVER,

SINCE THE FINGERS COOL MORE RAPIDLY THAN OTHER PARTS OF THE HAND (L, 3) I

THE OBVIOUS WEAKNESS IN THIS APPROACH IS THAT THE GREATEST AMOUNT OF

INSULATION IS PLACED JUST WHERE IT DOES THE MOST DAMAGE TO DEXTERITY

AND TACTILE. SENSITIVITY.

AS AN ALTERNATIVE, IT HAS BEEN SUGGESTED THAT THE HANDS BE STRIPPED

OF ALL INSULATION; THAT THE HEAT SUPPLY TO THE HANDS BE INDIRECTLY DERIVED

THROUGH WARMING OTHER BODY AREAS (5). I* FACT, A STUDY ALONG THESE

LINES SHOWED THAT HEATING THE FOREARMS LESSENED THE DECREMENT IN MANUAL

DEXTERITY DUE TO COLD EXPOSURE AND REDUCED THE RATE OF COOLING OF THE

FINGERS (5)« HOWEVER, THE AMOUNT OF HEAT NEEDED TO OBTAIN THESE EFFECTS

CAUSED DISCOMFORT AND THE MAGNITUDE OF THE EFFECT WAS CONSIDERED TOO SMALL

TO BE OF PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE.

OF PRIMARY CONCERN IN THIS REPORT IS STILL ANOTHER METHOD FOR REDUCING

THE ENCUMBRANCES ASSOCIATED WITH PROTECTIVE HAND INSULATION. IN THIS

PROCEDURE, MINI MAL INSULATION WOULD BE GIVEN TO THE FINGERS AND MAXIMAL

INSULATION TO THOSE HAND AREAS ( BACK AND PALM) WHERE 1T WOULD LEAST INTER-

FERE WITH MANUAL PERFORMANCE. THE USEFULNESS OF THIS APPROACH DEPENDS

UPON DEMONSTRATING THAT HEAT RETENTION IN THE FINGERS CAN BE FACILITATED

BY INCREASING INSULATION ELSEWHERE ON THE HAND. ALTHOUGH THERE ARE SOME

DATA (1) TO SUPPORT THIS NOTION, MORE INFORMATION IS NEEDED FOR AN ADEQUATE

APPRAISAL. THEREFORE, THE PRESENT STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO INVESTIGATE

FINGER COOLING AS AFFECTED BY THE AMOUNT OF INSULATION PLACED ON THE

D0R5UM, OR PALM, OR BOTH OF THESE HAND AREAS. IT WAS ASSUMED THAT ADDED

INSULATION ON THESE SURFACES WOULD PRODUCE MINIMAL INTERFERENCE WITH MANUAL

PERFORMANCE. FAVORABLE RESULTS WOULD JUSTIFY A COMPREHENSIVE INVESTIGATION

OF THE MANUAL PERFORMANCE CAPABILITIES OF HANDWEAR DESIGNS USING THIS

INSULATION PR INC I DLC .

STUDY

i. METHOD

FIRST, A STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE IF ADDED INSULATION ON THE PORSUM OR PALM OR ROTH OF THESR HAND AREAS WOULD REDUCE THE RATE OF FINGER

cooLihG. EIGHT WHITE ENLISTED MEN SERVED AS SUBJECTS AND WERE INDIVID-

UALLY TTSTED 1 1/4 HOURS A DAY FOR 12 DAYS. WITH THE EXCEPllON OF BLACK COFFEE, NO FOOD WAS CONSUMED FOR AT LLAST 12 HOURS BEFORE THE EXPERIMENTAL

SESSIONS. THE MEN WERE DRESSED IN SHORTS AND SHOES DURING EACH TCäT

SESSION AND WERE EXPOSED TO AN AMBIENT TEMPERATURE OF 75°^ AND

A RELATIVE

HUMIDITY OF 50$. HAND SKIN TCMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS WERE TAKEN UNDER

12 DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS REPRESENTING ALL COMBINAT:ONS OF 3 HAND-COOLING TEMPERATURES AND 4 INSULATION CONDITIONS. THE 3 HAND-

COOLING TEMPERAT RES WERE 23"F, J' F, AND «ZOV, AS OBTAINED IN A COOLING

BOX EQUIPPED WITH PORTS FOR INSERTION OR' THE HANDS. THE FOUR INSULATION CONDITIONS CONSISTED OF BOTH HANDS BEING COVERED W TH:

A. ^-FINGER WOOLEN INSERTS* ONLY B. '^-FINGER WOOLEN INSERTS WITH DORSAL INSULATION PADS

C. 'J-FINGER WOOLEN INSERTS WITH PALMAR INSULATION PADS D. ^-FINGER WOOLEN INSERTS WITH BOTH DORSAI. AND PALMAR INSULATION PADS

THE INSULATION PADS CONSISTED OF A MOHAIR FRIEZE CLOTH FILLER (DOUBLE

FACE, 15 TO LO OZ.) COVERED BY NYLON TAFFETA (3 OZ.)- THE LENGTH AND WIDTH OF THE PADS CONFORMUD TO THE DIMENSIONS OF THE RIGHT AND LEFT HANDS

FOR LARGE, MEDIUM, AND SMALL HANDSIZE, AS SPECIFIED FOP THE ^-FINGER

WOOLEN INSERT. EIACH HAL1 w ^s I 2 INCH IN THICKNESS AND HAD AN -.STI MATED

INSULATION VALUE OF L.S CLO.

SEWN ON EACH PAD WERE 5 RINGLETS OF 1,4-INCH ELASTIC RIBBON THROUGH

WHICH THE FINGERS WLKE PASSED TO HOLD THE PAD ON T-IE HAND. THE GLOVES

WERE WORN OVER THE PADS; THIS ALSO HELPED TO KEEP THE PADS IN PLACE.

2. PROCEDURE

AT THE BEGINNINI-, OF EACH TEST SESSION, COPPER-'ONSTANTAN THERMO-

COUPLES WERE TAPED TO THE BACKS OF THE jRD 'ITH, ANP 5TH FINGER TIPS AND

TO THE CENTER OF THE DORSUM AND PALM OF EACH HAND. APPROPRI AT ELY-SI ZED

GLOVES AND INSULATION PADS (IF REQUIRED FOR THE SPECIFIC TEST SESSION)

WERE THEN FITTED ON THE SUBJECT'S HANDS AND SKIN TEMPERATURE READINGS

TAKEN FOR J MINUTES ON A LCCPS AND NORTHRUP MULTIIOINT RECORDEI (MODEL G . AT A SIGNAL FROM THE EXPERIMENTER, THC SUOIECT PASSED HIS HAMS INTO THE

COOLING BOX AND PLACED THEM IN TWO U-SHAPEL' 'HOTS (SEE FIG. I). THERMOCOUPLE

INSERT AND 'GLOVE' WILL BE USED INTEncnANGEABLY IN THIS REPORT.

s a z

I

i

READlNÜi, P» THE FINGERS AND AND SURFACES WERE MONITORED CONTINUOUSLY UNTIL

THE FINGER TEMPERATURES OF BOTH HANDS AVERAGED k^T. WHEN THEY REACHED

THIS VALUE. THE SUBJECT TOOK HIS HANDS OUT OF THE COOLING BOX.

THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE AVERAGE OF THE FINGER READINGS TO DROP FROM

THE PRE-COOLING VALUE TO k^F WAS NOTED ON A STOPWATCH. DIVIDING THIS

TlkE I'JTC THE TEMPERATURE LOSS OF THE FINGERS, THAT IS, THE AVERAGE PRE-

COOLING FINGER TEMPERATURE MINUS ^5°^' YIELDED THE SUBJECT'S RATE Or FINGER COOLING FOR EACH SET OF EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS. THE TEMPERATURE DROP OF

THE PALMAR AND DORSAL HAND SURFACES WAS ALSO DIVIDED BY THE COOLING TIME

NOTED ABOVE, TO DETERMINE THE RAIL OF COOLING FOR EACH OF THESE AREAS.

A3 A PRECAUTION AGAINST FROSTBITE, THE HANDS WERE REMOVED FROM THE

COOLING BOX WHEN ANY SI NGLE FINGER TEMPERATURE READING DROPPED BCLOW kOT.

HANDS WHICH DID NOT COOL TO THE PRESCRIBED Vj"^ TEMPERATURE WITHIN 60 MIN-

UTES WERE ALSO REMOVED FROM THE BOX. IN EITHER OF THE ABOVE-MENTIONED

INSTANCES, THE AVERAGE OF THE FINGER TEMPERATURES JUST BEFORE REMOVAL WAS

RECORDED AND TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN COMPUTING RATES OF FINGER COOLING.

3« RESULTS

TABLE I SHOWS THE MEDIAN* COOLING RATES FOR THE FINGERS, PALM, AND DORSUM FOR THE k INSULATION CONDITIONS AT 0°F AND -ZO'F COLO EXPOSURE. DATA OBTAINED AT 20°F WERE NOT INCLUDED SINCE NO SIGNIFICANT LOSSES IN

FINGER SKIN TEMPERATURE, IRRESPECTIVE OF DIFFERENCES IN HAND INSULATION,

OCCURRED AT THIS COOLING TEMPERATURE EVEN AFTER A 60-MINUTE EXPOSURE.

FIGURES 2A AND 3* SHOW THE MEDIAN TIME FOR FINGERS TO COOL FROM "JO"? TO 4^°F AT 0cr AND -20°F RESPECTIVELY.** ALSO SHOWN ARE THE ASSOCIATED COOLING CURVES FOR THE DORSUM AND PALM OF THE HAND rOR THESE TWO CONDITIONS OF

COLD EXPOSURE.

AS EXPECTED, THE DATA SHOW THAT THE FINGERS COOLED FASTER THAN EITHER THE PALM OR DORSUM UNDFR ALL INSULATION CONDITIONS ANO THAT ALL AREAS

SHOWED A FASTER RATE OF COOLING FOR -20OF. HOWEVER, THE ADDITIONAL INSULA- TION ON THE PALM, DORSUM, OR BOTH HAND AREAS DECREASED THE HEAT LOSSES

FROM THE FNGERS. WHEN COMPARED TO THE INSULATING EFFECT OF THE GLOVES

ALONE, THE RESULTS OF ADDING INSULATION TO THE DIFFERENT HAND AREAS MAY

BE SUMMARIZED AS FOLLOWS:

»BECAUSE THE DATA WERE BASED UPON A SMALL NUMBER OF SUBJECTS WHO GAVE

EXTREMELY VARIABLE SCORES FOR THE DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS,

MEDIAN RATHER THAN MEAN VALUES WERE USED TO GIVE A MORE REPRESENTATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA.

•"A STARTING FINGER SKIN TEMPERATURE OF 1')°F WAS USED IN PLOTTING THESE

CURVES SO AS TO INCLUDE THE DATA OF ALL SUBJECTS, REGARDLESS OF DIFFER-

ENCES IN PRC-COOLING FINGER . LMPERATURES.

AT OT HAND COOLING TEMPERATURE

ADDING PALM PA3 REDUCED FINGER COOLING RATE BY 2%. ADDING DORSAL PAD REDUCED FINGER COOLING RATE BY 1%. ADDING PALM AND DORT-AL PADS REDUCED FINGER COOLING RATT BY lljf.

AT -20OF HAND COOLING TEMPERATURE

ADDING PALM PAD REDUCED FINGER COOLING RATE BY 11/i. ADDING DORSAL PAD REDUCED FINGER COOLING RATE BY 2k$. ADDING PALM AND DORSAL PADS REDUCED FINGE« COOLING RATE BY 26^-

A SIGN TEST (k) ANALYSIS OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE RATES OF FINGER COOLING NOTED FOR THE li HAND-INSULATION AND 2 COLD-EXPOSURE CONDI- TIONS WAS PERFORMED AND IS SUMMARIZED IN TABLE II. NONE OF THE DIFFERENCES

IN FINGER-COOLING RATES BETWEEN THE GLOVE AND EACH OF THE OTHER INSULATING CONDITIONS AT ü

0F COLD EXPOSUREVCRE SIGNIFICANT. THIS SUGGESTS THAT THE

ABOVE-NOTED REDUCTIONS IN THE RATES OF FINGER COOLING AT OT COULD BE DUE TO CHANCE. HENCE, IT CANNOT BE ESTABLISHED THAT THE ADDED INSULATION

AFFECTED FINGER COOLING AT 0CF COOLING TEMPERATURE. ON THE OTHER HAND,

AT -20°F STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN RATES OF FINGER COOLING

WERE FOUND BETWEEN THE GLOVE AND GLOVE + DORSAL PAD CONDITIONS, AND THE

GLOVE + DORSAL + PALMAR PAD CONDITIONS. SUCH DIFFERENCES COULD CONSEQUENTLY

lit CONSIDFRED AS RELIABLE AND INDICATED THAT ADDED INSULATION ON THE DORSUM CR ON THE DORSUM AND PALM EFFECTIVELY RETARDED THE HEAT LOSS OF THE FINGERS

AT -20oF. SINCE INSIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND BETWEEN GLOVE + DORSAL PAD AND GLOVE + DORSAL + PALMAR PAD CONDITIONS AT -20OF, IT IS

INDICATED THAT THESE TWO INSULATION CONDIT'ONS WERE EQUALLY EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING THE RATE OF FINGER COOLING.

TADLE I •ED I AM COOLING RATES (T PER MINUTE) OF FINGERS, DORSUM, AND PALM

FOR DIFFERENT COOLING AND HAND INSULATION CONDITIONS

HAND COOLING GLOVE GLOVE + GLOVE + GL OVE + DORSAL + AREA TEMP. (°F) ONLY DORSAL PAD PALMAR PAD — PALMAR PADS

F'NGERS 0 -80

1 .22 2.10

1.13 i .60

1.20 2.01

I.07 1.55

DORSUM 0 -20

0,66 ].2k

0.50 0.58

O.72 1.03

O.60 O.69

PALM 0 -20

0.1+5 0.79

0.53 0.65

0.3!* O.39

o.g 0.4t

y ■

LEGEND FOR ALL CURVES

m — - • Glo./e 8 Dorsal Pad

■ - - « Jove 3 Paimar Pod

4 •* Gave 8 Dcrsai 8 Palmar Pod

^ . * * • : • '89 . ' 4 15 '6 17 .8 i9 20 J 22i324;S

' Ml N W NUTES

5_Do_r_surn

; in ■t

■

. :

• •

•

.; ■• ' • ' ^ ■ . 22 23242S

'(Mt IH V'MUTES

n

■■

.

*

.

■J • • - ■ • t , I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 n 12 13 l-l it 16 i 7 18 19 20 21 ii 232«u'5

TlMt IN MINUTE S

FIGURE 2. MEDIAN COOLING TIME FOR FINGERS, DORSUH, AND PALM

AT 0oF UNDER FOUR OIFFERENT HAND-INSULATION CONDITIONS.

LEGEND FOR ALL CURVES Gloue only

Glove 8 Dorsal Pod

Glove 8 Palrncr Pad

A A Glove 8 Dorsol aPomorPod

^ 1 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 'I 12 13 « I« «IT HI»aO» 2iiiC425

TIME IS MINUTES

t DorSum

e i 4 5 6 t 8 9 10 ii It l| I4tt •• if ItltlOil tllSHt! TIME IN M.NUTES

a ■ >

■1 IS

I PolT

"> .

I ' • •.. „

K

t

70 _ . i 4 •, fc ?• t 10 II It '3 ■« '6 '«> i^ 18 192021 222J242b

TIME IN MINUTES

FIQURC 3. MEDIAN COOLING TIME FOR FINGCRS, OORSUM, ANO PALM AT '20OF UNDER FOUR DIFFERENT MAND-INSULAT I ON CON- DITIONS.

TABLL I I DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEDiAN FINGER COOLING RATES (

0F/MIN) FOR

DIFFERENT HAND INSULATION AND COOLING CONDITIONS (DIFFERENCE = Row CONDITION - COLUMN CONDITION)

HAND

GLOVE

GLOVE + D^9SAL P/.D

GLOVE + PALMAR PAJ

0"F COULINC -230F COOLING GLOVE+ GLOVE + GLOVE + GLOVE+ GLOVE+ GLOVE + DORSAL PALMAR DORSAL + DORSAL PALMAR DORSAL +

CLOVE PAD PAD PALMAR PADS GLOVE PAD PAD PALMAR PADS

X .09 .02 •15 X .50» .Zk •55*

X X .07 -.06 X X .26 -.05

X X X •'3 X A X .29

•SIGNIFICANT AT .05 LEVEL.

ALTHOUGH OF SECONDARY IMPORTANCE TO THE PRESENT STUDY, DIFFERENCES

BETWEEN RATES OF PALM ANU DORSUM SURFACE COOLING FOR THE 4 HAND-INSULATI ON

AND 2 COLD-EXPOSURE CONDITIONS WERE ALSO EVALUATED BY SIGN TESTS. AS

SHOWN IN TABLE III, THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT THE PALMAR AND DORSAL PADS DECREASED THE RATE OF COOLING OF THEIR RESPECTIVE AREAS OF PLACEMENT, THE

EFFECTS BEING MORE PRONOUNCED AT -2JCF THAN AT üT. ADDING INSULATION TO

ONLY THE PALMAR SURFACE, HOWEVER. DID NOT AFFECT THE COOLING OF THE DORSUM.

CONVERSELY, INCREASED DORSUM INSULATION PRODUCED NO CHANGE IN THE RATE

OF HEAT LOSS FROM THE PALII. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE PRESENCE OF BOTH PADS

GAVE REDUCTIONS IN THE RATE OF COOLING OF BOTH SURFACES WHICH SIGNIFICANTLY

EXCEEDED THOSE NOTED FOR THE SEPARATE PALMAR AND DORöAL r-AD CONDITIONS.

k. DISCUSSION

THERE IS EVIDENCE IN STUDY I WHICH SUGGESTS THAT THE RATE OF FINGER COOLING MAY BE REDUCED BY APPLYING INCREASED INSULATION ON THE DORSAL AREA

OF THE HANDS. ADDED INSULATION ON BOTH PALM AND DORSUM ALSO RETARDED THE

RATE OF HEAT LOSS FROM THE FINGERS. THE LATTER EFFECT, HOWEVER, MAY BE

DUE LARGELY TO THE DORSAL INSULATION ALONE, SINCE PALMAR INSULATION DID

NOT ALTER FINGER COOLING AND THE MAGNITUDES OF THE EFFECTS NOTED UNDER

PALMAR + DORSAL INSULATION CONDITIONS WERE NOT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT

FROM THOSE FOUND UNDER DORSAL CONDITIONS.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF REDUCING FINGER COOLING THROUGH ADDED DORSAL

INSULATION SEEMS DEPENDENT UPON THE COOLING TEMPERATURE AND MORE PROBABLY

THE RATE OF HAND COOLING. GlVEN OT COLD EXPOSURE, NO SIGNIFICANT REDUC-

TION IN FINGER COOLING OCCURRED WITH ADDED INSULATION ON THE DORSAL

Ü

TABLE I I I DIFFERHNCES BETWEEN RATES OF DORSAL AND PALMAR SURFACE COOLING (0F/MIN.)

FOR DIFFERENT HAND INSULATION AND COOLING CONDITIONS (Di,'TERENCE = Row CONDITION - COLUMN CONDITION)

DORSUM: 0°F COOLI NO DORSUM: -20°F COOLING

SLOVE+ GLOVE+ GL0VE+ GL0VC+ GLOVCf CLüVE + HAND DORSAL PALMAR DORSAL + DORSAL PALMAR DORSAL +

INSULATION GLOVE PAD PAD PALMAR PADS GLOVL PAD PAD PALMAR PADS

»«

X X .34.

PALM: -20°F COOL ING

.l!+ .ko* •37»

X .26» .23»

X X -.03

GLOVE X .18» .;A .03 X .66** .21 .55

GLOVE + DCKSAL PAD X X -.22* -.10 X X -.ky* -.11

GLOVE + PALMAR PAD X X X .12

PALM: 00F COOLING

GLOVE X -.00 .11 .10

GLOVE + DORSAL PAD X X .19 .10

GLOVE ♦ PALMAR PAD X X X .01

#SlSWirtCANT AT THE .05 LEVEL. "SIGNIFICANT AT THE .01 LEVEL.

SURFACE OF T1IL HANDS. FOR -2JF COOLING, AND CONSEQUENTLY WITH A FASTER

RATE OF HAND COOLING, THE DORSAL INSULATION PRODUCED A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE

IN THE RATE OF HEAT LOSS FROM THE FINGERS.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REDUCTIONS IN DORSAL AND PALMAR SURFACE

COOLING AND REDUCTIONS IN FINGER COOLING FOR COMPARABLE CONDITIONS OF

INSULATION DESERVES COMMENT. REDUCTIONS OF THE FINGER COOLING RATE DUE

TO DORSAL INSULATION WERE ALWAYS ACCOMPANIED BY SIGNIFICANT REDUCTIONS IN

THE RATE OF COOLING OF THE DORSUM. REDUCING THE DORSUM COOLING RATE,

HOWEVER, WAS NOT SUFFICIENT TO INSURE A REDUCTION IN FINGER COOLING RATE.

FINGER COOLING DID NOT APPEAR TO BE AFFECTED BY RETARDING THE HEAT LOSS OF THE PALM THROUGH THE USE OF THE PALMAR INSULATION PAD. USING BOTH

PALMAR AND DORSAL INSULATION PADS CAUSED GREATER REDUCTIONS IN THE RATE

OF COOLING OF THE PALM AND DORSUM THAN WHEN USED SEPARATELY. SUCH REDUC-

TIONS, HOWEVER, WERE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH LARGER REDUCTIONS IN FINGER

COOL ING RATES.

STUDY I I

SINCE THE RESULTS or STUD.- I INDICATED THAI MOST OF THE MAJOR RETARD-

AT I OM IN COOL I Nt. RATES OF THE FINGERS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DORSA1. INSULATION,

A SECOND STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO INVESTIGATE SYSTEMATICALLY THE RELATION-

SHIP 3ETWEEN THE AMOUNT OF DORSA;. INSULATION AND FINGER-COOLING RATE.

1 . Mi'THOD

LIGHT WHITE ENLISTED MEN SERVED AS SUBJECTS AND WERE INDIVIDUALLY

TESTED 1 1/^* HOURS A DAY FOR T) DAYS. AS IN STUDY I, THE MEN WERE DRESSED

IN SHORTS AND SHOES DURING EACH TEST SESSION AND WERE EXPOSED T0 F} ^

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE AND JOFL RFLATIVF HUMIDITY- WLTH THE EXCEPTION OF

BLACK COFFEE, NO FOOD WAS TAKEN FOR 12 HOURS OR MORE BEFORE EACH SESSION.

HAND SKIN T.MPERATURE MEASUREMENTS WERE TAKEN UNDER 6 DIFFERENT EXPERI- MENTAL COMBINATIONS OF 2 HAND-COOLING AND J HAND-INSULAT I ON CONDITIONS. THE 2 HAND-COOL i NG CONDITIONS WERE Q'F AND -SJT. THE 3 HAND-INSUL ATION

CONDITIONS CONSISTED OF BOTH HANDS BEING COVERED WITH:

A. 5-nNaER WOOLEN INSERTS OWL Y B. ^-FINGTR WOOLEN INSERTS WITr: DOf! SAL i r*3 Ji. AT i UN PADS IDENTICAL TO

THOSE USED IN STUDY I .

C. ^'f'1*10^' WOOLEN INSERTS WITH DOKSAL INSULATION PADS WHICH WERE TWICE THE THICKNESS OF THOSE UbfD iN STUDY I. TNCSI PADS HAD

AN EST, MATED INSULATION VALUE Or- 2.5 CLO.*

EXCEPT FOR TH'ONESS, ALL PADS WERE MADE OF THE CAMF MATERIAL AND

CAME IN 3 SIZES (LARGE, MEDIUM, AND SMALL < CORRESPONDING IC THE 3 HIM OF THE H-FINGER WOOLEN INSERT.

2. PROCEDURE

THL PROCEDURE FOR STUDY WAS IDENTICAL TO THAT FOLLOWED IN STUDY I

3- RESULTS

TABLE IV SHOWS THE MEDIAN COOLING RATES FOR THE FINGERS (AS WELL AS THE PALM AND DORSUM) FOR THE 3 H ANO-• I NSUL AT I ON AND 2 COLD-EXPOSURE CONDI- TIONS OF STUDY II • F'IGURES i| AND 5 SHOW THE MEDIAN COOLING TIME FOR THE SKIN TEMPERATURE OF THE FINGE.1S TO FALL FROM AN AVERAGE OF JQ*F TO K*)0 F

FOR THE DIFFERENT INSULATION CONDITIONS UNDER 0*F AND -2J0F COOLING.

ALSO SHOWN IN THESE FIGURES ARE THE COOLING CURVES FOR THE DORSUM AND

THE PALM.

*THE THINNER PAD WIIL BE REFERRED TO HEREAFTER AS PAD #1, THE THICKER PAD AS PAD #2.

10

TABLE IV MEDIAN COOLING RATES (T/MIN.) FOR FINGERS, DORSUM, AND PALM

FOR DIFFERENT HAND INSULATION AND COOLING CONDITIONS

HAND AREA

COOLING

TEMP. (UF) GLOVE

GLOVE + PAD #1

GLOVE + PAD #2

FlNGERS 0 -20

O.70 I.16

0.68 O.99

O.65 0.Ö0

DORSUM 0 -20

0.5Ö o.8o

0.45 O.58

0.22 O.54

PALM 0 -20 0.53

O.50 O.51

0-33 O.50

IN GENERAL, THE DATA SHOW THAT THE RATE OF FINGER COOLING PROGRESSIVELY

DECREASED WITH INCREASING AMOUNTS OF DORSAL INSULATION, THE REDUCTION BEING

GREATER FOR THE MORE SEVERE COOLING CONDITION (-200F). THESE RESULTS CAN

BE SUMMARIZED AS FOLLOWS:

AT 0°F HAND-COOLING TEMPERATURE

ADDING DORSAL PAD #1 'ro GLOVE DECREASED THE RATE OF FINGER COOLING BY 3^- ADDING DORSAL PAD #2 TO GLOVE OECRE/TED THE RATE OF FINGER COOLING BY 1%'

AT -20°F HAND-COOLING TEMPERATURE

ADDING DORSAL PAD #1 TO GLOVE DECREASED THE RATE or FINGER COOLING BY l^. ADDING DORSAL PAD #C' TO GLOVE DECREASED THE RATE OF FINGER COOLING BY 31^'

A SIGN TEST EVALUATION or THE EFFECTS JUST NOTED IS SUMMARIZED IN TABLE V. Iris SHOWN THAT ONLY THE GLOVE + PAD #2 CONDITION AT -200F PRODUCED A STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN THE RATE OF FINGER COOL-

INS. THE LACK OF SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GLOVE + PAD #1 AND GLOVE + PAD #2 AT -20oF SUGGESTS, HOWEVER, THAT THE GLOVE + PAD #1 CONDITION EXERTED AN EFFECT ON FINGER COOLING THAT WAS COMPARABLE TO THAT FOUND FOR THE CLOVE + PAD 02 CONDITION.

As IN STUDY I, A SIGN TEST EVALUATION WAS ALSO PERFCAMED UPON THE

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE RATES OF COOLING FOR THE DORSAL AND PALMAR SURFACES

FOR DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS. THE RESULTS OF THIS ANALYSIS ARE

GIVEN IN TABLE VI AND SHOW THAT DORSAL PAD #1 AND #2 EACH SIGNIFICANTLY LESSENED THE DORSAL COOLING RATE AT -20oF. DESPITE THEIR DIFFERENCES IN

THICKNESS, HOWEVER, BOTH PADS APPEARED TO PRODUCE ABOUT THE SAME AMOUNT

OF REDUCTION AT THIS TEMPERATURE. ONLY PAD #2 SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED DORT.AL

COOLING AT 0OF.

h u. \ \ S e • i . *■ a Finger

UJ tr -)

a • • • ... > > UJ

56 Glo»e oni, , ■ 4 Gioue S Dorsal

\^ ^s^'pa-i? '■

a ^ ■ \ UJ o ■ r • . • -■ Giowe ^>^

a—» ■ u. Dorsal Pad i

A f. ^ 1 1 1 1 1 . , L« —m^A L

a- 70

x 65

% 60

^ i 4 «i 6 7 • • 10 II If 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 TIME IN MINlJTtc.

■A GlOi' 8 DorsalPad'J

Glove a Dorsoi Pad»!

b Dorsum

Giove^cniy

55- I 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 H 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 '9 20 21 22 23 24 26

T VE IN MINUTES

86

or 80

< a

t " »-

Ü 70

u, . :3glrTi

> ^^-«^Sio«. a Dorsal Padfl

• Glove only^^

^4 Glove

a ^ — ^^^ DOrSQI ^ Pad"?

^m

. . i i . 4.. 1 . .

■ »'A

i 2 I 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 n 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2426 TIME IN MINUTES

FIGURE 4. MEDIAN COOLINC TIME ro* riNGERS, DORSUM, AND

PALM AT OT UNDER THREE DITFERCNT HAND-INSULATION CON- DITIONS.

12

o Finger

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

4 5IO»e 81 Dorsol Po<l»2

JOVC s

Oorsol "» ON Pod* I "^

I N-M .—« , ,—,— 7 8 9 10 r iZ 13 \l IS il if 8 I9202I 222324 25

H

*

TIME IN MINUTES

fa, Dorsum

Gio»e (J Dorsoi *-^ Giov» 8 Dor$ol Poa#i ^^ v> Pod*?

■

55L 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 i0 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2i 22 23 24 25

'iME iN MiNUTE S

- 86

jL_Pfiim

i 70

65

■ Ciiove a Oorsol ^V^. Pod »i

vlCfl , „ * *■ Glove only Glove a Dorsol x X«--^—

Pod»? , *>v —

I • '. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 li 12 13 14 15 16 17 IB 192021 22 23 24 25 TIME IN MINUTES

FIGURE 3* MEDIAN COOLING TIME FOR riNGCRS, DORSUM, AND PALM AT -20ÖF FOR TNREE OIFTERENT HAND-INSULATION CON- DITIONS.

'3

TABLE V DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEDIAN FINGER COOLING RATES (0F/MIN.) FOR

DIFFERENT HAND .NSULATION AND COOLING CONDITIONS (DlFTERENCE = ROW CONDITION - COLUMN CONDITION)

AT O'F AT -200F

1 NSULATI ON

GLOVE + PAD #1

GLOVE + P*p#2 1NSULATION

GLOVE + PAD #1

GLOVE + PAD #2

GLOVE 0.02 0.05 GLOVE O.17 J.36'

GLOVE + PAD #1 X 0.03

GLOVE + PAD #1 X O.19

"SIGNIFICANT AT THE .OJ LEVEL

TABLE V, DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEDIAN RATES OF COOL ING 1 F/MIN.) OF DORSUM AND PALM FOR DIFFERENT HAND INSULATION AND COOLING CONDITIONS

(DIFFERENCE = Row CONDITION - COLUMN CONDITION)

DOR SUMJ -2')' F

" Glove + ' ' GiOVE T LN PAD #1 PAD #2

J.22' J.27'

x o.dk

DOR SUM: J'F

1NSULATIUN

GLOVE + PAD #1

GLOVE + PAD #? 1 NSULATI

GLOVE ).13 ).#•* GLOVE

GLOVE + PAD #1 X o.zy

GLOVE PAD #1

PALM: '"F PALM: .2J0F

GLOVE -0.06 .1. GLOVE 0.02 O.03 ).ll GLOVE

GLOVE +

0.02

0.17 PAD #1 X GLOVE + PAD #1 X 1.17 PAD #1 X 0.01

SIGNIFICANT AT THE . I'J LEVEL ""SlGUiFlCANT AT THE .01 LEVEL

\k

THE DORSAL PAD, REGARDLESS OF THICKNESS, HAD NO SIGNIFICANT EFFECT

UPON PALMAR COOLING AT EITHER )0F OR -ZOT.

kt DlbCUSSION

CONSISTENT WITH THE FINDINGS OF STUDY I, THE PRESENT EXPERIMENT SHOWS THAT ADDED DORSAL INSULATION CAUSED A DECREASE IN THE RATE OF FINGER COOL-

ING ONLY UNDER THE MORE SEVERE COOLING CONDITION (-200F). THE REDUCTION

IN FINGtIR COOLING RAir PRODUCED BY DORSAL PAD#1 IN STUDY II, HOWEVER, WAS

NOT AS GREAT AS THAT NOTED FOR COMPARABLE INSULATION AND COOLING CONDITIONS

IN STUDY I. THIS RESULT MAY BE EXPLAINED ON THE BASIS TKAT THE SUBJECT

GROUP IN STUDY I CHARACTERISTICALLY SHOWED A FASTER RATE OF FINGER COOLING THAN THE GROUP USED IN STUDY II. |N FACT, THE MEDIAN RATES OF FINGER

COOLING FOR STUDY II SUBJECTS AT -20"F WERE LESS THAN THOSE OBTAINED FOR STUDY I -.UBJECTS AT Q'F. ASSUMING THAT THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DORSAL INSU-

LATION VARIES DIRECTLY WITH THE RATE OF FINGER COOLING, IT WOULD BE

EXPECTED THAT THE FASTER-COOL ING SUBJECTS OF STUDY I WOULD UNDERGO A GREATER REDUCTION IN FINGER COOLING RATE THAN THE SLOWER-COOL ING SUBJECTS

OF STUDY I I.

IT IS DIFFICULT TO DETERMINE FROM STUDY l I IF INCREASES IN THE

AMOUNT OF DORSAL INSULATION WOULD PRODUCE SYSTEMATICALLY GREATER REDUC- TIONS IN THE RATE OF FINGER COOLING. ALTHOUGH PAD #2 PROVIDED A GREATER

REDUCTION IN FINGER COOLING THAN PAD#1, THIS DIFFERENCE WAS NOT STATIS-

TICALLY SIGNIFICANT. MOREOVER, THERE IS NO DIRECT EVIDENCE TO INDICATE

THAT GREATER REDUCTION IN THE HEAT LOSS OF THE DORSUM WOULD YIELD GREATER

REDUCTIONS IN THE RATE OF Fir i£R COOLING. FOR EXAMPLE, THERE ARE INSTANCES

IN BOTH STUDY I AND STUDY II IN WHICH ADDED INSULAT.ON TO THE DORSUM

CAUSED SIGNIFICANT LESSENING OF THE DORSUM COOLING RATE BUT HAD NO EFFECT

UPON THE RATE OF fINGER COOLING (SEE TABLES II, III, V, AND Vl).

NO JUDGMENT CAN BE MADE OF THE MANNER IN WHICH DEXTERITY REQUIREMENTS

OR COMBINED COLD Ai,D WIND CONDITIONS MAY ALTER THE MERITS OF DORSAL INSU-

LATION IN REDUCING THE HEAT LOSS FROM THE FINGERS. THIS REQUIRES FURTHER

STUDY. THE PRESENT RESULTS DO SUGGEST, HOWEVER, THAT THE DORSAL AREA OF

THE HAND SHOULD BE GIVEN IMFORTANT CONSIDERATION FOR THE PLACEMENT OF INSU-

LATION IN FUTURE HANDWEAR SYSTEMS DESIGNED TO PROTECT THE FINGERS AGAINST

COLD EXPOSURE.

CONOLUSIONS

THE USE OF ADDED INSULATION ON THE DORSAL SURFACE OF THE HANDS CAUSED

A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN THE RATE OR FINGER COOLING. THIS EFFECT, HOW-

EVER, OCCURRED ONLY UNDER THE MORE SEVERE COOLING CONDITIONS (-SOT)

WHERE THERE WAS A FAST RATE OF HAND COOLING. ADDITIONAL INSULATION IN

THE PALMAR AREA DID NOT ALTER FINGER COOLING, WHILE COMBINED PALMAR AND

DORSAL INSULATION PRODUCED A REDUCTION IN FINGER COOL.NG WHICH WAS COM-

PARABLE TO THAT NOTED FOR DORSUM INSULATION ALONE. WlTHIN THE RANGE OF

'5

DORSAL INSULATION VALUES USED, SYSTEMATIC INCREASES IN THE AMOUNT OF

OOKSAL INSULATION DID NOT CAUSE SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER REDUCTIONS IN THE

RATE OF FINGER COOLING.

ADDED DORSAL INSULATION REDUCED THE RATE OF COOLING OF THE DORSAL

SURFACE BUT DID NOT OFFSET THE HEAT LOSS FROM THE PALM. CONVERSELY;

ADDITIONAL PALMAR INSULATION LESSENED THE RATE OF PALMAR COOLING BUT HAD

NO EFFECT ON DORSUM COOLING. REDUCTIONS IN THE FI NGER- COOI. I NG RATE DUE

TO DORSAL INSULATION WERE ALWAYS ACCOMPANIED BY SIGNIFICANT REDUCTIONS

IN THE RATE OF COOLING OF THE DORSUM. REDUCING THE OOHSUM-COOL I NG RATE,

HOWEVER, WAS NOT SUFFICIENT TO INSURE A REDUCTION IN THE RATE OF FINGER

COOL I NG.

REFERENCES

). KENCHINGTDN, K.W.L. THE REGIONAL COOLING OF THE GLOVED HAND

UNDER SIMULATED MOTORCYCLING CONDITIONS. CLOTHING AND STORES EXPERIMENTAL

EST., REPT. No. 03, MINISTRY OF SUPPLY, LONDON, ENGLAND, NOV. 1957'

2. GROTH, H. AND J. LYMAH. THE EFFECTS OF SOME PHYSICAL VARIABLES OF HAND-COVERING MATERIALS ON MANIPULATORY SKILL. UNPUBLISHED REPT., CONTRACT NO. 0A19-12y-QM.525, QM R&E CENTER, NATICK, MASS., 1958.

3. NEWBURGH, L.H., EDITOR. PHYSIOLOGY OF HEAT REGULATION AND THE SCIENCE OF CLOTHING. W.B. SAUNDERS CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA., 19)+9*

h. SIEGEL, S. NON-PARAMETRIC STATISTICS. MCGRAW-HILL BOOK CO.,

NEW YORK, N.Y., 1956.

5. NEWTON, J.M. AND L.J. PEACOCK. THE EFFECTS or AUXILIARY TOPICAL. HEAT ON MANUAL DEXTERITY IN THE COLD. REPT. NO. 285, U.S. ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, FT. KNCX, KY. JUNE 1957'

16

■

■

■

■

. I I

■

■

I

r < - ■,

■

■

r

■

"

■

■

• ■■

■ ■ '

■ |

::;. , ÜSAF, f. ■■■■. . '. . \

■

. ; ■

*■ ■

■

: ■ ■ ■■ ■

• t ■

■

■

- ■- h r, 1 . •:■... ■:

-■■-■■•,

■ •;. ; ■ '

■■..../. , : . ".

.;■■:.. ■ :

■■■■.-■

■■■■■■'.,

.•...'.:-■

I ".;.,',■.■■■

■ ■'

I

: ■ - . . - ■■

i -■ :■ ■ '

■ v i, Ky AT,: r.

: ...:■.',■-

■

'