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- 1 -
Udo
Lam
brec
ht
w
ww
.ifeu
.de
Analysis of NO 2 exceedancesin Germany - Baden-Württemberg Causes and future development
EUROPEAN CONGRESS OF CITIES AND REGIONS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF AIR QUALITY
BARCELONA, 17 AND 18 JUNE 2010
Udo Lambrechtifeu – Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH
- 2 -
Udo
Lam
brec
ht
w
ww
.ifeu
.de
NO2 Concentrations in GermanySituation and Causes
- 3 -
Udo
Lam
brec
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ww
.ifeu
.de
NOx concentrations busy urban streets - Baden-Württemberg
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
µg/m
³Decrease of NO x concentration because of reductions of NO x emissions
Development of concentrations in busy urban streets in Baden-Württemberg 1995 - 2009:
NONONONOxxxx concentrationconcentrationconcentrationconcentration((((NONONONOxxxx = NO + NO= NO + NO= NO + NO= NO + NO2222) :) :) :) :=> decrease
- 4 -
Udo
Lam
brec
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.ifeu
.de
…but no decrease of NO 2 concentration
NOx concentrationsbusy urban streets - Baden-Württemberg
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
µg/m
³
NONO2
Development of concentrations in busy urban streets in Baden-Württemberg 1995 - 2009:
NONONONOxxxx concentrationconcentrationconcentrationconcentration((((NONONONOxxxx = = = = NONONONO + + + + NONONONO2222) :) :) :) :=> decrease
NO concentrationNO concentrationNO concentrationNO concentrationNO concentrationNO concentrationNO concentrationNO concentration::::=> strong decrease
NONONONO2 2 2 2 concentration:concentration:concentration:concentration:(Air Quality Limits!!!)(Air Quality Limits!!!)(Air Quality Limits!!!)(Air Quality Limits!!!)=> => => => no decrease
- 5 -
Udo
Lam
brec
ht
w
ww
.ifeu
.de
Particulary high concentrations were measured in Baden- Württemberg
Source: Scholz 2010
- 6 -
Udo
Lam
brec
ht
w
ww
.ifeu
.de
Development of NO 2 concentrationsSites at busy streets in Germany (selection)
Development of the NO2 concentrations (annual avera ge) Sites at busy urban streets in Germany
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
[µg/
m3 ]
Stuttgart-Mitte-Straße
München Stachus
Frankfurt Friedberger Landstraße
Air quality limit 2010 (annual average concentration)
Source: UBA (Federal environment agency) and data from federal states
- 7 -
Udo
Lam
brec
ht
w
ww
.ifeu
.de
The NO2 limits, which came into effect in 2010, are exceededat many roadside measuring stations in Germany
0
20
40
60
80
100
120S
tuttg
art A
m N
ecka
rtor
Stu
ttgar
t Hoh
enhe
imer
Str
aße
(S)
Reu
tling
en L
eder
stra
ße
Ost
(S
)M
ünch
en/L
ands
hute
r A
llee
Tüb
inge
n M
ühls
traß
e (S
)M
ünch
en/P
rinzr
egen
tens
traß
eLu
dwig
sbur
g F
riedr
ichs
traß
e (S
)S
tuttg
art-
Mitt
e-S
traß
eM
ünch
en/S
tach
usD
üsse
ldor
f Cor
neliu
sstr
.H
ambu
rg M
ax-B
raue
r-A
llee
II (S
traß
e)H
agen
Gra
f-v.
Gal
en-R
ing
Fre
ibur
g S
chw
arzw
alds
traß
e (V
)Le
onbe
rg G
rabe
nstr
aße
(S)
Köl
n C
levi
sche
r R
ing
3D
arm
stad
t-H
ügel
stra
ße
Ham
burg
Str
esem
anns
traß
eP
leid
elsh
eim
Bei
hing
er S
traß
e (S
)M
ünch
en/L
uise
-Kie
ssel
bach
-Pla
tzH
erre
nber
g H
inde
nbur
ger
Str
aße
(S)
Ham
burg
Hab
icht
stra
ße
Mün
ster
Wes
eler
Str
aße
Fra
nkfu
rt-F
riedb
.Lds
tr.
B H
arde
nber
gpla
tzW
uppe
rtal
Gat
heD
ortm
und
Bra
ckel
er S
tr.
Kie
l-Bah
nhof
str.
Ver
k.H
anno
ver
Ver
kehr
B N
eukö
lln-K
arl-M
arx-
Str
. 76
Itzeh
oe L
inde
nstr
.H
ambu
rg K
iele
r S
traß
eC
herb
ourg
er S
traß
eN
ürnb
erg/
Von
-der
-Tan
n-S
traß
eO
snab
rück
-Ver
kehr
Aac
hen
Wilh
elm
str.
Hal
le (
Wes
tfale
n) L
ange
Str
.W
iesb
aden
-Rin
gkirc
heB
raun
schw
eig-
Ver
kehr
Hei
denh
eim
Wilh
elm
stra
ße
(S)
Kas
sel-F
ünffe
nste
r-S
tr.
Ros
tock
Am
Str
ande
Aug
sbur
g/K
arls
traß
eM
ainz
-Par
cuss
traß
eH
ürth
Lux
embu
rger
Str
aße
Dre
sden
-Ber
gstr
.B
urgd
orf-
Ver
kehr
Kar
lsru
he-S
traß
eM
annh
eim
-Str
aße
Che
mni
tz-L
eipz
iger
Str
.M
arbu
rg-U
nive
rs.S
traß
eK
öln
Tur
iner
Str
aße
B N
eukö
lln-S
ilber
stei
nstr
.Lu
dwig
shaf
en-H
eini
gstr
aße
B S
tegl
itz-S
child
horn
str.
Ess
en G
ladb
ecke
r S
tr.
Ful
da-P
eter
sber
ger
Str
.R
eckl
ingh
ause
n B
ochu
mer
Str
.D
ortm
und
Ste
inst
r.O
bera
udor
f/Inn
tal-A
utob
ahn
Bar
bis-
Ver
kehr
Gie
ßen
-Wes
tanl
age
Pot
sdam
, Gro
ßbe
eren
str.
Mar
kgrö
ning
en G
rabe
nstr
aße
(S)
Ess
en-O
st S
teel
er S
tr.
Leip
zig-
Mitt
eK
oble
nz-H
ohen
feld
er S
traß
eF
rank
furt
-Höc
hst
Bre
men
Ver
kehr
1F
reib
urg
Zäh
ringe
r S
traß
e (S
)A
ugsb
urg/
Kön
igsp
latz
Leip
zig
Lütz
ner
Str
.D
uisb
urg
Kar
dina
l-Gal
en-S
tr.
B F
riedr
ichs
hain
-Fra
nkfu
rter
Alle
eW
ürzb
urg/
Sta
dtrin
g S
üdP
otsd
am Z
eppe
linst
r.R
egen
sbur
g/R
atha
usM
agde
burg
/Dam
asch
kepl
atz
Mag
debu
rg/R
eute
ralle
eS
aarb
rück
en-V
erke
hrH
eppe
nhei
m-L
ehrs
traß
eS
tuttg
art-
Zuf
fenh
ause
nB
iele
feld
Sta
penh
orst
str.
59P
inne
berg
Dam
mG
evel
sber
g H
agen
er S
tr.
Mai
nz-R
hein
alle
eR
einh
eim
Göt
tinge
n-V
erke
hrLü
beck
Gr.
Bur
gstr
.M
ainz
-Gro
ße
Lang
gass
e
NO
2 (µ
g/m
3 )
Quelle: UBA 2009
Grenzwert 2010:
40 µg/m3 im Jahresmittel
2008: 89 sites > 40 µg/m3
- 8 -
Udo
Lam
brec
ht
w
ww
.ifeu
.de
Explications for NO2 concentrations in busy streets:
1. Increased primary NO 2 emissions due to increased NO2 /NOx ratio in the exhaust of Diesel cars equipped with oxidation catalysts and urban buses equipped with continuous regenerating traps
2. NO2 formed as a result of atmospheric chemical reactions . Nitric oxide from motor vehicle exhaust gas reacts with ozone to form NO2.
NO2 concentration depends also on NO- Emissions and the availability of Ozone
NO + O3 NO2 + O2
Causes for high NO 2 Concentrations
- 9 -
Udo
Lam
brec
ht
w
ww
.ifeu
.de
Contribution of Local traffic
NO2from atmos-
pheric chemical reactions
from primary
emissions
other
sources
Urban background
NO emission(local traffic)
NO2 emission(local traffic)
NO2
NO2
Ozon
The high NO 2 concentrations are due to road trafficin particular diesel vehicles
Contribution to NO 2 concentrations:
Primary NO 2 emissions
� Increasing NO 2/NOx sharein Diesel exhaust (DOC)
� Increasing share of Diesel vehiclesin Passenger Car fleet(=> lower fuel consumption – CO2)
NO-Emissionen
� Chemical Reaction with Ozone
Urban Background(Emission other sources);
NO + O3 NO2 + O2
(“photochemical equilibrium”)
- 10 -
Udo
Lam
brec
ht
w
ww
.ifeu
.de
Despite stronger emission limits for vehicles, „real world“ emissions of NO x and NO 2 from diesel cars have increased
Emissionsfaktoren Otto- und Diesel-Pkw Beispielsituation
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
Euro-0 Euro-1 Euro-2 Euro-3 Euro-4 Euro-5 Euro-6 Euro-0 Euro-1 Euro-2 Euro-3 Euro-4 Euro-5 Euro-6
Otto-Pkw Diesel-Pkw
NO
x (g
/km
)
NO2
NOx
PC Petrol PC Diesel
Emission factors for passenger cars (petrol & diesel)exemplary traffic situation
(Handbook Emissionfactors 3.1)
- 11 -
Udo
Lam
brec
ht
w
ww
.ifeu
.de
Despite stronger emission limits for vehicles, „real world“ emissions of NO x and NO 2 from diesel cars have increased
Emissionsfaktoren Otto- und Diesel-Pkw Beispielsituation
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
Euro-0 Euro-1 Euro-2 Euro-3 Euro-4 Euro-5 Euro-6 Euro-0 Euro-1 Euro-2 Euro-3 Euro-4 Euro-5 Euro-6
Otto-Pkw Diesel-Pkw
NO
x (g
/km
)
NO2
NOx
PC Petrol PC Diesel
Emission factors for passenger cars (petrol & diesel)exemplary traffic situation
(Handbook Emissionfactors 3.1)
Low level – petrol cars
High level – diesel cars
- 12 -
Udo
Lam
brec
ht
w
ww
.ifeu
.de
Selected Sites – Study for Ministry of Environment Baden- Württemberg
2008: 89 sites > 40 µg/m3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120S
tuttg
art A
m N
ecka
rtor
Stu
ttgar
t Hoh
enhe
imer
Str
aße
(S)
Reu
tling
en L
eder
stra
ße
Ost
(S
)M
ünch
en/L
ands
hute
r A
llee
Tüb
inge
n M
ühls
traß
e (S
)M
ünch
en/P
rinzr
egen
tens
traß
eLu
dwig
sbur
g F
riedr
ichs
traß
e (S
)S
tuttg
art-
Mitt
e-S
traß
eM
ünch
en/S
tach
usD
üsse
ldor
f Cor
neliu
sstr
.H
ambu
rg M
ax-B
raue
r-A
llee
II (S
traß
e)H
agen
Gra
f-v.
Gal
en-R
ing
Fre
ibur
g S
chw
arzw
alds
traß
e (V
)Le
onbe
rg G
rabe
nstr
aße
(S)
Köl
n C
levi
sche
rR
ing
3D
arm
stad
t-H
ügel
stra
ße
Ham
burg
Str
esem
anns
traß
eP
leid
elsh
eim
Bei
hing
erS
traß
e (S
)M
ünch
en/L
uise
-Kie
ssel
bach
-Pla
tzH
erre
nber
g H
inde
nbur
ger
Str
aße
(S)
Ham
burg
Hab
icht
stra
ße
Mün
ster
Wes
eler
Str
aße
Fra
nkfu
rt-F
riedb
.Lds
tr.
B H
arde
nber
gpla
tzW
uppe
rtal
Gat
heD
ortm
und
Bra
ckel
er S
tr.
Kie
l-Bah
nhof
str.
Ver
k.H
anno
ver
Ver
kehr
B N
eukö
lln-K
arl-M
arx-
Str
. 76
Itzeh
oe L
inde
nstr
.H
ambu
rg K
iele
r S
traß
eC
herb
ourg
er S
traß
eN
ürnb
erg/
Von
-der
-Tan
n-S
traß
eO
snab
rück
-Ver
kehr
Aac
hen
Wilh
elm
str.
Hal
le (
Wes
tfale
n) L
ange
Str
.W
iesb
aden
-Rin
gkirc
heB
raun
schw
eig-
Ver
kehr
Hei
denh
eim
Wilh
elm
stra
ße
(S)
Kas
sel-F
ünffe
nste
r-S
tr.
Ros
tock
Am
Str
ande
Aug
sbur
g/K
arls
traß
eM
ainz
-Par
cuss
traß
eH
ürth
Lux
embu
rger
Str
aße
Dre
sden
-Ber
gstr
.B
urgd
orf-
Ver
kehr
Kar
lsru
he-S
traß
eM
annh
eim
-Str
aße
Che
mni
tz-L
eipz
iger
Str
.M
arbu
rg-U
nive
rs.S
traß
eK
öln
Tur
iner
Str
aße
B N
eukö
lln-S
ilber
stei
nstr
.Lu
dwig
shaf
en-H
eini
gstr
aße
B S
tegl
itz-S
child
horn
str.
Ess
en G
ladb
ecke
r S
tr.
Ful
da-P
eter
sber
ger
Str
.R
eckl
ingh
ause
n B
ochu
mer
Str
.D
ortm
und
Ste
inst
r.O
bera
udor
f/Inn
tal-A
utob
ahn
Bar
bis-
Ver
kehr
Gie
ßen
-Wes
tanl
age
Pot
sdam
, Gro
ßbe
eren
str.
Mar
kgrö
ning
en G
rabe
nstr
aße
(S)
Ess
en-O
st S
teel
erS
tr.
Leip
zig-
Mitt
eK
oble
nz-H
ohen
feld
er S
traß
eF
rank
furt
-Höc
hst
Bre
men
Ver
kehr
1F
reib
urg
Zäh
ringe
rS
traß
e (S
)A
ugsb
urg/
Kön
igsp
latz
Leip
zig
Lütz
ner
Str
.D
uisb
urg
Kar
dina
l-Gal
en-S
tr.
B F
riedr
ichs
hain
-Fra
nkfu
rter
Alle
eW
ürzb
urg/
Sta
dtrin
g S
üdP
otsd
am Z
eppe
linst
r.R
egen
sbur
g/R
atha
usM
agde
burg
/Dam
asch
kepl
atz
Mag
debu
rg/R
eute
ralle
eS
aarb
rück
en-V
erke
hrH
eppe
nhei
m-L
ehrs
traß
eS
tuttg
art-
Zuf
fenh
ause
nB
iele
feld
Sta
penh
orst
str.
59P
inne
berg
Dam
mG
evel
sber
g H
agen
er S
tr.
Mai
nz-R
hein
alle
eR
einh
eim
Göt
tinge
n-V
erke
hrLü
beck
Gr.
Bur
gstr
.M
ainz
-Gro
ße
Lang
gass
e
NO
2(µ
g/m
3 )
Quelle: UBA 2009
Grenzwert 2010: 40 µg/m
3im Jahresmittel
2008: 89 sites > 40 µg/m3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120S
tuttg
art A
m N
ecka
rtor
Stu
ttgar
t Hoh
enhe
imer
Str
aße
(S)
Reu
tling
en L
eder
stra
ße
Ost
(S
)M
ünch
en/L
ands
hute
r A
llee
Tüb
inge
n M
ühls
traß
e (S
)M
ünch
en/P
rinzr
egen
tens
traß
eLu
dwig
sbur
g F
riedr
ichs
traß
e (S
)S
tuttg
art-
Mitt
e-S
traß
eM
ünch
en/S
tach
usD
üsse
ldor
f Cor
neliu
sstr
.H
ambu
rg M
ax-B
raue
r-A
llee
II (S
traß
e)H
agen
Gra
f-v.
Gal
en-R
ing
Fre
ibur
g S
chw
arzw
alds
traß
e (V
)Le
onbe
rg G
rabe
nstr
aße
(S)
Köl
n C
levi
sche
rR
ing
3D
arm
stad
t-H
ügel
stra
ße
Ham
burg
Str
esem
anns
traß
eP
leid
elsh
eim
Bei
hing
erS
traß
e (S
)M
ünch
en/L
uise
-Kie
ssel
bach
-Pla
tzH
erre
nber
g H
inde
nbur
ger
Str
aße
(S)
Ham
burg
Hab
icht
stra
ße
Mün
ster
Wes
eler
Str
aße
Fra
nkfu
rt-F
riedb
.Lds
tr.
B H
arde
nber
gpla
tzW
uppe
rtal
Gat
heD
ortm
und
Bra
ckel
er S
tr.
Kie
l-Bah
nhof
str.
Ver
k.H
anno
ver
Ver
kehr
B N
eukö
lln-K
arl-M
arx-
Str
. 76
Itzeh
oe L
inde
nstr
.H
ambu
rg K
iele
r S
traß
eC
herb
ourg
er S
traß
eN
ürnb
erg/
Von
-der
-Tan
n-S
traß
eO
snab
rück
-Ver
kehr
Aac
hen
Wilh
elm
str.
Hal
le (
Wes
tfale
n) L
ange
Str
.W
iesb
aden
-Rin
gkirc
heB
raun
schw
eig-
Ver
kehr
Hei
denh
eim
Wilh
elm
stra
ße
(S)
Kas
sel-F
ünffe
nste
r-S
tr.
Ros
tock
Am
Str
ande
Aug
sbur
g/K
arls
traß
eM
ainz
-Par
cuss
traß
eH
ürth
Lux
embu
rger
Str
aße
Dre
sden
-Ber
gstr
.B
urgd
orf-
Ver
kehr
Kar
lsru
he-S
traß
eM
annh
eim
-Str
aße
Che
mni
tz-L
eipz
iger
Str
.M
arbu
rg-U
nive
rs.S
traß
eK
öln
Tur
iner
Str
aße
B N
eukö
lln-S
ilber
stei
nstr
.Lu
dwig
shaf
en-H
eini
gstr
aße
B S
tegl
itz-S
child
horn
str.
Ess
en G
ladb
ecke
r S
tr.
Ful
da-P
eter
sber
ger
Str
.R
eckl
ingh
ause
n B
ochu
mer
Str
.D
ortm
und
Ste
inst
r.O
bera
udor
f/Inn
tal-A
utob
ahn
Bar
bis-
Ver
kehr
Gie
ßen
-Wes
tanl
age
Pot
sdam
, Gro
ßbe
eren
str.
Mar
kgrö
ning
en G
rabe
nstr
aße
(S)
Ess
en-O
st S
teel
erS
tr.
Leip
zig-
Mitt
eK
oble
nz-H
ohen
feld
er S
traß
eF
rank
furt
-Höc
hst
Bre
men
Ver
kehr
1F
reib
urg
Zäh
ringe
rS
traß
e (S
)A
ugsb
urg/
Kön
igsp
latz
Leip
zig
Lütz
ner
Str
.D
uisb
urg
Kar
dina
l-Gal
en-S
tr.
B F
riedr
ichs
hain
-Fra
nkfu
rter
Alle
eW
ürzb
urg/
Sta
dtrin
g S
üdP
otsd
am Z
eppe
linst
r.R
egen
sbur
g/R
atha
usM
agde
burg
/Dam
asch
kepl
atz
Mag
debu
rg/R
eute
ralle
eS
aarb
rück
en-V
erke
hrH
eppe
nhei
m-L
ehrs
traß
eS
tuttg
art-
Zuf
fenh
ause
nB
iele
feld
Sta
penh
orst
str.
59P
inne
berg
Dam
mG
evel
sber
g H
agen
er S
tr.
Mai
nz-R
hein
alle
eR
einh
eim
Göt
tinge
n-V
erke
hrLü
beck
Gr.
Bur
gstr
.M
ainz
-Gro
ße
Lang
gass
e
NO
2(µ
g/m
3 )
Quelle: UBA 2009
Grenzwert 2010: 40 µg/m
3im Jahresmittel
2008: 89 sites > 40 µg/m3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120S
tuttg
art A
m N
ecka
rtor
Stu
ttgar
t Hoh
enhe
imer
Str
aße
(S)
Reu
tling
en L
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stra
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Ost
(S
)M
ünch
en/L
ands
hute
r A
llee
Tüb
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n M
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traß
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)M
ünch
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tens
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eLu
dwig
sbur
g F
riedr
ichs
traß
e (S
)S
tuttg
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Mitt
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traß
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ldor
f Cor
neliu
sstr
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rg M
ax-B
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llee
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traß
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burg
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ster
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aße
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nkfu
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.Lds
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arde
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gpla
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uppe
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ckel
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tr.
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l-Bah
nhof
str.
Ver
k.H
anno
ver
Ver
kehr
B N
eukö
lln-K
arl-M
arx-
Str
. 76
Itzeh
oe L
inde
nstr
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rg K
iele
r S
traß
eC
herb
ourg
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traß
eN
ürnb
erg/
Von
-der
-Tan
n-S
traß
eO
snab
rück
-Ver
kehr
Aac
hen
Wilh
elm
str.
Hal
le (
Wes
tfale
n) L
ange
Str
.W
iesb
aden
-Rin
gkirc
heB
raun
schw
eig-
Ver
kehr
Hei
denh
eim
Wilh
elm
stra
ße
(S)
Kas
sel-F
ünffe
nste
r-S
tr.
Ros
tock
Am
Str
ande
Aug
sbur
g/K
arls
traß
eM
ainz
-Par
cuss
traß
eH
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Lux
embu
rger
Str
aße
Dre
sden
-Ber
gstr
.B
urgd
orf-
Ver
kehr
Kar
lsru
he-S
traß
eM
annh
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-Str
aße
Che
mni
tz-L
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iger
Str
.M
arbu
rg-U
nive
rs.S
traß
eK
öln
Tur
iner
Str
aße
B N
eukö
lln-S
ilber
stei
nstr
.Lu
dwig
shaf
en-H
eini
gstr
aße
B S
tegl
itz-S
child
horn
str.
Ess
en G
ladb
ecke
r S
tr.
Ful
da-P
eter
sber
ger
Str
.R
eckl
ingh
ause
n B
ochu
mer
Str
.D
ortm
und
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inst
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rabe
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(S)
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st S
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dina
l-Gal
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tr.
B F
riedr
ichs
hain
-Fra
nkfu
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Alle
eW
ürzb
urg/
Sta
dtrin
g S
üdP
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eppe
linst
r.R
egen
sbur
g/R
atha
usM
agde
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/Dam
asch
kepl
atz
Mag
debu
rg/R
eute
ralle
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aarb
rück
en-V
erke
hrH
eppe
nhei
m-L
ehrs
traß
eS
tuttg
art-
Zuf
fenh
ause
nB
iele
feld
Sta
penh
orst
str.
59P
inne
berg
Dam
mG
evel
sber
g H
agen
er S
tr.
Mai
nz-R
hein
alle
eR
einh
eim
Göt
tinge
n-V
erke
hrLü
beck
Gr.
Bur
gstr
.M
ainz
-Gro
ße
Lang
gass
e
NO
2(µ
g/m
3 )
Quelle: UBA 2009
Grenzwert 2010: 40 µg/m
3im Jahresmittel
Stuttgart - Neckartor
Stuttgart –Klett Platz
Freiburg – Schwarzwaldstr..
Karlsruhe
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Freiburg – Schwarzwaldstraße
2008: 69 µg/m3
⇒additional ozonemeasurement
Karlsruhe - Reinhold-Frank-Straße
2008: 50 µg/m3
Stuttgart - Arnulf-Klett-Platz
2008: 74 µg/m3
⇒additional ozonemeasurement
Stuttgart – Am Neckartor
2008: 106 µg/m3
Selected Sites – Study for Ministry of Environment Baden- Württemberg
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Traffic volumes and share of bus and HDV varies dependin g on locations
54.400
48.400
24.900
72.000
0
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
60.000
70.000
80.000
Stuttgart-Neckar-
tor
Freiburg-Schwarz-waldstr.
Karlsruhe-R.Frank-Straße
Stuttgart-Mitte
veh.
/d
BusHGVLCVPC DieselPC Petrol
Traffic volumes
Data for 2008, Source IFEU
Calculation of emissions has to consider fleet compositionfor each location and considered year:
Calculation done with TREMOD
Example: fleet compostition – Light Duty vehicles
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The contribution of single vehicle categories to NO x and NO 2 emissionsvaries strongly depending on location. In general Diese l Cars dominate
54.400
48.400
24.900
72.000
0
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
60.000
70.000
80.000
Stuttgart-Neckar-
tor
Freiburg-Schwarz-waldstr.
Karlsruhe-R.Frank-Straße
Stuttgart-Mitte
veh.
/d
BusHGVLCVPC DieselPC Petrol
35
32
34
12
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Stuttgart-Neckar-
tor
Freiburg-Schwarz-waldstr.
Karlsruhe-R.Frank-Straße
Stuttgart-Mitte
kg/k
m/d
BusHGVLCVPC DieselPC Petrol 5,6
7,16,5
2,5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Stuttgart-Neckar-
tor
Freiburg-Schwarz-waldstr.
Karlsruhe-R.Frank-Straße
Stuttgart-Mitte
kg/k
m/d
BusHGVLCVPC DieselPC Petrol
Traffic volumes NOx emissions NO2 emissions
Diesel – Passenger CarsData for 2008, Source IFEU
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At most of the measuring sites, PCs are main causes of th e pollution
33,120,2 22,5
33,1
23,8
25,714,2
17,4
50,3
25,8
16,6
25,4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Stuttgart-Neckar-
tor
Freiburg-Schwar-zwaldstr.
Karlsruhe-Reinhold-Frank-Str.
Stuttgart-Mitte
NO
2 an
nual
mea
n [µ
g/m
³]
local primary NO2
local atmospheric chemistry
urban background
Contributions to NO 2 concentrations
local traffic
33,120,2 22,5
33,1
10,0
7,1 7,6
5,9
46,0
22,1 20,318,7
4,7
3,8
13,4
16,7 4,211,9
1,91,9
1,7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Stuttgart-Neckar-
tor
Freiburg-Schwar-zwaldstr.
Karlsruhe-Reinhold-Frank-Str.
Stuttgart-Mitte
NO
2 an
nual
mea
n [µ
g/m
³]
Bus localHGV localLCV localPC Diesel localPC Petrol localurban background
Contributions to NO 2 concentrationsContribution
Primary NO2 – Local atmospheric ChemistryContribution
Vehicle categories
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Future developmentsof vehicle emissionsand NO2 air quality
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Techniques to decrease the NO x emissions are available.Large reductions for Diesel Passenger Cars will first a ppear with Euro 6
Source: Volkswagen
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Techniques to decrease the NO x emissions are available.Large reductions for Diesel Passenger Cars will first a ppear with Euro 6
Source: Schindler 2010
Emissionsfaktoren Otto- und Diesel-Pkw Beispielsituation
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
Euro-0 Euro-1 Euro-2 Euro-3 Euro-4 Euro-5 Euro-6 Euro-0 Euro-1 Euro-2 Euro-3 Euro-4 Euro-5 Euro-6
Otto-Pkw Diesel-Pkw
NO
x (g
/km
)
Emission factors for passenger cars (petrol & diesel)exemplary traffic situation
(Handbook Emissionfactors 3.1)
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NONONONOxxxx emissionsemissionsemissionsemissions of of of of locallocallocallocal traffictraffictraffictraffic
NONONONO2222 emissionsemissionsemissionsemissions of of of of locallocallocallocal traffictraffictraffictraffic
Model projections show , that with an introduction of Euro 5- and Euro 6-vehicles NO x- and NO 2-emission levels will further strongly decrease
05
10152025303540
2008 2010 2015 2020 2008 2010 2015 2020 2008 2010 2015 2020 2008 2010 2015 2020
Stuttgart-Neckartor
Freiburg-Schwarzwaldstraße
Karlsruhe-Reinhold-Frank-Straße
Stuttgart-Mitte
kg/k
m/d Bus
HGVLCVPC DieselPC Petrol
-55% -49%-62% -54%
0123456789
2008 2010 2015 2020 2008 2010 2015 2020 2008 2010 2015 2020 2008 2010 2015 2020
Stuttgart-Neckartor
Freiburg-Schwarzwaldstraße
Karlsruhe-Reinhold-Frank-Straße
Stuttgart-Mitte
kg/k
m/d
BusHGVLCVPC DieselPC Petrol
-36% -31%-37% -47%
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Contribution of Local traffic
NO2from atmospheric chemical reactions
from primary
emissions
other
sources
Urban background
NO emission(local traffic)
NO2 emission(local traffic)
NO2
NO2
Ozon
Chemical box model- windspeed and temperature- Emission of NO, NO2, - RADM2: 59 substances, 161 reactions
(21 photolytic, 140 therm.)
Using a Chemical Box Model to calculate future NO 2 concentrations
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Appr. half of the stations which today are > 40 µg/m 3
can meet the NO 2 air quality limit in the year 2015 in the trend scenario
109 109
93
6973
69
55
40
52 5042
77 74
59
4533
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2008 2010 2015 2020 2008 2010 2015 2020 2008 2010 2015 2020 2008 2010 2015 2020
Stuttgart-Neckartor
Freiburg-Schwarzwaldstraße
KarlsruheReinhold-Frank-Straße
Stuttgart-Mitte
NO
2 an
nual
mea
n [µ
g/m
³] local street increment
urban background
NO2 concentrations 2008-2020
-37% -37%-45% -42%
NO2 limit value 2010
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Appr. half of the German stations which today are > 40 µ g/m 3
can meet the NO 2 air quality limit in the year 2015 in the trend scenario
109 109
93
6973
69
55
40
52 5042
77 74
59
4533
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2008 2010 2015 2020 2008 2010 2015 2020 2008 2010 2015 2020 2008 2010 2015 2020
Stuttgart-Neckartor
Freiburg-Schwarzwaldstraße
KarlsruheReinhold-Frank-Straße
Stuttgart-Mitte
NO
2 an
nual
mea
n [µ
g/m
³] local street increment
urban background
NO2 concentrations 2008-2020
-37% -37%-45% -42%
NO2 limit value 2010
?
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109 109
93
6973
69
55
40
52 5042
77 74
59
4533
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2008 2010 2015 2020 2008 2010 2015 2020 2008 2010 2015 2020 2008 2010 2015 2020
Stuttgart-Neckartor
Freiburg-Schwarzwaldstraße
KarlsruheReinhold-Frank-Straße
Stuttgart-Mitte
NO
2 an
nual
mea
n [µ
g/m
³] local street increment
urban background
NO2 concentrations 2008-2020
-37% -37%-45% -42%
NO2 limit value 2010
Also with the legal introduction of Euro 5/6 vehicles, at very high polluted sites the air quality limit will not be met in 2020
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In the future passenger cars will still bethe highest contributor for NO 2 pollution
Achtung: Nächste Folie noch einmal, mit Otto- Diesel- Aufteilung. Nicht benötigte Folie wieder rauslöschen.
33 3124 21 20 19
13 1023 21 16 14
33 3124 21
108
54 7
6
43
7 53
65
32
47 53
51
3723 25
26
19
1921
2115
1920
2015
5 5
5
3
4 4
4
3
1 1
1
1
2 2
2
1
13 12
8
416
14
8
5
2 2
1
1
4 4
3
2
22
1
1
13 12
8
4
2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2008 2010 2015 2020 2008 2010 2015 2020 2008 2010 2015 2020 2008 2010 2015 2020
Stuttgart-Neckartor
Freiburg-Schwarzwaldstraße
KarlsruheReinhold-Frank-Straße
Stuttgart-Mitte
NO
2 an
nual
mea
n [µ
g/m
³]
Bus localHGV localLCV localPC Diesel localPC Petrol localurban background
NO2 limit value 2010
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Which abatement strategies could be effective?
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Introduction of vehicles with lower NO x & NO2 emissions ( Euro 5/6/VI)� Introduction of vehicles that meet Euro 6/VI on the market before the
mandatory deadline (early introduction)� Limiting/Reducing direct NO2 emissions (Pt/Pd)� Ensure that NOx and NO2 emissions from Euro 5/6 cars
are reduced in real urban driving situations � Petrol cars still have lower NO2- + NOx Emissions
compared to Diesel cars
Retrofit buses with NO x reduction technology
Measures to optimise traffic flow in towns and citi es (traffic m anagement)
Better Public Transport – Non motorized traffic
Approaches to reduce NO x + NO2 emissions from road transport
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NO2-Konzentrationen Stuttgart-Neckartor
Even with a „Euro 6/VI fleet“, concentrations at „Stuttgart Neckartor“would still exceed the NO 2 limit (40 µg/m 3)
33 3124 21 21
56
25
5 5
5
3
2
13 12
8
4
41
6158
2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2008 2010 2015 2020 Euro 6/VI
µg/m³ NO 2 HGV localLCV localPC localurban background
NO2 limit value
05
10152025303540
2008 2010 2015 2020 Euro6/VI
kg/k
m/d
PC LCV HGV Bus
NOx emissions Stuttgart Neckartor
-55% -41%
0123456789
2008 2010 2015 2020 Euro6/VI
kg/k
m/d
PC LCV HGV Bus
NO2 emissions Stuttgart Neckartor
-36 -45%
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� First Euro 6 cars are on the marketFirst Euro 6 cars are on the marketFirst Euro 6 cars are on the marketFirst Euro 6 cars are on the market
� With introduction of Euro 6 vehicles a reduction of NOx and NO2 emissions from automobiles is expected.
⇒ Higher costs (1000 Higher costs (1000 Higher costs (1000 Higher costs (1000 € (?) € (?) € (?) € (?) –––– need of benefits, tax reduction, subsidies..)need of benefits, tax reduction, subsidies..)need of benefits, tax reduction, subsidies..)need of benefits, tax reduction, subsidies..)
RemarkRemarkRemarkRemark
� Reduction of emissions should not be only met in the homologation cycle but also in reality. This is essential to achieve the air quality limits.
Early introduction of Euro 6 vehicles
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Retrofitting of buses and LCV could help to reduce air po llution (NO 2)
Technology is in principle available
- Costs- Reduction efficiency at low temperature- Considering local conditions- Packaging
- Homologation procedure – EU..
Source: Kleinebrahm 2010
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� Measures introduced: - HDV ban- Retrofitting of buses (SCR systems)- Environmental Zones- Improving public transport, non motorized traffic..- Parking fees...
� But: Communities with high NO2 concentrations are feeling to be left alone, because they are not able to introduce strong emission limits before legally binding.
� NO2 problems will not be solved with current environmental zone arrangements. The zones schemes focus too closely on PM (not on NO2)
� PM – NO2 conflict: Retrofitting with Particle traps eventually will increase NO2 emissions
What can be done on the part of communities and reg ions?
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� Exceedances of NO2 limits at many sites in Germany
� Traffic – esp. Diesel cars – are the main cause of NO2 pollution
� Share of different vehicle categories on pollution varies (to consider - measures)
� Possibility of a postponement of the attainment date is essential
� The legally binding introduction of Euro 6 passenger cars comes too late. Early introduction of Euro 6 could help
� National, regional and local measures are necessary!
=> Realistic and affordable measures to reduce NO2 concentrations?
Summary
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Thank you for your attention! Thank you for your attention! Thank you for your attention! Thank you for your attention!
And thanks toAnd thanks toAnd thanks toAnd thanks to
UdoUdoUdoUdo LambrechtLambrechtLambrechtLambrecht [email protected]
Frank DünnebeilFrank DünnebeilFrank DünnebeilFrank Dünnebeil [email protected]
Alexander SchachtAlexander SchachtAlexander SchachtAlexander Schacht [email protected]
ChristophChristophChristophChristoph KesslerKesslerKesslerKessler [email protected]
Further information:
www.no2www.no2www.no2www.no2----tagung2010.detagung2010.detagung2010.detagung2010.de
www.ifeu.de/no2www.ifeu.de/no2www.ifeu.de/no2www.ifeu.de/no2
