Tung Shin Hospital Modern Architecture Analysis

TUNG SHIN HOSPITAL

Content

Introduction 1

Fast Facts 2-3

History 4-7

Founder of Tung Shin Hospital 8-9

Architecture Style 10-21

Building Materials 22-28

Building Construction 29-32

Architecture Components 33-51

Conclusion 52

Reference 53

Introduction

Kuala Lumpur is the capital city of Malaysia, it is located within the heart of Selangor state. There are mountains

bordering the city except in the East, this is why Kuala Lumpur and its adjoining areas are called the ‘Klang Valley’.

Kuala Lumpur literally means ‘muddy capital’ in Malay, because of its establishment in the confluence of the Klang

and Gombak rivers. At the time, the rivers were rich in tin metals, due to industrial growth, the demands of tin

increases, attracted Chinese workers from China came to Kuala Lumpur to work in tin mining industry.

During the British colonial period which was in 1857 to 1957, the tin miners often embroiled in gang welfare,

disrupting the peace and stability of the tin trade, The British authorities decided to appoint a Chinese captain, called

‘Kapitan’ to administer the area and ensure its order. Under the leadership by the third Kapitan, Yap Ah Loy, Kuala

Lumpur transformed into a prominent commercial hub in Selangor.

Chinese population increased as tin industry was glory at the time, mining activities were always in

higher risk, medical care at the time was very much needed, this leads to the formation of one of

the earliest traditional Chinese medical clinic in Klang Valley, Pooi Shin Tung, which was the

foundation of Tung Shin Hospital. As time passed, Chinese workers started to stay permanently in

Kuala Lumpur, formed families and businesses of their own. Pooi Shin Tung no longer able to

handle the increased of medical needs, therefore it transformed to Tung Shin Hospital to serve the

increasing Chinese community.

Kuala Lumpur during British Colonial Period

Chinese Tin Mining Workers

1

Address:

Tung Shin Hospital, 102, Jalan Pudu, 50200 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah

Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Tung Shin Hospital consists of five main parts, there are the Lee Yan

Lian Building, the Haw Par Building, the Welfare Building, the Chinese

Medical Department and the New Loke Yim Ward.

The nearby landmarks are Menara Maybank, Low Yat Plaza, Swiss-Inn

Kuala Lumpur, Menara Olympia, Menara MDIF, Lanson Place Bukit

Ceylon Service and Menare Kek Seng.

New Lee Yan Lian Ward

Haw Par Building Welfare Building

Chinese Medical Department Building

Site plan of Tung Shin Hospital

Fast Fact- Location of Tung Shin Hospital

New Loke Yim Ward

Jalan Bukit Bintang

Jalan Pudu

Puduraya Bus Terminal

Tung Shin Hospital

Location of Tung Shin Hospital in Kuala Lumpur

2

The Old Welfare Building was originally built to form a Male Healthcare Department. It consists of two

bungalows, one was named as East Building and the other is West Building. Due to the malfunction

of the two bungalows, they were demolished on 1959 and built New Welfare Building. Previously, the

New Welfare Building was the place for the tradition Chinese medical department, Beijing and Nan Jing

Chinese Department and Chinese medicine pharmacy. Now, It is where the library and staff offices

placed.

Haw Par Building

Haw Par Building is the oldest building in Tung Shin Hospital. Haw Par Building’s

function was changed throughout the years of its existence. At the early 1930,

It was built as a grand hall. Then, Haw Par Building’s function was changed to

Chinese medical outpatient department, office, staff hostel and western medical

department. Now, it become the medical staff hostel and the Chinese

medical library.

Welfare Building


The Old Lee Yan Lian Ward was built on 1974. It functions as the western medical department. The

New Lee Yan Lian Ward was built at 1989. So that, the western medical department shifted to the new

Lee Yan Lin Ward and the Old Lee Yan Lian Ward functioned as staff hostel until it was demolished at

2002.

Fast Fact- Function of The Main Buildings In Tung Shin Hospital 3

Tung Shin Hospital has been witnessed the development of Kuala Lumpur

and Malaysian Society for the passed 222 years. In 1880, as Kuala Lumpur

was made the administrative centre of Selangor state under British rule,

the colonial government at the time not able to provide adequate

healthcare service to the increasing population in the city.

Therefore, Kapitan Yap Kwan Seng, the last Chinese Kapitan of Kuala

Lumpur from 1889 to 1902, sponsored a private clinic named Pooi Shin

Tung in Jalan Petaling. Pooi Shin Tung was the foundation of Tung Shin

Hospital, it provided traditional Chinese medical service for the poor and

mainly Chinese mining workers, it also provided funeral assistances.

Pooi Shin Tong Kapitan Yap Kwan Seng

By 1890s, population grew rapidly in Kuala Lumpur with its neighboring mining area following the

development of mining industry, commerce and infrastructure. As a result, Chinese population rose

to about 40,000, more people searched for treatment at Pooi Shin Tung. Through the discussion with

Chinese merchant Loke Yew, Kapitan Yap decided to to turn the private clinic into a community

hospital so it could provide better resources to improve their service quality to the community.

Loke Yew

History of Tung Shin Hospital 4

The proposal to reorganize Pooi Shin Tong had widely supported by contemporary community leaders, such as Loke Yew, who started the donation activity by raising RM1,000, later

was joined by Wong Hup Lee, Wong Hup Loong, Ko Siew Soon, Chan Sow Lin and others. In the end, a donation of more than RM10,000 was raised, Pooi Shin Tung converted from

private run clinic into community run institution, and it was officiated as Tung Shin Hospital, a non-profit organization.

The Selangor Journal reported in details in pages 89, 95, 96 and 97 about the grand opening of Tung Shin Hospital on November 22, 1895 by Mrs Rodger, the wife of the Acting Resident.

Tung Shin Hospital in the early years

Kapitan Yap Loke Yew Yap Loong Hin Liang Xiang Ting Huang Bao Zhi

Chan Tuch Chee Qiu Man

Liew Kwong Hon Datuk Chong Tan Sri Lee Tan Sri Dato’ Lee Tan Sri Dato’ Teo

Presidents of Tung Shin Hospital

History of Tung Shin Hospital 5

In 1881, the first Chinese medical

clinic, Pooi Shin Tung was formed

by Kapitan Yap Kwan Seng. It was a

private clinic which operated first

at a shophouse located at Jalan

Petaling and moved to its current

premise in Jalan Pudu. It serves

the mainly the poor and chinese

mining workers.

Pooi Shin Tung 1881

1891 Tung Shin Hospital

By 1890s, Chinese population in Kuala

Lumpur grew rapidly until about 40,000

as its neighboring mining areas rose due

to the development of mining industry.

Kapitan Yap Kwan seng decided to change

Pooi Shin Tung into a community hospital

to improve its resources quality for the

people. In 1891, Tung Shin Hospital was

formed with the financial support by Loke

Yew, Wong Hup Lee, Wong Hup Loong, Ko

Siew Sun, and Chan Sow Lin.

New Wards n.d.

1917 Ward One

One of the earliest

department building of

Tung Shin Hospital.

Sponsored by Mr. Cheong

Yoke Choy.

The old Loke Yim Ward was a female

ward, it was funded by Kuala Lumpur’s

established miner and banker Mr Liew

Weng Chi in remembrance of his

mother, Madam Loke Yim. This one

storey building was demolished during

1950’s and the new two storeys Loke

Yim Ward was built later at the same

location.

Old Loke Yim Ward 1933

Old Loke Yim Ward

Mdm Loke Yim

Early years of Tung Shin Hospital

Mr Cheong Yoke Choy

1935 Haw Par Ward

Funded by Mr Aw Boon Haw

and Mr Aw Boon Par. It is

located at the main

entrance of Tung Shin

Hospital, it is the oldest of

all the existing building. It

was once a grand hall,

medical department and

library, but it is now the

medical staff’s hostel.

Har Par Ward Then

Har Par Ward Now

Occupied by Japanese Army 1942-1945

Premise Returned 1950

Timeline of Construction of Buildings In Tung Shin Hospital 6

1951 Resumed Operation

As the male ward demolished on

1959, the original location was

rebuilt a new two storeys medical

ward, which is the Welfare Ward

Now. The building was funded by

the Social Welfare Lotteries

Board, donation by Hong Kong

movie tycoon brothers Rumme

and Run Run Shaw.

Welfare Ward 1961

Male Ward

Welfare Ward Then

Welfare Ward Now

1964 New Loke Yim Ward

The old Loke Yim Ward was

demolished to build the new

Loke Yim Ward. It was used as

female Chinese medical ward

at first, after that it became

ordinary ward for the Western

Medical Department in 1976

until Lee Yan Lian Building was

built. It is now the ward

keeping office.

New Loke Yim Ward

Tung Shin Hospital’s president

Tan Sri Lee Yan Lian funded to

build a three storeys building as

Western Medical Department.

As the new Western Medical

Department constructed, this

building became staff’s hostel.

This building was later

demolished in 2002.

Old Lee Yan Lian Ward 1974

Old Lee Yan Lian Ward

Tan Sri Lee Yan Lian

1986 New Lee Yan Lian Ward

This building was finished

constructed in 1988. It substitute

the Old Lee Yan Lian Ward to place

the Western Medical Department.

It consists of 11 floors and

contained of outpatient

department, specialist department,

surgery rooms, ICU, wards,

pharmacy, X-ray room and other

western medical treatments.

Present


Present Tung Shin Hospital

7

The formation of Tung Shin Hospital today had been gone through uncountable

processes of constructions, demolitions and renovations of the buildings it consisted.

Today, the remaining buildings that were constructed from 1900 until 1990 include the

new Lee Yan Lian Ward, new Loke Yim Ward, Haw Par Ward, and the Welfare Ward.

The architects who contributed to the designs and constructions of the buildings were cannot to be defined. However, the founder of Tung Shin

Hospital is the fifth and lastast Kapitan of Kuala Lumpur, Kapitan Yap Kwan Seng.

Kapitan Yap Kwan Seng was born in 1846 and died in 1901. In his 55 years of lifetime, he marked an important chapter in the early history of

Kuala Lumpur, Together with his contemporaries Kapitan Yap Ah Loy, Kapitan Yap Ah Sak, Loke Yew, Cheok Yeok and others, Yap Kwan Seng

helped to shape the humanistic landscape of the city. Kapitan Yap Kwan Seng

Current Tung Shin Hospital

The Founder of Tung Shin Hospital

Selangor Kwang Tung Cemetery Victoria Institution Tung Shin Hospital Tai Wah Ward Chak Kai Association

Kapitan Yap Kwan Seng is a successful miner as well as a Hakka community leader. He founded or co-founded many important institution in Kuala Lumpur, such as Selangor Kwang Tung

Cemetary, Victoria Institution, Tung Shin Hospital, Tai Wah Ward at the Pauper Hospital (forerunner of the Kuala Lumpur General Hospital), Chak Kai Association, most of them still exist today.

Jalan Yap Kwan Seng Jalan Sin Chee Kee

Even the Brickfields area got its name from the

brick factory he built there to take part in

Kuala Lumpur first redevelopment project in

the late 19th century.

Yap Kwan Seng was such prominent in Kuala

Lumpur’s history - the Jalan Yap Kwan Seng

and Jalan Sin Chee Kee (off Jalan Pudu) which

was named after his shop.

He owned tin mines, tin mining industry in Kuala Lumpur during the

British Colonial period was in its glory as a result from the industry

growth. By 1889, he employed up to 7,000 labours with tin

production outstripped that of Kapitan Yap Ah Shak. Meanwhile, as

more mine workers suffered from various epidemics and diseases,

Yap Kwan Seng established “Pooi Shin Tong” (forerunner of Tung Shin

Hospital), one of Kuala Lumpur’s earliest charity bodies, to provide

free medical care and funeral assistance.

8

Tung Shin Hospital holds on 2 special meanings in the historical context of Malaysia

Tung Shin Hospital represents the humanitarian spirit of the Malaysian society. It ensures proper healthcare for even the unprivileged. The growth of Tung Shin Hospital reflects interestingly that of Malaysian society. It started from caring for the poor in a particular ethnic group to serves people of any community from not only in Malaysia but from other countries.

9

9 7

By Sen Yih Yiing & Masoud Rmdn

CFA Voysey Cottages Style

Haw Par Ward 11-13

Architecture Style

10

Haw Par Ward

Haw Par Building is built on 1935, the oldest building among the wards in Tung Shin Hospital. It consists two levels and was functioned as a grand hall that held various events during the early years, but it is now the medical staff’s hostel. Generally, the building is rectangular in shape but its appearance is asymmetry.

The interesting features of the Haw Par Ward include the bow window in front covered with stained glasses, a large area of patio in the middle of the building, which the four sides of it are enclosed by rooms and spaces and the roof level which allows people access.

Rectangular in shape

Asymmetry in shape

Principle • Asymmetry in shape

• The shape of the building is asymmetrical because of the bow window extended out from the originally rectangle building

• Repetition • The continuous usage of stained

glasses at the bow window gives the building an attractive appearance

Elements • Colours

• The reflection of sunlight makes the colours of the stained glasses become obvious.

• Shapes • The used of circle and rectangles in constructing

the shape of the plan

Colours

Haw Par Ward Floor Plan

Arts And Crafts Movement - CFA Voysey Cottages Style 11

Architecture characteristics of Haw Par Ward

• Focused on residential idiom.

• There are numbers of rooms and spaces consisted in Haw Par Ward, suitable for

various usage such as for hostel, offices and recreation area.

• Modest size

• The size of Haw Par Ward is moderate for around 150 persons to be in, the spaces are

in the comfortable size for people to conduct their respective activities.

• Suiting user’s needs rather than stylistic and formalistic concerns

• The architecture of Haw Par Ward is quite utilize, every single spaces are well used as

dorms, recreation room and public toilets. It does not have lavish ornaments and

decorations on the exterior as well as the interior spaces.

• Desire to simplicity

• The spaces are well defined, the main spaces in Haw Par Ward such as the patio and

hostel areas are well separated. The plan and elevations design are clear and simple

without complex decorations and designs.

• Maximum window space to allow natural lightning and ventilation

• Circular bay window at the front of Haw Par Ward allow a large amount of sunlight to

penetrate in, the use of stained glasses allow the shadow formed to be various of

colours, adds aesthetic visual texture to the interior spaces. The used of jalousie

windows enhance the ventilation in Haw Par Ward, keep the air circulation constant

and allow fresh air to filled up the environment.

• Two storey foyer as main pivot of horizontally arranged frame emphasis

• Haw Par Ward is a two storey building. At the interior of Haw Par Ward, there are four

sides of two storeys hostels framing the patio in the centre.

12

Although Haw Par Ward was built in 1935, but by analyzing all these architecture characteristics of Haw Par Ward, they are all similar to the architecture style by

C.F.A Voysey (pioneer of the modern movement), which are one of the Arts and Crafts Movement (1880 – 1910) during the early modernism.

‘discarding the mass of useless ornaments’ – Charles Vosey

Har Par Ward 1935 Broadleys 1898

Bow Window

Lowicks 1894 Har Par Ward 1935

Modest Size

Spade House 1899 Haw Par Ward 1935

Desire to Simplicity

Comparison between Har Par Ward with C.F.A. Voysey Cottages

13

By Hon Yi Hang & Masoud Rmdn

Prairie style

Welfare Ward 15-17

Architecture Style

14

Welfare Ward

Welfare Ward was built in 1961. It was where Chinese medical departments, pharmacy and wards were placed, but now it consists of only library and mainly office used. Welfare Ward is rectangular in shape and it’s symmetrically balance.

Symmetrical


Principle • Symmetrically Balance

• The shape of the building is symmetrically balance in both sides.

• Harmony • The building is made up of

many different sizes of rectangles such as the middle tower, the entrance and windows, this shapes harmonizes together perfectly in this building.

The central tower is higher than both its wings, forms hierarchy which attract attentions by the people, and guide the guide to walk to its entrance. There is a parking area at the centre of the building, surrounded by 3 block of 2 storeys building.

Elements • Lines

• The lines of the building are formed by looking at the vertical columns and horizontal windows and roof lines.

• Texture • The used of glasses, concrete and blocks with

the plants on the pergola give the building different textures.

Lines

Texture

Welfare Ward Floor Plan

Early Modern Architecture Style - Prairie Style 15

Architecture Characteristics of Welfare Ward

• Low horizontal lines

• The Welfare Ward consists on 2 storeys, which is the shortest among the

modern buildings consist in Tung Shin Hospital.

• Broad open spaces instead of strictly defined forms

• The forms in Welfare Ward is U-shape with simple and obvious which consists

only rectangular in both its elevations and plans. There is a large area at the

center of the building , 3 sides of the open area is enclosed by 2 storeys offices

and rooms, and the centre open space connects the Welfare Ward With the

New Chinese Medical Department which is located behind.

• Distinction between the interior spaces and the surrounding terrains.

• The semi-private and private areas in the welfare Ward is clearly separated by

boundaries such as walls and rooms .

• Unornamented exterior.

• There is not much ornaments and decoration on the building. The decorative elements

only the pergola, glasses and hollow blocks as ventilation medium and decorative

element. Not carvings decorations are on the building.

• Ribboned Window

• There are a continuous row of windows located at the second floor of the building, give

the building maximum sunlight to penetrate in.

16

By concluding all the research on the features of the architecture in the Welfare Building, Welfare Ward is a modern architecture influenced by the Prairie Style (Late 19th –

Early 20th) from Early Modernism.

Falling Water 1935 Welfare Ward 1961

Low Horizontal Line

Welfare Ward 1961 Heurtley House 1902

Ribboned Window

Robie House 1910 Welfare Ward 1961

Distinction between interior space and surrounding terrains

Comparison between Welfare Ward with Prairie Style architectures

17

By Sen Yih Yiing & Masoud Rmdn

Brutalism

New Lee Yan Lian Ward 19-21

Architecture Style

18

New Lee Yan Lian Building

The New Lee Yan Lian Building is where the western medical department placed now. It was

used to replaced the old Lee Yan Lian Building to placed he department as it constructed in

1986.

The New Lee Yan Lian Building is also rectangular in shape because of the shape is easy to

function and it can be full utilized especially for hospitals. And It also symmetrically balanced.

Symmetrically Balance


Principle • Hierarchy

• The middle building is the highest of all the buildings in Tung Shin, and from side, it looks pop up and attention catching

• Emphasis • The colour of the middle

tower is darker than the side wings’ walls, makes the middle tower to be the focus point of the building

The New Lee Yan Lian Ward Is the highest ward in Tung Shin Hospital. This building consists of

elevators and it is enclosed into an opaque rectangular shape building.

Elements

• Colour

• The colour used on the middle tower and on

the side wings are different which makes the

middle building to be more stand out.

• Lines

• This building consists of 11 floors with

distinctive balcony and floor lines

Colours and Lines

New Lee Yan Lian Ward Floor Plan

Mid 19th Century Modern Architecture Style - Brutalism 19

• Lack of ornament

• There are no carvings and decoration applied on the building, just the usage of

different wall materials to for the texture of the building,

• Emphasis on rectangular forms and horizontal and vertical lines

• As we can see, the shape of new Lee Yan Lian Ward was straight to the point, as it is

an edgy rectangle and to be detailed, there a smaller rectangle in between 2 longer

rectangles that formed the building.

Architecture characteristics in New Lee Yan Lian Ward

• Flat roofs

• The roof used is flat on the side wings but at the middle tower, the roof is slightly

tilted to make some difference between the middle tower and the side wins.

• Generous used of glass

• Glass is a main element in this building, from the ceiling to the ground floor, there are

a lot of glass had been used to make as the gazing. The glass makes the building to

look modernistic and less opaque.

• Use of modern materials and systems

• The materials used in constructing the building are all factory manufactured, such as

steels, glass, alumnium composite and bricks.

• Emphasis on graphically expressing in the external elevations

20

The appearance of Lee Yan Lian is simple but elegant as the used of mainly glass, low toned colour and a very distinctive shapes of rectangular. Therefore, we concluded that

this building is influenced by Brutalism architecture(1950s – 1970s) which was from mid – century modernism.

Comparison between New Lee Yan Lian Ward with Brutalism architectures

New Lee Yan Lian Ward 1986 Unite d’Habitation 1952 Western City Gate 1980 New Lee Yan Lian Ward 1986

Emphasis of rectangular forms

Hubert H. Humphrey Building 1977

Generous used of glass

New Lee Yan Lian Ward 1986

Use of modern materials and systems

21

By Cheah Eugene

Stained Glass 23

Mosaic Ceramic Tiles 24

Terracotta 25

Glass Block & Iron Grill 26

Wire Mesh and Metal Grill Sliding Door 26

Concrete Paver Block 27

Aluminium Composite Panel Cladding 28

Building Materials

22

Haw Par Building

was built as a hall in 1935, it

was converted into Chinese

medical out-patient clinic,

office, hostel and western

specialist center. Materials were

still in partially good condition

but still need some

maintenance in the future.

Buildings materials were used

during neoclassical and pre-war

era. Most of the buildings

designed differently because

were construct in a limited

period of time due to pre-war.

Because of this, it was mostly

focus on simple Arts and Craft

materials that are found locally.

The previous paint of the

and cathedral and even

decorated the windows of

private houses. Usually the

glass was fired, the

silver stain turned a yellow

color that could range from

lemon to gold. Stained glass

was usually used to make

windows, so that the light

would shine through the

painting, its one of the most

widespread forms of painting.

Stained glass was usually used

to make windows, so that the

light would shine through the

exterior colours to create lights

inside. The stained glass is very

strong and long lasting if well

maintained. The building use a

very simple plain stained glass

window and its still in a very

good condition.

building was pale white and

undergo renovation once before.

The main construction for the

building are bricks and concrete.

The Welfare Building is

constructed in 1959 and

completed 3 years later. The main

construction materials for the

building are bricks, concrete and

terracotta roof tiles with Prairie

style. Lee Yan Lian Ward was

completed in July 2005. The old

ward was demolished in 2002 for

the new building. The main

construction for the building are

bricks, cement, concrete. During

the Gothic period and the

Renaissance period, stained glass

was one of the foremost

techniques of painting practiced

in Europe especially on church

Haw Par Building

Stained Glass 23

Mosaic ceramic tile has

been using since before

Renaissance period. ceramic tiles

have been seen using in the

pyramids, the ruins of Babylon,

and ancient ruins of Greek cities.

Decorative tilework was invented

in the near east, where it has

enjoyed a longer popularity and

assumed a greater variety of

design than anywhere in the

world. During the Islamic period,

On the left: Ceramic tiles in Haw Par

all methods of ceramic tile

decoration were also used in

mosque. Mosaic ceramic tiles are

used on the floor and stairs of the

building. It have advantages

compare with other materials. It is

harder and stiffer than steel, more

heat and corrosion resistant than

metals, and also less dense than

most metals and alloys. There are

plenty of their raw materials and

not costly. Ceramic tiles display a

wide range of properties

which facilitate their use

in many different product

areas.

Welfare Ward

Welfare Ward

Haw Par Ward

Mosaic Ceramic Tiles 24

Terracotta is a ceramic material

that has been used for building

construction and decorative arts since

ancient times in cultures around the

world till now. The material is made

from natural clay, which gives it a

characteristic reddish-brown color. The

color of the material varies slightly

depending on the clay used. Terracotta

may be glazed for extra durability or to

provide color. It is a waterproof and very

sturdy material there are also many

ancient sculptures and decorative items

made from it are still in excellent shape.

to be glazed in a wide variety of colors,

including finishes that resemble stone

or metal patina. Terracotta is not costly

and glazing increases its durability and

helps it retain its original look. The

material is also resistance to water and

fire. Its also popular that can preserve a

very long material life if well taken care.

Terracotta roof tiles used for the

building is a barrel shape roof tiles that

gives the roof line a look off texture and

flow. Its one of the refinement and

classical style for the building.

Terracotta roof tiles is one of the

quality and beauty tiles and is a very

old materials till modern days. Clay

has long been the traditional roof tile

material, as terracotta provides both

strength and insulation against

temperature and weather. The Gothic

revival style of architecture in the

19th century has been using

terracotta, and the material became

increasingly used for structural

elements such as walls and

decoration. It is also lighter than

stone, and modern methods allow it

Welfare Ward

Haw Par Ward

Terracotta 25

Glass block was widely

use in American Art Deco

Movement period. There are

various type of design

especially for tall buildings or

private use. is a versatile

material that can be used for a

variety of purposes. Thus

allowing a limited amount of

light to enter the space. The

material were normally used to

produce both walls and floors

because of its thickness. It has

a very strong resistance to fire

and thickness. Its also can last

many years as a building

material.

Iron grille come from the

medieval period, use of ironwork

for decorative purposes became

more common. Iron was used to

protect doors and windows of

valuable places from attack from

raiders and was also used for

decoration as can be seen at

Cathedral and buildings. Armour

also was decorated, often simply

but occasionally elaborately. From

the 16th century onwards, iron

Small wire mesh added to the top of the small

window to prevent insects from entering the

room. Its also part of the materials to allow warm

air to escape the room.

became highly ornate

especially in the Baroque

and Rococo periods.

However, till modern time,

iron are less focus on

decorative instead of

protection. It has less

maintenance but will rust

easily if were not paint

properly or in contact with

water several times.

Metal grille sliding door

are used for the entrance

to the second floor of the

Welfare Building provides

a strong security and not

easy to break in. Its also

have fire resistance and

easy to maintain, even

easier to use. Commonly

use for shops entrance

during post-war time in

Malaysia. Material itself

includes aluminum,

metal, steel, and etc

depends the range of

budget for the structure.

Welfare Ward

Welfare Ward

Welfare Ward

Welfare Ward

Glass Block, Iron Grill, Wiremesh & Metal Grille Sliding Door 26

Concrete paver block is first

established in Central and South

America in the mid 1960s. Soon,

the material were introduced to

other countries such as Britain,

Canada, Australia and many more

for the great demand of growth.

The benefits of the material is to

reduce the flood overflow during

rainy days and erosion problem,

such as the Welfare Ward and the

Haw Par Ward is located at lower

ground level, most of the rainwater

come from the upper level will

accumulate at both areas,

therefore, the usage of concrete

paver blocks is ideal.

Concrete paver blocks are

commonly used in exterior

flooring. They are made from

concrete and colourings, then

molded into different shapes.

These concrete blocks do not wear

out easily and are fire resistance.

The reason it is used in the areas in

the hospital like the centre of the

Welfare Ward and also the

pathway in the Haw Par Ward as

they are mainly used for

transportation purposes, parking

and also people circulation. As

mentioned, they’re very durable

and can cope with abrasion.

Centre of the Welfare Ward

Pathway outside the Welfare Ward Centre of Haw Par Ward

Concrete Paver Block 27

The New Lee Yan Lian Ward was renovated around 2008 by adding up the aluminium composite panel claddings on the middle tower. Before the renovation, the ward was all plain by only using only white paint as the finishing of the wall. The building looks plain and unattractive before.

Aluminium composite panel cladding are one of the cladding that added for the building's decoration and also protect the building from harsh weather and temperature. During pre-war period, cladding on building are starting to expand after seeing how paint bonds to aluminum fuselages on World War II.

The material only apply for the front elevation of the New Lee Yan Lian Ward to make the middle tower to become the focus point of the whole building by using different materials to create different textures to the building. The building now not only can be protected from harsh weather as it is located on the hill and it is the highest point of Tung Shin Hospital, it will receive most of the harsh weather such as strong wind, sunlight exposure, rain and thunder.

New Lee Yan Lian Ward before renovation

New Lee Yan Lian Ward after renovation

ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE PANEL CLADDING

Aluminium Composite Panel Cladding 28

By Michael Kon Keen Yih

Introduction to Tung Shin Construction 30

Lee Yan Lian Ward 30 Welfare Ward 31 Haw Par Ward 32

Building Construction

29

A bold expansion programmed for Western Medical

Department was initiated in 1985. This 10 storey

block with a total built-up area of 240,000 sq. feet

was finally completed in 1989. It has a bed capacity

of 238.

Tung Shin Hospital in its early years.

In 1881, Tung Shin hospital was established

and in a shop lot at Petaling Street and was

converted into a hospital than shifted to a

new address which is the current location

( Jalan Pudu)- Kuala Lumpur. It first started

as a clinic then 3 major building was build

on the site itself. (Ward One), (Loke Yew Ward)

(Haw Paw Ward).

Lee Yan Lian Construction in the early 80’s . Tung Shin Hospital

president Tan Sri Lee Yan Lian donated half a million dollars to

the Western in-patient ward. The philanthropist held a belief:

money like fertilizers, needed to be widespread to be useful.

The early flat roof construction

Old Lee Yan Lian’s Construction

Introduction of Construction Method

Lee Yan Lian Ward

30

The Welfare Building in the sixties with its green field, which was later replaced by a three level car park.

The Welfare Building (also known as Welfare Ward) has its construction

started in 1959 with $234,000 donation by the Social Welfare Lotteries Ward.

It was officiated by Datuk Ong Yoke Ling, then the official welfare minister. In

12 December 1961 after its completion in the same year. The Chinese Medical

Department is operating in this second largest of the hospital’s existing

building.

Welfare Building

One-Way Joist Slab

A joist or ribbed slab is cast integrally with as series of closely spaced joists, which

in turn are supported by a parallel set of beams. Designed as a series of T-beams,

joist slabs are more suitable for the longer spans and heavier loads than one-way

slabs.

31

A structure of the city notable for its historical and architectural value, the Haw Par Building was

named after Mr. Aw Boon Haw and Mr. Aw Boon Par, the Singaporean tycoon brothers, with whose

donation it was built in 1935. Mr. Aw Boon Haw came to Kuala Lumpur to officiate it in 2 February

1936. The Haw Par Building (also known as the Haw Par Ward), locate at the hospital main entrance,

is the oldest of all existing building. It is now used as medical staff hostel and the traditional Chinese

medicine library.

As you can see, there’re holes on the walls for

ventilation and natural day lighting is used on the

design which is very common throughout the early

modernism time.

Concrete masonry foundation walls

The Haw Par building started using the

concrete masonry walls after the 90’s

construction method as it’s more cost saving

and easily handled in small units and does

not need any formwork.

The Haw Par Ward Building 32

By Hon Yi Hang

Ribbon Window 34

Casement Window 35

Jalousie Window 36

Circular Bay Window 37

Floor To Ceiling Window 38

Architecture Elements & Components

33

Vertical ribbon window can only be found at the front

elevation of the Welfare Building. Vertical ribbon windows

is a long row of vertical windows. Vertical ribbon windows

are used to enhance the connection between the interior

and the exterior. It also serves the same purpose as the

horizontal ribbon window. Stained glass was applied on

the circular bay window and ribbon window in order to

enlarge the function of the window.

Horizontal ribbon window is applied around the Welfare Building. Horizontal

ribbon window is a long row of windows separated by vertical posts, called

mullions. Horizontal ribbon windows can be used up high on a wall. It often

used to bring in the natural lights to brighten up the interior. Windows installed

near the ceiling are called clerestory windows. In the row of windows, some

are fixed whereas some of them are movable.

Bluish green stained glass was applied on the ribbon window in order to enlarge

the function of the window.

Vertical Ribbon Window

Horizontal Ribbon WIndow

Bluish Green Stained Glass

Windows- Ribbon Window

Vertical Ribbon Window

Horizontal Ribbon Window

34

Casement Window

A casement window usually referred to window that is attached

to its frame by one or more hinges. Hinge at the top part of the

window is referred as awning window and the hinge at the bottom

is called hoppers.

They are used singly or in pairs within a common frame. Casement

windows are used at the central of the welfare building. It is often

used to promote good air entry and ventilation.

Casement and Transom Window

Casement and transom window is the combination

Of few casement windows. Casement and transom

window has the function same as casement

window but it is stronger compare to the single

casement window.

Casement and Transom Window Paired Casement Window

Single Casement Window

Windows- Casement Window 35

Jalousie window covered the whole Har Par building and part of the

Welfare Building. Jalousie window, also known as louvre window which is

formed by parallel glasses or wooden set in a window frame. The louvers

are linked together in a track in order to be open or shut in the same order.

It allows ventilation through the entire window and maximizing the cooling

and natural ventilation.

Jalousie window also can remain open during heavy rain.

As the glass louvers are protruding outwards, rain water

are refrain from entering through the windows. Hence,

ventilation still can be maintained during heavy downpour.

The jalousie window of the Welfare Building

The jalousie window of the Haw Par Building

Windows- Jalousie Window 36

At the front elevation, the circular bay window is divided into

three parts; each part is formed by a combination of three vertical

windows. As the front elevation of Har Par building was facing the

entire hospital and the main road, provides a good panoramic view

of the surrounding and a source of natural lightning to brighten the

interior.

Whereas, the semicircular part at the back elevation is fully

covered up with seven rows of horizontal circular bay window.

Circular bay window is applied to maximize the penetration of

sunlight. At the same time, it can also provide a spacious interior .

Circular bay window is built in semicircular shape which

can be found at the front and back elevation of the

Haw Par building.

Front Elevation

Back Elevation

Windows- Circular Bay Window

Different colour of stained glass also applied on the circular bay

window to make it look more attractive.

Stained glass in different colour

37

Floor-to-ceiling windows are applied on the whole New Lee Yan Lian

Ward. It is a type of large window which can allow the light enter the

interior from multiple angles. Meanwhile this window is used to linked

the interior with the external surrounding by providing a good visualization

from the Inside.

Floor-to-ceiling window of the New Lee Yan Lian Ward

Windows- Floor- to- Ceiling Window 38

By Ling Yuan Ming

Metal Grille Sliding Doors 40

Louvered Doors 40

Steel Doors With Grid Form 41

Doors with Glass Panels 41

Aluminium Glass Doors 42

Stairs 43


39

Metal Grille Sliding Doors Louvered Doors

Also known as retractable steel doors,

they have existed since the early 20th

century and have been widely used from

within spaces to the main door of shop lots.

This type of door provide maximum

ventilation, vision and also lighting, not

forgetting protection. The skeletal structure

enables people from within to see what is

on the outside. They come in various sizes

and can fit to almost all openings.

Additional design on a normal door,

louvered doors have diagonal pieces that

create openings. The diagonal strips are

meant for ventilation, especially for places

which have limited spaces while

maintaining privacy and security, not

forgetting a little bit of natural lighting.

The metal louvered door is usually used

for mechanical storages such as pumps,

generators and others.

The wooden ones are more often used

for individual spaces such as rooms. In

this hospital, a small clinic.

The main entrance of Haw Par Ward – After

opening hours, these doors will close from

both sides. Doors are fully opened in the

image above.

Retractable metal door used to separate the

hallway and the main area. Doors semi

closed (Bottom third from the left)..

Doors shut entirely when the higher floor is

not in service or at night (Bottom second

from the left).

Doors 40

Steel Doors with Grid Form

Available and started using

from the late 19th century to

the early 20th century. The

main use of grid form barriers

is for safety purposes. They

are installed both on ground

and also high rise balcony and

usually seals the entire

opening, leaving an usable

door space. They play their

role well by preventing break-

ins. It is the first line of

defense that doesn’t require

power supply or regular

maintenance.

Doors with Glass Panels

On the left :

Welfare Ward – Hallway Door

Haw Par Ward – Hallway Doors

On the left: Use of grid form

grills from the door to ceiling

and also fully-grilled door

with a padlock.

On the right :

Main entrance into the recreation

club, Welfare Ward

A classic solid wooden door with

additional glass panel. Started

using since the very early 20th

century to not only increase

visibility but also enhances the

door aesthetically. It also helps in

natural lighting of the spaces

inside.

Above : Wooden door with a

single glass panel opening to a

clinic

This type of door is widely

used for these purposes as

steel is widely used and is

easy to obtain at that era.

Both the Welfare Ward and

Haw Par Ward uses this type

of door despite their

construction gap.

Above :

Wooden door with two glass panels,

above and below each other

Doors 41

Aluminum Glass Doors

Aluminum is founded in the 19th century but is

not widely used as it is too expensive and is hard

to obtain until WWII. During that time, there was

mass usage of aluminum. After WWII, new and

faster methods are found to obtain aluminum

and it is widely used after that as it is light but

very strong and durable. Besides, its clean look

does not require additional refurbishment.

Glass was discovered very early but the production was

too dearly. In 1959, Pilkington Brothers made float glass, a

much cheaper and stronger glass.

Glass and aluminum combined doors are used as

they look classy, the silver colour of aluminum and

the reflection from the glass. The glass allows full

penetration of sunlight and vision. It used in many

places such as doors, windows and balustrades.

This type of doors are usually used at places which

are welcoming and wanting people to know what is

inside.

However, the combination of glass and aluminum for

making doors and also windows has begun since the

1890s.

Above : Brown aluminum giving a different

feeling, looking secure.

Most left : An entrance to the receptionist

counter, double door with handles - Haw Par

Ward

Middle : Side entrance to the ward

Doors 42

The entrance to the Haw Par Ward is

located slightly above the ground with three

flight of stairs (Image 1). Build in 1935, the

step stairs has existed for more than 3000

years since the 18th Dynasty (1320BC). Even

though step stairs are considered old, they are

implemented here in this building.

The stairs is covered by a block of hollow

core concrete bricks, providing vision,

ventilation and also natural lighting during the

day, not forgetting privacy.

Stairs is one of the oldest building in the

architectural history. It is believed that the first

appearance of stairs is 6000BC. From that

moment, stairs has evolved tremendously from

carved wooden trunk to cantilevered glass stairs

now. The Modern Era, reinforced concrete stairs

has started being used since the late 19th century

and can be seen in both Haw Par and Welfare

Ward. The surface is covered with ceramic tiles to

enhance the stairs aesthetically.

Image 1

The stairs in the Welfare Ward belongs to

the half landing type of stairs. One is present

at each side of the building. The interior can

be seen on the panoramic picture above.

Stainless steel is also present to provide

walking support for the elderly and also the

patients.

Stairs 43

By Sen Yih Yiing

Wooden Pergola 45

Awning 46-47

Air Vents 48

Roofing 48-49

Columns 50

Fencings 51


44

For centuries, pergolas had been served as shade and shelter for the people during inclement weather. The pergola is the earliest open-air lattices with supporting

pillars and it is covered with climbing vines and fruit bearing tress. Their popularity rose during the Renaissance.

Pergola

Pergola in Modern Architecture – Ancher House by Sydney Ancher (1955)

“roof dissolves into a pergola at the southern side of the building, which becomes an architectural

feature of the garden. The original drawings show pergolas bridging the space between the house

and the northern courtyard wall and extending from the verandah roof to the garden”

Shadings- Pergola

Ancher House

Wooden Pergola

Pergola is a garden feature which forms a shaded walkway, passageway, or sitting area or vertical posts or

pillars that usually support cross-beams and sturdy open lattice.

The material of the cross beam above the pergola are wood beams painted with white paint for weather

protection, as n insulator and also to prevent corrosion.

Wood is used in pergola because it adds aesthetic natural material to the concrete building, and fits perfectly

for the environment of the garden-like passageway, gives walkers a fresh feeling when then walk through it. Welfare Ward

The complicated arrangement of vines grew on the pergola forms a natural shading element which

blocks the penetration of sunlight, allows the temperature of the passageway to be lower and the

environment can be more comfortable

The irregular shapes of the shadows formed add virtual texture to the environment, make the

pathway to has a patterns of natural lightings that can lightened up the pathway.

45

The usage of awning was most well known in the colosseum during ancient Rome. Awning was also

called the Velarium which was a Latin name given for the retractable, panelled, awning, its purpose

was to provide shade for the spectators who watched the gladiatorial games in the blistering sun

and heat of Ancient Rome.

Awnings in Modern Architecture – LNEC Building (1946)

by P. Pardal Monteiro

An example of usage of awnings in modern architecture can be seen in the

LNEC main building in Lisbon, Portugal.

The LNEC main building was built in 1950, it is one of the most

representative examples of the extension of Portuguese Modernism. Its

modernist features include the long symmetric façade, high doors and

ceilings.

The picture on the most right shows eight of the seventy two tilted yellow

awnings on the south façade of the building. The awnings are used during

the summer season and removed in winter. LNEC Main Building Awnings at the

south facade

Awnings in Colosseum

Shadings- Awnings 46

Concrete Awning Welfare Ward

Aluminum Awning New Lee Yan Lian Ward

Concrete Awning

Concrete awning is used at the entrance of Welfare Ward. Because patients are

delivered in front of the entrance, the awning can protect the patients from rain and

sun.

The advantage of concrete awning is that it is weatherproof and long-lasting. It required

less maintenance and it can efficiently provides weather protections to the people.

Aluminium Awning

The sidewalk and each levels of French windows at the new Lee Yan Lian Ward used aluminium

awning as shading.

Aluminiums are light in weight and corrosion resistance. Alumium awning is used as it is hard

wearing for external covering, it is used to control light penetration, radiant heat that enable the

temperature of the interior to be lower and cool.

Shading- Awnings 47

Air Vents

Ventilation and efficient air circulation is important for a hospital to keep the air constantly fresh and

prevent contagion of bacteria.

The air vents used in Welfare Ward are the pierce blockwall, which are made of hollow bricks, while

Haw Par Ward used the less decorative ventilation openings.

The concrete air vents not only ensure the hospital to stay hygienic, allow hot air to transfer out to

keep the interior cool, but they also act as ornaments for the building. They make the building to

look more aesthetic and less opaque.

Haw Par Ward

Welfare Ward

Polycarbonate Roofing

Polycarbonate roofing is high performance rooflighting, it has high impact strength, lightweight, thermal and

weather insulation.

The semi-transparent polycarbonate roofing used at the patio allows moderate sunlight to penetrate in,

lightened up the building so the open space in the interior will not seem humid and dark.

The polycarbonate roofing prevent rain water from entering the interior of the building, so water will not

accumulate at the grooves on the floor, eliminate the risk of slippery and mosquitoes growing. The fans

installed allows ventilation in the closed patio.

Haw Par Ward

Shading- Roofing

Ventilation- Air Vents

48

Flat Roof

Flat Roof

Flat Roof

Arched Roof

Hip Roof

Skillion Roof

Haw Par Ward

Welfare Ward


Flat Roof

Flat roof is widely used in the buildings of Tung Shin Hospital. Flat roof is easier to construct and

generally more accessible.

But this type of roof requires constant maintenance because debris will gather on it with nowhere to

go.

Arched Roof

Arched roof prevents rainwaters and debris from accumulating on it, less maintenance needed, and it

is typically only used on a portion of the building, as seen in Haw Par Ward, it is used only at the

balcony area. It definitely adds a great aesthetic touch to the architecture.

Hip Roof

Hip roof is similar to the pyramid roof, but the difference is that the four sides of hip roof meet at a

ridge or a flat spot.

Hip roof is architecturally more practical as there is virtually no change for water accumulation as the

four sides are angled. Moreover, it is less vulnerable to high winds and can be used in all types of

climates.

Skillion Roof

This type of roof is a single sloping roof surface. The skillion roof used in the New Lee Yan Lian Ward

makes the building in the middle stands out from it’s side wings which are made of flat roof, adds a

slight visual effect to the building.

Type of Roof 49

Interior Columns

The buildings commonly used open plan as their design, which is one of the well known characteristics

of modern architecture proposed by Le Corbusier in his 5 points of architecture. Concrete columns are

shown in the interiors of the buildings that shows the open plan, provides the flexibility for the spaces

arrangement. It also allows larger open space for the high circulation of people in the hospital.

New Chinese Medical Ward

New Loke Yim Ward

Exterior Columns

The exterior columns are in rectangular and circular in shapes, the material of the columns are

also concrete, as concrete is good in strength, enable to withstand higher pressure and

durable.

The exterior columns act as a safety element as they form a boundary to guide people to walk

within the safe area and lead them to their destinations.

The exterior columns also make the building to look less solid as them form an open public

space and promotes ventilation and penetration of natural sunlight.

Welfare Building

Vertical Elements- Columns

Le Corbusier’s 5 Points of Architecture

Pilotis Roof Garden Free Façade Ribbon Window Free Plan

50

Concrete and Plants Fencing New Lee Yan Lian Ward

Plants Fencing Welfare Ward

Concrete Fencing

Concrete fencing is used at the New Lee Yan Lian Ward for safety purpose. Concrete has long durability,

corrosion resistance and it is chemical resistance too.

Green plants are planted on the concrete fencing to provide safety to the people on the sidewalk. It

also add up the variation of colours and textures to the environment so the surrounding will not be

only covered by manufactured materials but also has a taste of natural elements.

Plants Fencing

As the Welfare Ward is located on a small slope, the plants fencing functions the same, as it ensure

people safety and form borders that guide people to walk on the correct path. The plants fencing

makes the environment to be peaceful and fresh and the mood of the people walking by can also be

enlightened.

Vertical Elements- Fencings 51

Tung Shin Hospital had been standing at Kuala Lumpur from 1881 until today. It watches the changes

of Kula Lumpur’s environment, surrounding and also the transformation of Kuala Lumpur’s

architectures. Tung Shin Hospital been through countless of renovation, demolition and rebuild, most

of the buildings remained in Tung Shin Hospital are influenced by early modern architectures. Tung

Shin Hospital didn’t abandoned the important history and special features of their architectures, in

fact, they renewed it, maintained the historical building as well as make them functionable until today

so that people can actually experience the unique charm of the remaining historical modern

architectures.

Conclusion 52

Everise Stellar (M) SDN BHD. (2014). Out Products, Polycarbonate Sheet, [Website] Retrieved from http://www.everisestellar.com/polycarbonate-sheet/

FAO Corporate Document Repository. (n.d.). Agriculture and Consumer Protection, Wall, [Website] Retrieved from

http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1250e/s1250e0j.htm

Fontoynont, M. (2013) Daylight Performance of Buildings, Retrieved from

http://books.google.com.my/books?id=QWJ9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA169&lpg=PA16#v=onepage&q&f=false

Kathryn, K. (2014). Idea Books, 10 Different Types of Roofs For Your Home, [Website] Retrieved from http://www.houzz.com/ideabooks/113065/thumbs/10-

different-types-of-roofs-for-your-home

Kuala Lumpur History Guide. (n.d.). Kuala Lumpur Information, Kuala Lumpur History, Location, Information, [Website] Retrieved from http://www.kuala-

lumpur.ws/klhistory.htm

American EDU. (n.d.)TED Case Study, Tin Mining In Malaysia – Present And Future, [Website] Retrieved from http://www1.american.edu/ted/tin.htm

Tung Shin Hospital. (2014). Tung Shin Hospital, Overview, [Website] Retrieved from http://www.tungshin.com.my/about-us/overview/

Tung Shin Hospital. (1962). Tung Shin Magazine, Kuala Lumpur, Tung Shin Hospital.

Tung Shin Hospital. (1982). Tung Shin Hundred Years Magazine, Kuala Lumpur, Tung Shin Hospital.

References 53

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE BUILDING & DESIGN

Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Klang Valley

Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Architecture

ARCHITECTURE CULTURE & HISTORY 2 [ ARC 60203] Project 2: Web Book

Student Name:

Cheah Eugene 1001GH77034

Hon Yi Hang 0318473 Ling Yuan Ming 0318758 Masoud Ramedani 0317820 Michael Kon Keeh Yih 0300478 Sen Yih Yiing 0318890

Documents

Tung Shin Hospital Modern Architecture Analysis