Tugas Kimia(Jhon Napitupulu

7/31/2019 Tugas Kimia(Jhon Napitupulu

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Effects of Acid Rain

Acid rain causes acidification of lakes and streams and contributes to the damage of trees at high elevations (for example, red spruce trees

above 2,000 feet) and many sensitive forest soils. In addition, acid rain accelerates the decay of building materials and paints, including

irreplaceable buildings, statues, and sculptures that are part of our nation's cultural heritage. Prior to falling to the earth, sulfur dioxide (SO 2)

and nitrogen oxide (NO x) gases and their particulate matter derivatives sulfates and nitrates contribute to visibility degradation and harm

public health.

What is Acid Rain?

"Acid rain" is a broad term referring to a mixture of wet and dry deposition (deposited material) from the atmosphere containing higher thannormal amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids. The precursors, or chemical forerunners, of acid rain formation result from both natural sources,such as volcanoes and decaying vegetation, and man-made sources, primarily emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and nitrogen oxides(NO x) resulting from fossil fuel combustion. In the United States, roughly 2/3 of all SO 2 and 1/4 of all NO x come from electric powergeneration that relies on burning fossil fuels, like coal. Acid rain occurs when these gases react in the atmosphere with water, oxygen, andother chemicals to form various acidic compounds. The result is a mild solution of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. When sulfur dioxide andnitrogen oxides are released from power plants and other sources, prevailing winds blow these compounds across state and national borders,sometimes over hundreds of miles.

Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Period

11

H 2

He
http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/glossary.html#GlossShttp://www.epa.gov/acidrain/glossary.html#GlossShttp://www.epa.gov/acidrain/glossary.html#GlossShttp://www.epa.gov/acidrain/glossary.html#GlossNhttp://www.epa.gov/acidrain/glossary.html#GlossNhttp://www.epa.gov/acidrain/glossary.html#GlossNhttp://www.epa.gov/acidrain/glossary.html#GlossNhttp://www.webelements.com/hydrogen/http://www.webelements.com/hydrogen/http://www.webelements.com/helium/http://www.webelements.com/helium/http://www.webelements.com/helium/http://www.webelements.com/hydrogen/http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/glossary.html#GlossNhttp://www.epa.gov/acidrain/glossary.html#GlossNhttp://www.epa.gov/acidrain/glossary.html#GlossS


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1.008 4.0026

23

Li 6.94

4

Be 9.0122

5

B 10.81

6

C 12.011

7

N 14.007

8

O 15.999

9

F 18.998

10

Ne 20.180

311

Na 22.990

12

Mg 24.305

13

Al 26.982

14

Si 28.085

15

P 30.974

16

S 32.06

17

Cl 35.45

18

Ar 39.948

419

K 39.098

20

Ca 40.078

21

Sc 44.956

22

Ti 47.867

23

V 50.942

24

Cr 51.996

25

Mn 54.938

26

Fe 55.845

27

Co 58.933

28

Ni 58.693

29

Cu 63.546

30

Zn 65.38

31

Ga 69.723

32

Ge 72.63

33

As 74.922

34

Se 78.96

35

Br 79.904

36

Kr 83.798

537

Rb 85.468

38

Sr 87.62

39

Y 88.906

40

Zr 91.224

41

Nb 92.906

42

Mo 95.96

43

Tc [97.91]

44

Ru 101.07

45

Rh 102.91

46

Pd 106.42

47

Ag 107.87

48

Cd 112.41

49

In 114.82

50

Sn 118.71

51

Sb 121.76

52

Te 127.60

53

I 126.90

54

Xe 131.29

655Cs

132.91

56Ba

137.33

*71Lu

174.97

72Hf

178.49

73Ta

180.95

74W

183.84

75Re

186.21

76Os

190.23

77Ir

192.22

78Pt

195.08

79Au

196.97

80Hg

200.59

81Tl

204.38

82Pb

207.2

83Bi

208.98

84Po

[208.98]

85At

[209.99]

86Rn

[222.02]

787

Fr [223.02]

88

Ra [226.03]

**103

Lr [262.11]

104

Rf [265.12]

105

Db [268.13]

106

Sg [271.13]

107

Bh [270]

108

Hs [277.15]

109

Mt [276.15]

110

Ds [281.16]

111

Rg [280.16]

112

Cn [285.17]

113

Uut [284.18]

114

Fl [289.19]

115

Uup [288.19]

116

Lv [293]

117

Uus [294]

118

Uuo [294]

*Lanthanoids *57

La 138.91

58

Ce 140.12

59

Pr 140.91

60

Nd 144.24

61

Pm [144.91]

62

Sm 150.36

63

Eu 151.96

64

Gd 157.25

65

Tb 158.93

66

Dy 162.50

67

Ho 164.93

68

Er 167.26

69

Tm 168.93

70

Yb 173.05

**Actinoids **89

Ac [227.03]

90

Th 232.04

91

Pa 231.04

92

U 238.03

93

Np [237.05]

94

Pu [244.06]

95

Am [243.06]

96

Cm [247.07]

97

Bk [247.07]

98

Cf [251.08]

99

Es [252.08]

100

Fm [257.10]

101

Md [258.10]

102

No [259.10]

The periodic table is a table of the chemical elements in which the elements are arranged by order of atomic number in such a waythat the periodic properties (chemical periodicity) of the elements are made clear. The standard form of the table includes periods(usually horizontal in the periodic table) and groups (usually vertical). Elements in groups have some similar properties to each other.
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belements.com/radon/http://www.webelements.com/francium/http://www.webelements.com/francium/http://www.webelements.com/radium/http://www.webelements.com/radium/http://www.webelements.com/lawrencium/http://www.webelements.com/lawrencium/http://www.webelements.com/rutherfordium/http://www.webelements.com/rutherfordium/http://www.webelements.com/dubnium/http://www.webelements.com/dubnium/http://www.webelements.com/seaborgium/http://www.webelements.com/seaborgium/http://www.webelements.com/bohrium/http://www.webelements.com/bohrium/http://www.webelements.com/hassium/http://www.webelements.com/hassium/http://www.webelements.com/meitnerium/http://www.webelements.com/meitnerium/http://www.webelements.com/darmstadtium/http://www.webelements.com/darmstadtium/http://www.webelements.com/roentgenium/http://www.webelements.com/roentgenium/http://www.webelements.com/copernicium/http://www.webelements.com/copernicium/http://www.webelements.com/ununtrium/http://www.webelements.com/ununtrium/http://www.webelements.com/flerovium/http://www.webelements.com/flerovium/http://www.webelements.com/ununpentium/http://www.webelements.com/ununpentium/http://www.webelements.com/livermorium/http://www.webelements.com/livermorium/http://www.webelements.com/ununseptium/http://www.webelements.com/ununseptium/http://www.webelements.com/ununoctium/http://www.webelements.com/ununoctium/http://www.webelements.com/lanthanum/http://www.webelements.com/lanthanum/http://www.webelements.com/cerium/http://www.webelements.com/cerium/http://www.webelements.com/praseodymium/http://www.webelements.com/praseodymium/http://www.webelements.com/neodymium/http://www.webelements.com/neodymium/http://www.webelements.com/promethium/http://www.webelements.com/promethium/http://www.webelements.com/samarium/http://www.webelements.com/samarium/http://www.webelements.com/europium/http://www.webelements.com/europium/http://www.webelements.com/gadolinium/http://www.webelements.com/gadolinium/http://www.webelements.com/terbium/http://www.webelements.com/terbium/http://www.webelements.com/dysprosium/http://www.webelements.com/dysprosium/http://www.webelements.com/holmium/http://www.webelements.com/holmium/http://www.webelements.com/erbium/http://www.webelements.com/erbium/http://www.webelements.com/thulium/http://www.webelements.com/thulium/http://www.webelements.com/ytterbium/http://www.webelements.com/ytterbium/http://www.webelements.com/actinium/http://www.webelements.com/actinium/http://www.webelements.com/thorium/http://www.webelements.com/thorium/http://www.webelements.com/protactinium/http://www.webelements.com/protactinium/http://www.webelements.com/uranium/http://www.webelements.com/uranium/http://www.webelements.com/neptunium/http://www.webelements.com/neptunium/http://www.webelements.com/plutonium/http://www.webelements.com/plutonium/http://www.webelements.com/americium/http://www.webelements.com/americium/http://www.webelements.com/curium/http://www.webelements.com/curium/http://www.webelements.com/berkelium/http://www.webelements.com/berkelium/http://www.webelements.com/californium/http://www.webelements.com/californium/http://www.webelements.com/einsteinium/http://www.webelements.com/einsteinium/http://www.webelements.com/fermium/http://www.webelements.com/fermium/http://www.webelements.com/mendelevium/http://www.webelements.com/mendelevium/http://www.webelements.com/nobelium/http://www.webelements.com/nobelium/http://www.webelements.com/nobelium/http://www.webelements.com/mendelevium/http://www.webelements.com/fermium/http://www.webelements.com/einsteinium/http://www.webelements.com/californium/http://www.webelements.com/berkelium/http://www.webelements.com/curium/http://www.webelements.com/americium/http://www.webelements.com/plutonium/http://www.webelements.com/neptunium/http://www.webelements.com/uranium/http://www.webelements.com/protactinium/http://www.webelements.com/thorium/http://www.webelements.com/actinium/http://www.webelements.com/ytterbium/http://www.webelements.com/thulium/http://www.webelements.com/erbium/http://www.webelements.com/holmium/http://www.webelements.com/dysprosium/http://www.webelements.com/terbium/http://www.webelements.com/gadolinium/http://www.webelements.com/europium/http://www.webelements.com/samarium/http://www.webelements.com/promethium/http://www.webelements.com/neodymium/http://www.webelements.com/praseodymium/http://www.webelements.com/cerium/http://www.webelements.com/lanthanum/http://www.webelements.com/ununoctium/http://www.webelements.com/ununseptium/http://www.webelements.com/livermorium/http://www.webelements.com/ununpentium/http://www.webelements.com/flerovium/http://www.webelements.com/ununtrium/http://www.webelements.com/copernicium/http://www.webelements.com/roentgenium/http://www.webelements.com/darmstadtium/http://www.webelements.com/meitnerium/http://www.webelements.com/hassium/http://www.webelements.com/bohrium/http://www.webelements.com/seaborgium/http://www.webelements.com/dubnium/http://www.webelemen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There is no one single or best structure for the periodic table but by whatever consensus there is, the form used here is very useful.The periodic table is a masterpiece of organised chemical information. The evolution of chemistry's periodic table into the currentform is an astonishing achievement with major contributions from many famous chemists and other eminent scientists.

Simple compounds:Frequently asked questionsClassifying compounds

Can a compound be classified as ionic or molecular from its formula alone? What properties distinguish ionic compounds from covalent compounds? What is a binary compound? What is a compound?

Hydrates and addition compounds

How can I find the formulas for common hydrates of an ionic compound? Why do some compounds absorb water from air?

Molecules

What holds atoms together in molecules? How can I estimate the volume of a molecule?

Names and formulas

Which member of a family of oxanions takes the -ate ending? Where can I look up the formula for a compound, given its name? Where can I find the structure of a compound from its name or formula? Why is the anion suffix -ide used to name molecular compounds? Where can I find the name for a specific compound, given only its molecular formula? What do you call a compound that contains a metal and an acid anion? Can you predict the formulas for binary covalent compounds?
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Polyatomic ions

What is a carbonate, and what is it used for? What is thiosulfate ion, and what is it used for?

Properties of compounds

Where do I find compound properties on the Web?

NOMENCLATURE:

NAMING OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

Before we can begin to make progress in chemistry, we must master its vocabulary. While there are many thousands of different chemical compounds, there is a very definite system of nomenclature whereby we can name most compoundssimply and easily.

We can divide the compounds into two main types:

1. Those which are true binary compounds (that is, contain only two types of elements).

2. Those which contain more than two types of elements.

I. NAMING OF BINARY COMPOUNDS

The names of all compounds containing only two elements end in IDE . Binary compounds may besubdivided into two types:
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1. Those whose first element is a metal

2. Those whose first element is a non-metal

In both cases the second element is a non-metal .

1. For binary compounds whose first element is a metal, we use the following system:

[name of first element (metal)] [stem] + [IDE]

The stem is merely an abbreviation for the name of the second element (the non-metal).

Example: Naming the compound NaCl

The symbol Na represents the metallic element sodium .

The symbol Cl represents the non-metallic element chlorine , whose stem is chlor .

Therefore, the name NaCl is sodium chlor+ide or sodium chloride.

Likewise, for the following compounds:

CaO is calcium oxide

CaC 2 is calcium carbide

AlN is aluminum nitride

K2S is potassium sulfide

HCl is hydrogen chloride


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Note that hydrogen is considered as a metal when it is written first in a binary compound.

The stems of the most commonly used elements are indicated in the following table:

Oxygen ox Nitrogen nitr

Chlorine chlor Phosphorus phosph

Carbon carb Fluoride fluor

Iodine iod Bromine brom

Hydrogen hydr Sulfur sulf

There are a few special cases in this system of naming.

The ammonium cation NH 4+ is considered as a simple metallic ion, therefore:

NH 4Cl is ammonium chloride

(NH 4)2S is ammonium sulfide

There are also two anions which are considered to be special cases. The hydroxide (OH -) and the cyanide(CN -) are considered as simple negative ions, therefore:

KCN is potassium cyanide

Mg(OH) 2 is magnesium hydroxide


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NH 4CN is ammonium cyanide

If the metallic ion exists in two valence states:

o The charge is designated by Roman numerals, or o The one with the lower charge has the ending OUS

The one with the higher charge has the ending IC .

For example:

Fe+2 is iron (II) or ferrous ion

Fe+3

is iron (III) or ferric ionCu+1 is copper (I) or cuprous ion

Cu+2 is copper (II) or cupric ion

Hg 2+2 is mercury (I) or mercurous ion

Hg +2 is mercury (II) or mercuric ion

Sn+2 is tin (II) or stannous ion

Sn+4 is tin (IV) or stannic ion

Pb+2 is lead (II) or plumbous ion

Pb+4 is lead (IV) or plumbic ion


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These rules apply in the same manner to compounds. For example:

FeCl 2 is iron (II) chloride or ferrous chloride

CuS is copper (II) sulfide or cupric sulfide

Cu 2O is copper (I) oxide or cuprous oxide

HgO is mercury (II) oxide or mercuric oxide

SnO 2 is tin (IV) oxide or stannic oxide

Hg 2Cl2 is mercury (I) chloride or mercurous chloride

2. For binary compounds whose first element is a non-metal, we use the following system:

[name of first element (non-metal)] [prefix] + [stem] + [IDE]

The stem is the abbreviation for the second element. In addition to the ending, a prefix is used.

The prefix designates how many atoms of the second element are present as follows:

mono = 1

di = 2

tri = 3

tetra = 4

penta = 5


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hexa = 6

hepta = 7

Example: Naming the compound CO 2

The symbol C represents the element carbon .

The symbol O represents the element oxygen whose stem is ox .

There are 2 atoms of the second element present, so the prefix is di .

The ending, as with all binary compounds is ide .

Therefore, the name CO 2 is:

[name of first element] [prefix] + [stem] + [ide]

carbon di ox ide = carbon dioxide

Likewise, for the following compounds:

SO 2 is sulfur dioxide

SO 3 is sulfur trioxide

CO is carbon monoxide

CCl 4 is carbon tretrachloride

Cl2O7 is dichlorine heptoxide


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P2O3 is diphosphorus trioxide

P2O5 is diphosphorus pentoxide

II. NAMING OF ACIDS DERIVED FROM BINARY COMPOUNDS

For binary compounds with hydrogen as the first element:

Place the term hydro at the front of the stem of the second element

The letters IC at the end of the stem

Add the word ACID .

Therefore:

HCl (hydrogen chloride) is hydrochloric acid

H2S (hydrogen sulfide) is hydrosulfuric acid

HF (hydrogen fluoride) is hydrofluoric acid

HCN (hydrogen cyanide) is hydrocyanic acid (Remember:cyanide ion is a special case)

III. NAMING OF ACIDS WHOSE NEGATIVE GROUP CONTAINS OXYGEN

The only ones which we are concerned with are the common acids of phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen, chlorine, andcarbon. Learn the common oxyacids, which are:

H2SO 4 H3PO4 HNO 3


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sulfuric acid phosphoric acid nitric acid

HClO 3 H2CO 3

chloric acid carbonic acid

If the acid contains one less oxygen atom than the common one, the ending on the stem is changed from ICto OUS . Examples:

H2SO 3 H3PO3 HNO 2 HClO 2

sulfurous acid phosphorous acid nitrous acid chlorous acid

If the acid contains two less oxygen atoms than the common one, the ending in the stem is changed from ICto OUS and the prefix HYPO is added. Example:

HClO

hypochlorous acid

If the acid contains one more oxygen atom than the common one, the prefix PER is added to the name of thecommon acid. Example:

HClO 4

perchloric acid


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Summary Chart

Naming of Acids Whose Negative Group Contains Oxygen

TWO LESS OXYGEN ATOMS

HClO

hypochlorous acid

ONE LESS OXYGEN ATOM

HClO 2

chlorous acid

H2SO 3

sulfurous acid

H3PO 3

phosphorous acid

HNO 2

nitrous acid

COMMON ACIDS

HClO 3

chloric acid

H 2SO 4

sulfuric acid

H 3PO 4

phosphoricacid

HNO 3

nitric acid

ONE MORE OXYGEN ATOM


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HClO 4

perchloric acid

IV. NAMING OF SALTS CORRESPONDING TO THE OXY-ACIDS

For salts derived from the most common acids (the IC acids):

o Change the ending IC on the stem to ATE o Include the positive ion

Examples:

Na 2SO 4 [derived from H 2SO 4 (sulfuric acid)] is sodium sulfate.

KNO 3 [derived from HNO 3 (nitric acid)] is potassium nitrate.

(NH 4)3PO 4 [derived from H 3PO 4 (phosphoric acid)] is ammonium phosphate.

Ca(ClO 3)2 [derived from HClO 3 (chloric acid)] is calcium chlorate.

For salts derived from the OUS acids:

o Change the OUS ending on the stem to ITE o Include the positive ion

Examples:


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K2SO 3 [derived from H 2SO 3 (sulfurous acid)] is potassium sulfite.

Al(NO 2)3 [derived from HNO 2 (nitrous acid)] is aluminum nitrite.

KClO 2 [derived from HClO 2 (chlorous acid] is potassium chlorite.

For salts derived from the hypo____ous acids:

o Change the OUS ending on the stem to ITE o Include the positive ion prefixed by HYPO

Example:

KClO [derived from HClO (hypochlorous acid)] is potassium hypochlorite.

For salts derived from the per____ic acids:

o Change the IC ending on the stem to ATE o Include the positive ion

Example:

KClO 4 [derived from HClO 4 (perchloric acid)] is potassium perchlorate.


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V. NAMING OF SALTS CONTAINING MORE THAN ONE POSITIVE ION

1. For salts containing two positive ions , one of which is hydrogen , use the following system:

o Give the name of the positive ion other than hydrogen .o Use the prefix bi to indicate the hydrogen ion OR name the hydrogen .o Give the proper name for the negative ion using the above rules.

Examples:

NaHSO 4 is sodium bisulfate or sodium hydrogen sulfate

Ca(HSO 4)2 is calcium bisulfate or calcium hydrogen sulfate

LiHSO 3 is lithium bisulfite or lithium hydrogen sulfite

NaHCO 3 is sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate

Mg(HCO 3)2 is magnesium bicarbonate or magnesium hydrogen carbonate

2. Phosphate salts containing more than one type of positive ion , one of which is hydrogen, use thefollowing system:

o Give the name of the first positive ion.o Give the name of the second positive ion, using the prefix mono or di to indicate how many atoms of it are

present.o Give the proper name for the negative ion

Examples:

NaH 2PO 4 is sodium dihydrogen phosphate


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K2HPO 4 is potassium monohydrogen phosphate

The more advanced student will find that there are other systems for naming these compounds, but this will beenough at the present time.

ASSIGNMENT -- Name the following compounds:

1. ZnS _______________________________ 26. CuCl 2 _____________________________

2. MgCl 2 _____________________________ 27. PCl 5 _____________________________

3. Ca(ClO3)

2__________________________ 28. LiNO

2_____________________________

4. CaSO 4 _____________________________ 29. KH 2PO4 _____________________________

5. AgNO 3 ____________________________ 30. CuCN _____________________________

6. H 2S _______________________________ 31. KHCO 3 _____________________________

7. CaO _______________________________ 32. NaHSO 3 _____________________________

8. H 2CO 3 _____________________________ 33. Li 2HPO 4 _____________________________

9. Mg 3(PO 4)2 __________________________ 34. H 3PO 3 _____________________________

10. KCl _______________________________ 35. MgSO 4 _____________________________

11. K 2O _______________________________ 36. Ca(IO 2)2 _____________________________


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12. Al(NO 2)3 ____________________________ 37. SiO 2 _____________________________

13. MgO _______________________________ 38. CuCl _____________________________

14. SnI 2 _______________________________ 39. KClO 2 _____________________________

15. AsCl 5 ______________________________ 40. CaSO 3 _____________________________

16. CuSO 3 _____________________________ 41. NaBr _____________________________

17. HF ________________________________ 42. P 2O3 _____________________________

18. FeSO 4 ______________________________43. HClO _____________________________

19. SnCl 4 _______________________________44. NO 2 _____________________________

20. AsCl 3 _____________________________ 45. NaH _____________________________

21. KCN ______________________________46. ZnS _____________________________

22. NH 4OH ____________________________47. Pb(NO 3)2 _____________________________

23. Fe(ClO 4)3 ___________________________48. H 2Se _____________________________

24. HNO 2 ______________________________ 49. H 3PO 4 _____________________________

25. CS 2 ________________________________ 50. CaH 2 _____________________________

ASSIGNMENT -- Write the formulas for the following compounds:

51. lithium chloride ________________ 76. strontium carbonate ________________


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52. phosphoric acid ________________ 77. calcium nitrate ________________

53. boron trichloride ________________ 78. disulfur dichloride ________________

54. ferric chloride ________________ 79. tin (IV) oxide ________________

55. carbon tetrachloride _______________ 80. sodium bicarbonate ________________

56. silver sulfide ________________ 81. strontium chlorate ________________

57. antimony trichloride _______________ 82. aluminum hydroxide ________________

58. barium carbonate ________________ 83. cadium nitrate ________________

59. iodine monochloride ______________ 84. diphosphorus trioxide ________________

60. aluminum nitride ________________ 85. sodium hydride ________________

61. lead sulfate ____________________ 86. calcium nitride ________________

62. ammonium chloride _______________ 87. sulfur trioxide ________________

63. hydrogen fluoride ________________ 88. aluminum nitrate ________________

64. hydrobromic acid ________________ 89. silver oxide ________________

65. tin (II) bromide _________________ 90. ammonium phosphate ________________

66. cuprous oxide __________________ 91. cupric sulfate ________________

67. calcium bicarbonate ______________ 92. lithium fluoride ________________


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68. copper (II) cyanide _______________ 93. sodium sulfate ________________

69. cesium fluoride __________________ 94. radium carbonate ________________

70. zinc phosphate __________________ 95. copper (II) oxide ________________

71. dinitrogen pentoxide ______________ 96. iron (III) sulfate ________________

72. iron (II) sulfate ___________________ 97. magnesium perchlorate _______________

73. bromous acid ____________________ 98. potassium hypochlorite ________________

74. perchloric acid ___________________ 99. lithium hydride ________________

75. potassium cyanide ________________ 100.hydrosulfuric acid ________________

Mixture Basics Mixtures are absolutely everywhere you look. Mixtures are the form for most things in nature. Rocks,

air, or the ocean, they are just about anything you find. They are substances held togetherby physical forces , not chemical. That statement means the individual molecules enjoy being neareach other, but their fundamental chemical structure does not change when they enter the mixture.

When you see distilled water , it's a pure substance. That factmeans that there are just water molecules in the liquid. Amixture would be a glass of water with other things dissolvedinside, maybe salt. Each of the substances in that glass ofwater keeps the original chemical properties. So, if you havesome dissolved substances, you can boil off the water and still


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have those dissolved substances left over. Because it takes very high temperatures to boil salt, thesalt is left in the container.

Mixtures are Everywhere There are an infinite number of mixtures. Anything you can

combine is a mixture. Think of everything you eat. Just think about howmany cakes there are. Each of those cakes is made up of a differentmixture of ingredients. Even the wood in your pencil is considered achemical mixture. There is the basic cellulose of the wood, but thereare also thousands of other compounds in that pencil.Solutions are also mixtures. If you put sand into a glass of water, it isconsidered to be a mixture. You can always tell a mixture because

each of the substances can be separated from the group in differentphysical ways. You can always get the sand out of the water by filteringthe water away. A solution can also be made of two liquids. Even

something as simple as bleach and water is a solution.QUESTION 1:Mixtures are always combinations of the same compounds that are at different states.QUESTION 2:You can separate all mixtures by filtration.

QUESTION 3:Would it be possible to have a mixture made of all carbon atoms and compounds with only carbonatoms?QUESTION 4:All mixtures are defined as "heterogeneous."QUESTION 5:Mixtures are generally separated by what methods?


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QUESTION 6:Only specific compounds can be combined to form mixtures.QUESTION 7:All solutions are mixtures, but not all mixtures are solutions.QUESTION 8:As the temperature of a mixture increases, one part of the mixture may melt while the other partsremain solid.

What are Mixtures and Solutions?

A MIXTURE is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically unitedand do not exist in fixed proportions to each other. Most natural substances are mixtures.

MIXTURES PURE COMPOUNDS A mixture can be physically separated into pure compounds or

elements.A pure compound has a constant composition with fixed ratios of

elements.Just about everything that you can think of is probably a mixture.

Even the purest of materials still contain other compounds asimpurities.

Although it is almost physically impossible to isolate absolutelypure substances, a substance is said to be pure if no impurities canbe detected using the best available analytical techniques.

Mixtures may exhibit a changing set of physical properties.

For example, mixture of alcohol and water boils over a range of

temperatures.

Physical properties such as boiling point or melting point of puresubstances are invariant.

For example, pure water boils at 100 degrees CHOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES

The prefixes "homo"- indicate sameness The prefixes: "hetero"- indicate difference.

A homogeneous mixture has the same uniform appearance andcomposition throughout. Many homongeneous mixtures arecommonly referred to as solutions.

A heterogeneous mixture consists of visibly different substancesor phases. The three phases or states of matter are gas, liquid, andsolid.


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Particle size distinguishes homogeneous solutions from otherheterogeneous mixtures. Solutions have particles which are thesize of atoms or molecules - too small to be seen.

A COLLOID is a homogeneous solution with intermediateparticle size between a solution and a suspension. Colloidparticles may be seen in a beam of light such as dust in air in a"shaft" of sunlight. Milk, fog, and ello are examples of colloids.

In contrast a SUSPENSION is a heterogeneous mixture of largerparticles. These particles are visible and will settle out onstanding. Examples of suspensions are: fine sand or silt in water ortomato juice.

Corn oil is homogeneous, White vinegar is homogeneous. A sugarsolution is homogeneous since only a colorless liquid is observed.Air with no clouds is homogeneous.

For example beach sand is heterogeneous since you can seedifferent colored particles. Vinegar and oil salad dressing isheterogeneous since two liquid layers are present, as well assolids. Air with clouds is heterogenous, as the clouds contain tinydroplets of liquuid water.

SOLUTIONS are homogeneous mixtures.

A solution is a mixture of two or more substances in a single phase. At least two substances must be mixed in order to have a solution.The substance in the smallest amount and the one that dissolves or disperses is called the SOLUTE. The substance in the largeramount is called the SOLVENT. In most common instances water is the solvent. The gases, liquids, or solids dissolved in water arethe solutes.

Since solutions are mixtures, their compositions may vary over a very wide range. The concentrations may be expressed using avariety of measures. The non-specific terms concentrated and dilute are sometimes used. A concentrated solution has a relatively large(but non-specific) amount of solute dissolved in a solvent. A dilute solution has a smaller quantity of solute dissolved.


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TYPES OF SOLUTIONS

Concentrations

Solute

Less than 50%

Solvent

More than 50%Examples

liquid liquid alcohol - water wine beer, vodkaacetic acid / water - vinegar

solid liquid salt - watersaline (NaCl) solutionsugar solutionCaCO3 - hard water

gas liquid oxygen - water CO2 - carbonated waterNH3 - ammonia solution

gas gasair =

oxygen - nitrogen

gas solid hydrogen - platinum

liquid gas water in air

solid gas smog

liquid solid mercury - another metal

solid solid alloy

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Tugas Kimia(Jhon Napitupulu