TT -T 0 0 i-J • J_ ̂ O «

Description. U ( B.T.U./ft2/ hr./°F. )

Reference.

Ventilated Wood floor onjoists, bare boards .40 2

do. do., with parquet lino­leum or rubber .35 2

Windows and Skylights.

Single glazing (15 m.p.h.wind).

Double glazing (15 m.p.h.wind).

Single window Double window Thermolux glass

1.13 1

.45 11.0 23, 25. 50 23, 25.70 25

Solid Wood Doors.

Nominal thickness1” Actual thickness 25/32”1-I-" 1 1/16"IS" 1 5/l6"1-3" 1 3/8"2" 1 5/8"2i» 2 1/8"3" 2 5/8"

Solid door 1^" thick timberSolid door 1" thick timber

.69 1

.59 1

.52 1

.51 1

.46 1

.38 1

.33 1

.40 25

.50 25

\

TABLE CF CONDUCTIVITIES.

1. Bricks.

Description. k(B.T.U./ft?/hr./ °F/in.)

Reference.

Hand-made bricks 2.7 15Machine-made bricks 3.6 15Fletton bricks 3.7 to 4.2 (mean 4.0) 6Adobe bricks 3.56 1Common brick 5.00 1Face brick 9.2 1Damp or wet brick 5.0 1Common yellow clay brick 4.8 1Building Brick 4.8 16Brickwork 8.0 3, 9Brickwork 5.0 22Building brickwork 4.8 20Common Bricks 5.6 to 11.6 (8.0 used

for brickwork) 23

The values given in the first three references appear to be con­ductivities of loose bricks and not of brickwork walls, which would have a higher mean Conductivity. For brickwork, k evidently lies between 5 and 9 with 6 as a fair average value.

2. Concrete.

Description. k(B.T.U./ft2/hr./ °F/in.)

Reference.

Concrete, stone, 1-2-4mix 12.0 22

Sand and gravel aggregate,various ages and mixes 11.35 to 16.36 1

Sand and gravel aggregate 12.6 1_ /

Stone concrete 6.48 16Dry concrete 5.4 17Concrete with 10^ mois­

ture by vol. 8.4 17Reinforced concrete 9.0 17Ballast concrete 1:1:2 6.7 23Ballast concrete 1:2:4 7.0 6 0Concrete 6-9 18 _ —!

Moist concrete 8.4 15Gravel concrete 4 . 4 5 15Stone Concretes 5.8 19

For local concretes, k will probably lie between 7 and 13 with 9 as a good average, value.

1. Lieht-weieht Concrete,.. * *

Description.f

k(B.T.U./ft2/hr./ °F/in.)

Reference.

Expanded vermiculite aggregate

Light-weight aggregate: expanded slag, burned clay or pumice

Light concretes (clinker, foamed slag)

Clinker concrete (average value)

Foamed slag concrete Pumice concrete

.68 - 1.10

2.5

2.3, 2.0

2.6 2.0 1.3

1

1

3

666

A fair average value of condi concretes likely to be encou culite concrete.

activity would be 2.4 for light-weight ntered in South Africa, except vermi- .

4. Hollow Concrete Blocks.

Description. k(B.T.U./ft2/hr./ °F/in.)

Reference.

Hollow concrete blocks, A:" plaster on both faces, 10" overall width, two different types

7.3, 8.1 6

5. Hollow Cl av Tiles.

Description. k(B.T.U./ft2/hr./ °F/in.)

Reference

3" Tiles plastered both faces, 4" overall width

4" Tiles plastered both faces , 5" overall width

3.5 to 4.8

4.1

6

6-----------------------------------

6. Plaster.

Description k(B.T.U./ft2/hr./ °F/in.)

Reference.

Plaster 4.0 n 3, 9

Description. K(B.T.U./ft2/hr./ -F/in.)

Reference.

Cement plaster 8.0 1Plaster 68°F 5.45 15Sand and cement blaster 3.7 23Lime, sand and cement plaster 3.3 23

6.0 will be taken as a fair average value for k.

7. Insulation Board.

Description. k(B.T.U/ft2/hr./ °F/in. )

Reference.

Fibre-board .38 3Fibre-board .35 9[Various low density

fibre-boards 20 lb/cu.ft. .35 to .41 6Fibre board (various

sources) 27 Ib/cu. ft. .44 6Vegetable fibre board .33 (range .29

to .34) 1

It appears that .35 would be a fair average value to take for the conductivity of fibre-board.

8 . Plaster Board.

Description. k(B.T.U./ft2/hr./ °F/in.)

Reference.

^Piaster board 60 lb/cu.ft. 1 . 1 6Plaster board 1 . 1 3, 9Gypsum Board 3/8"

n ii in" -§» (5 3 .5

lb/cu.ft. )

-------------------------------- — — -----------------------

Conductance 3.73 1" 3.82 1

" 2.60 1

Fair average value of k ; 1.2.

9. Asbestos-Cement Boards .

Asbestos-cement sheeting 1.9 3, 9Asbestos-cement sheets

(123 lbs/cu.ft. ) 86 F 2.7 1Asbestos-cement boards

(120 lbs/cu.ft.) 86 F 5.l6 20Pressed Asbestos (123 lbs/

cu. ft.) 2.7 7Asbestos Slate (112 lbs/

cu. ft. ) 1.33 20

A fair average "k" value would be 3.0.

APPENDIX III.

Inside Surface Conductance f j_

Conditions.

•

fl (B.Th.U./ft2/hr./ ° F . )

Reference.

Still air, ordinary non­reflecting materials, vertical 1 . 6 5 1 , 1 2 , 13

Still air, vertical surfa­ces, various materials, mean temp. 8C°F 1 . 6 to 2 . 1 (mean 1 . 9 ) 10

Walls, internal surface, corrugated 1 . 8 9tl t! IIplane 1.4 9 ,

Roofs, internal surface, corrugated 2 . 1 9n ii itplane 1 . 6 6 9

Still air, horizontal surface, e = C . 8 3 , heat flow down 1 . 2 1 1

Still air, horizontal surface, e = C .05 0.44 1

For most materials 1.65 appears to be the best value for f^

Outside Surface Conductance fQ

Conditions. fD (B.Th.U./ft2/hr./ ° °F)

Reference

Air velocity 15 m.p.h.,ordinary non-reflectingmaterials, vertical 6.00 1

Air velocity 15 m.p.h.,various surfaces, mean

5.70 to 9.86 (mean 7.1)temp. 80°F. 10Vertical surface, corruga­

ted 4.2 9" " plane 3.3 9

Roofs, corrugated 5.0 9Roofs, plane 4.0 9Summer conditions 1.6 to 2.0 12

4.0 __ ... ___

14

No allowance for solar radiation appears to have been made in ref. 10. The value of f0 for a vertical surface thus lies between 1.6 and 6.0 with 4.0 as a good average value. For a corrugated roof, it is suggested that fQ be taken as 5.0.

Air Space Conductance

Conductance of Vertical Air Spaces in B.T.U. per sq. ft. per hour per degree F. temp, difference for the width stated. (Emis- sivity of boundary surfaces - 0.9 )

Ref. 11.

Width of Air Space: Ins.

Mean Temp. °F

Temp. Diff. (°F.)

1 5 10 20

iif12 5

0 1 .1 8.86

.76

.72

.69

.69

1 .1 8.87.81.80

.79

.79

1 .1 8.91

.87

.86

.85

.85

1 .1 8.97

.94

.94

.94

.94

ifi4125

50 1.43

1.09.98

.92

.89

.88

1.431.091.01

.99

.98

.98

1.43

1.111.061.041.04

1.04

1.431 .1 6l.ll

1.111.11

1.11

ii341 .

25

100 1.69

1.351.231 .1 61.12

1.11

t 1.6 91.351 . 2 51.221.21

1.21

1.69

1.351.281 . 2 71 . 2 71 . 2 7

1.691.391 .3 21.321.32

1 .3 2

Description B.T.U./ft2/hr./°F Reference

Average value, vertical air spaces , -4-" or more in width, bounded by ordinary materials

1.10 1

Air space (min. 3/4") 1.0 9

Air space (min. 3/4") between corrugated materials and lining

- ■

0.9 9%

Air space between corrugated material and lining in contact therewith 0.5 5

Description .

Air space, horizontal, inclined or vertical. Emissivity of surfaces 0 .9

Air space, horizontal, inclined or vertical. Emissivity of surfaces 0 . 1

3 5/8" horizontal air space emis­sivity of surfaces 0 .8 3 , heat flow upward

do. do. heat flow downward

Reference.

23

23

1

B#96.

Table of References.

1. Heating and Ventilating and Air conditioning Guide 1947 A.S.H.V.E.2. Heating and Ventilation of Dwellings Post-War Building Studies 19.

194 5. H.M.S.O.3. Thermal Insulation Saunders & Pott. Building Digest, July, 1947.4. Heat Transmission thrcnghWalls and Roofs Dufton J. Inst. H.V.E.

1942, 1 0 , 65.5. Heating and Air Conditioning Allen, Walker and James.6. Measurement of Thermal Conductivity of Materials used in Building

Construction. E. Griffiths. J. Inst. H.V.E. 1942, 10, 105.7. Handbook of Keating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning by J. Porges.8. National Building Research Report.9. British Standard Code of Practice, C.P. 1944 "Heating and Heat

Insulation".10. Thermal Conductivity of Building Materials. Rowby & Algren.

Minnesota Engineering Exper. Sta. 12. 1937.A l . Thermal Insulation of Buildings P.D. Close Reinhold 1947.

Modern Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation by Carrier, Cherne and Grant.

13. The effect of Solar Radiation on Heat Transmission through Walls, Houghten, Gutberlet, Rosenberg A.S.T.M. March 8, 1939? p. 111.

14. Periodic Heat Flow; - Homogeneous Walls or Roofs. Mackey and Wright. Heating Piping and Air Conditioning. Sept. 1944. p.546.

15. International Critical Tables Vol.II p. 312.16 . Chemical Engineers Handbook by J.H. Perry. p. 827.17. Elements of Heat Transfer Jakob & Hawkins, p. 21.18. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics C.D. Hodgman. p. 136 2.19. Thermal Conductivity of Walls, Concretes and Plasters Building

Research Paper 6, 1928.20. Heat Transmission by McAdams (McGraw-Hill)21. Values calculated on the basis of data given in Appendices II, III

and IV.22. Values calculated by method given in A.S.H.V.E. Guide 1947, p.137.23. "The Computation of the Heat Requirements of Buildings" Inst, of

Heating and Ventilating Engineers 1942.

•4 . Building Materials and Structures Report BMS 7 8 , 1941, National Bureau of Standards, Washington.

25. Heating and Air Conditioning of Buildings Faber and Fell.26. Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning, Harding and Willard.27. The Application of Electric Heating to Domestic Water Supply

Systems. J.I. Bernard, Institution of Electrical Engineers..

E.197.

APPSNDIX VII.

Worked Example To Illustrate the Use of Gharts for Determining Corrected Effectice Temperature.

Suppose the instrumental readings are as follows;

(i) Dry bulb temperature 86°F(ii) Wet bulb temperature 72°F

(iii) Cooling time of silvered kata-thermometer 60 secs.

(iv) Globe thermometer temperature 90°F

Suppose the Eata Factor as marked on the instrument js 300.

Then from Figure 1

Drawing a straight line from the 300 mark on the Kata Factor scale,

through the 60 sec. mark oj the Cooling Time scale, we find that

it cuts the Cooling Power scale at 5. A line from this 5 mark on

the Cooling Power scale, through the 86°F mark on the Air Tempera­

ture scale, cuts the A:r Velocity scale in 20. Thus the Air

Velocity is 20 ft. per min.

In Figure 2 : -

Draw a straight line from the 90°F mark on the Globe Thermometer

scale to the 72°F mark on the Wet Bulb Temperature scale. This

intersects the 20 ft. per min Air Velocity line at a point corres­

ponding to a Corrected Effective Temperature of S0°F.

Thus Corrected Effective Temperature is 8C°F.

E . % .

Table of Values of C.E.T. for various Combinations of Environmental Conditions.

Air Vel.(ft,/min.)

Air Temp, op.

Rel. Hum.<S! Mean Rad. Temp. °F.

Corrected Effective

Temp. (OF. )

20 - 60 30 54.6 (57 5520 80 30 83.2 (82) 70.520 95 30 100 (98) 82

20 6c 6C 54.6 (57) 56.2w PC 8c 6c 83.2 (82) 76.0

20 95 6c IOC (98) 8 7.5

20 60 90 54.6 (57) 57.220 80 90 8 3 .2 (82) 79.620 95 90 100 (98) 93.5

60 60 30 55.2 (58) 52.360 80 30 86.4 (83) 73.860 95 30 99.3 (97) 81.4

60 6o 60 55.2 (58) 55.460 80 6c 86.4 (8 3 ) 75.760 95 6c 99.3 (97) 86.9

® 60 60 90 55.2 (58) 56.660 80 90 86.4 (8 3 ) 79.460 95 90 99.3 (97) 93.0

ICC 60 30 54.4 (58) 53.1100 80 30 82.6 (8 1 ) 71100 95 30 99 (96.5) 80.9

10C 6C 60 54.4 (58) 53.810C 80 6C 82.6 (8 1 ) 74.1ICC 95 60 99 (96.5) 86.3

IOC 6o 90 *4.4 (58) 54.7ICC 80 90 82.6 (8 1 ) 77.8IOC 95 90 99 (96.5) 92.3

ALTERNATIVE PROPOSALS FOR THE DESIGN CF SFOKS F L U E ,

SOOT BOX A N D COCTER CONNECTION OF SOLID-FUEL

APPLIANCES SUITABLE FOR SUB-ECONOMIC HOUSING.

— — J I

---------------------------- ---------------------------- r

_ T 1

i--------- — -------------- - — 4

n ■1 — — . U V --------------------------- c

_ <5 * <5 B M C K F L U E

/z"x /2'

S o o t d o o k .

m m t m

N A T I O N A L B U I L D I N G R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E

P r o p o s a l s f o r d e s i g n o f s m o k e f l u e , s o o t b o x

c o o k e r c o n n e c t i o n f o r s u b - e c o n o m i c h o u s i n g

b r i c k f l u e

N A T I O N A L

P r o p o s a l s

t c o o k e r

B U I L D

f o r d e s

c o n n e c t

e a r t h e

NG

V'

R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E

of s m o k e f l u e , s o o l b o x

, C O O K t k

8" IN T t N A> L D I A / V S E T E ( k

I A R . T H E N W A R . L

F LU F.

A

FLUE I J l " X I A "

S O O T D U O R

0 IN T'lft.NA.L Olft.N\ETep^l A R T H t M W A U FLU !

15" DiA/V\. ASBESTOSC E N V E N T CA S INC)

N A T I O N A L B U I L D I N G R E S E A R C H N S T I T U T E

P r o p o s a l s

& c o o k e r

0 g l a z e d

f o r d e s i g n o f s m o k e f l u e , s o o t b o x

c o n n e c t i o n f o r s u b - e c o n o m i c h o u s i n g

e a r t h e n w a r e f l u e w i t h a s b e s t o s c a s i n g

INDEX.

A,

SUi.vL.iARY OF THE MAIN POINTS COVERED IN TEE SIX SECTIONS OF THE REPORT.

Page.

1. Introduction2. Human Comfort, Health and Efficiency3. Legislation in Relation to Comfort Conditions4. Heat Transmission through Building Components5. Shortcomings in Everyday Practice and recommen­

dations arising therefrom.6. Heat Services

(a) Solid Fuel Appliances(b) Electrical Appliances(c) Heat Services by other means

1112

34 4

SUMMARY OF

Section 2 sSection 3sSection 4;

Section 5s

Section 6:

B.

OF RECOMMENDATIONS CONTAINED IN THE REPORT,

Human Comfort, Health and Efficiency Legislation in Relation to Human Comfort Heat Transmission through Building Com­ponentsShortcomings in everyday practice and Re­commendations arising therefrom Heat ServicesI. Solid Fuel AppliancesII. Electrical Appliances

11

1

1

33

C.

1 .2 .

AIN B ODY OF THE REPORT.

3.4.

IntroductionHuman Comfort, Health and Efficiency(a) General(b) Scales of "Warmth1’(c) Comparison of different scales of warmth(d) Corrected Effective Temperature Scale

ConditionsComponents

Legislation in Relation to Comfort Heat Transmission Through Building

Calculation of Heat Transmission Shortcomings in Everyday Practice and Interim

Recommendations Arising therefrom(a) General(b) The Roof-Ceiling Combination(c) Ventilation of Dwellings

Heat ServicesIntroduction

2345

79

10

121415

16

♦

L Solid Fuel Appliances(a) Introduction(b) Current Practices and Interim Recom­

mendations Arising Therefrom

II. Electrical Appliances(a) Introduction(b) Disadvantages(c) General Notes on the Application of

Electricity to Heat Services1« Cooking Services2. Water Heating3, Space Heating

(d) Recommended Types of Electric Heaters(a) Primarily Radiant Types(b) Primarily Convection Types

III. Provision of Heat Services by Other MeansHeat Services by Gas District HeatHeat Services in Communal Form

D.

APPENDICES.

I. Overall Coefficients of Heat Transmission "U"II. Table of ConductivitiesIII. Inside Surface Conductance ”fi"IV. Outside Surface Conductance "fo"V. Air Space ConductanceVI. Table of ReferencesVII. Worked example to illustrate the Use o f _

Charts for determining Corrected Effective Temperature

VIII.Table of Values of C.E.T. for various combi­nations of Environmental Conditions Figures A, B, C.

IX. Proposals for design of Smoke Flue, Soot Box and Cooker Connection for Sub-Economic housing

Page*.

17

18

2122

22222324

2425

26 26 27 27

2839424344 46

47

48

Air Bricks C8 , Cl6Air Space Conductance "a" Cll, D44 Appliances - Electric

Solid Fuel C 1 ^

B.

Building Components, heat transmissionthrough A ’ ?

C.

CeilingsCo-efficients of Heat Transmission Comfort, Human Communal Heat Services Conductance, Air Space "a” Conductance, Inside Surface "f1 Conductance, Outside Surface fo Conductivities Table of "k" Cookers, connection to Flue Corrected Effective Temperature Corrected Effective Temperature

Table of Values Corrected Effective Temperature

of charts5 worked example

Cross-Ventilation Ceiling Heights Ceiling Heights, Recommended

Current Practice in Solid Fuel Appliances

”U"

Scale

Use

C14D28Al,C27D44D42D43D39C19G5

B 2 , C2

- A p p e n d i x V.- A p p e n d i x H I .- A p p e n d i x IV.- A p p e n d i x II.- A p p e n d i x IX.

D48 - A p p e n d i x VIII.

D47 - A p p e n d i x VII. Charts.

C8C 8Cl6

Cl8

D.

District Heat ’

E.

Effective Temperature Scale Al, C4Electrical Appliances ^Electrical Appliances, disadvantages ^dd Electrical Immersion HeatersElectricity, Heat Services by ^dL ~ ? Eupatheoscope

F,

Film Coefficient "f” Flues, Design of

CIO, D42 s D43o C19 - Appendix IX.

GasGlobe Thermometer

G,

C26Al, C3

H.

District Heat andHeat Services Heat Services

C ommunal Heat Services; Electrical Heat Services Heat Services:

GasSolid Fuel

Heat Transmission Coefficient nUu Heat Transmission through Building

Components

Heaters, electrical, recommended types

Heights, floor to ceiling, recommended

A3, B3, Cl6

C27C21C26C17Cll, D28

A 2 , Bl, C9, D28 Appendix I.

C24Cl6

I.

Immersion Heaters, Electric C20Installation, Solid Fuel Appliances C19

K.

Kata Thermometer G3

Legislation Al, Bl, C7

Openings, Placing of Openings, Ventilation

Cl6C15, 16

»

- 3 -

R.

Recommendations arising from current practices in solid fuel heatservices B3, Cl8

Recommendations arising from short­comings in everyday practice C12-15

Recommendations? Summary of Bl-3 Recommended types of Electrical

Heaters B3? C24References, Table of D46 - Appendix VI,Resultant Temperature C4

S.

Scales of Warmth C3Scales of Warmth, Comparison of C4Shortcomings in everyday practice A 2 , Bl, C12Solid Fuel Appliances Cl7Solid Fuel Appliances, Choice of C20 Solid Fuel Appliances, Current Practices Cl8Solid Fuel, Heat Services by C17-l8_Smoke Flues, Design of Appendix IX.

T.

Temperature, Corrected Effective

Thermal Conductivity "k"

C5? D47 - AppendixVII D4-8 - Appendix VIII. Charts„CIO, D39

V.

Ventilation of Dwellings ci5

w,

Warmth, Scales ofWorked example of Uze of Charts

for determining Corrected Effective temperature

C3, 4

D47 - APPENDIX VII,

I6 CORRECTED EFFECTIVE TEFP5RAT-TRE CHARTS.

Collection Number: AD1715

SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF RACE RELATIONS (SAIRR), 1892-1974

PUBLISHER: Collection Funder:- Atlantic Philanthropies Foundation

Publisher:- Historical Papers Research Archive

Location:- Johannesburg

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