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Troubles at Home and Troubles at Home and AbroadAbroad
Conflicts in the Northwest Conflicts in the Northwest TerritoryTerritory
Treaty of Paris at end of Revolutionary War: Treaty of Paris at end of Revolutionary War: U.S. won the territory north and west of the U.S. won the territory north and west of the Ohio River to the Mississippi River.Ohio River to the Mississippi River.
Most of the tribes had sided with the British, but Most of the tribes had sided with the British, but they had not been informed by the British that they had not been informed by the British that their lands would now be part of the United their lands would now be part of the United States.States.
Native Tribes resisted the settlement of the Native Tribes resisted the settlement of the area by the United Statesarea by the United States
A Struggle Over LandsA Struggle Over Lands Native Americans wanted to keep land Native Americans wanted to keep land
and began attacking American and began attacking American settlementssettlements
Federal government tried to force Native Federal government tried to force Native Americans to sell lands.Americans to sell lands.
Some agreed. Many in the north did not.Some agreed. Many in the north did not. The main tribes fighting the Americans The main tribes fighting the Americans
were the Miami Nation and Shawneeswere the Miami Nation and Shawnees
A Series of BattlesA Series of Battles 1790, Washington sent force to end Native 1790, Washington sent force to end Native
American attacks. Natives beat the American American attacks. Natives beat the American forces soundly.forces soundly.
A year later another force was sent. A year later another force was sent. It ended up being the worst defeat the army It ended up being the worst defeat the army
would ever suffer in a battle with Native would ever suffer in a battle with Native Americans.Americans.
Washington turns to Gen. “Mad” Anthony Washington turns to Gen. “Mad” Anthony Wayne to lead forces.Wayne to lead forces.
Aug. 1794, major victory for Wayne at the Aug. 1794, major victory for Wayne at the Battle of Fallen TimbersBattle of Fallen Timbers
1795- Treaty of Greenville- leaders of 1795- Treaty of Greenville- leaders of the defeated Native American nations the defeated Native American nations gave up most of their lands from the gave up most of their lands from the Ohio River in the south to Lake Erie in Ohio River in the south to Lake Erie in the North. (what is today most of Ohio)the North. (what is today most of Ohio)
The French RevolutionThe French Revolution Began in 1789Began in 1789 Most Americans supported French Most Americans supported French
revolutionaries in the beginning: they were revolutionaries in the beginning: they were rebelling against a King.rebelling against a King.
Soon became controversial-Soon became controversial- Why?Why?
– More violentMore violent Mid 1793- Period called the Reign of TerrorMid 1793- Period called the Reign of Terror
– Executed ~ 17,000 peopleExecuted ~ 17,000 people
– Early 1793, France and Britain at warEarly 1793, France and Britain at war President Washington said U.S. would remain President Washington said U.S. would remain
neutral neutral (not favoring either side in a dispute)(not favoring either side in a dispute)
The Execution of Louis XVIThe Execution of Louis XVI
Why remain neutral?Why remain neutral?
U.S. wanted to trade with both countries, but U.S. wanted to trade with both countries, but each country feared the trade would benefit the each country feared the trade would benefit the other country.other country.
Both France and England stopped American Both France and England stopped American ships and began seizing their cargoes.ships and began seizing their cargoes.
British made things worse.British made things worse.– Impressment Impressment (seizing the sailors and forcing them to (seizing the sailors and forcing them to
serve in the British army) serve in the British army) of sailors on American shipsof sailors on American ships Hamilton told Washington to stay friendly with Hamilton told Washington to stay friendly with
Britain because American prosperity depended Britain because American prosperity depended on England more than France.on England more than France.
Q: Based off what we know about Washington and Q: Based off what we know about Washington and Hamiltion, do you think Washington listened to Hamilton’s Hamiltion, do you think Washington listened to Hamilton’s advice?advice?
A: Yes, Washington usually heeded the advice given by A: Yes, Washington usually heeded the advice given by Hamilton. He Sent John Jay to London to solve problemsHamilton. He Sent John Jay to London to solve problems
Jay returned in 1795 with a treatyJay returned in 1795 with a treaty– U.S. agreed to pay debtsU.S. agreed to pay debts– Britain agreed to pay for the seized ships, withdraw troops from the Britain agreed to pay for the seized ships, withdraw troops from the
NW territory, stop aiding Native Americans.NW territory, stop aiding Native Americans.– Britain refused to cease impressment of U.S. sailorsBritain refused to cease impressment of U.S. sailors
Jay Treaty angered RepublicansJay Treaty angered Republicans– U.S. give too much/gotten too littleU.S. give too much/gotten too little
Federalists liked the treatyFederalists liked the treaty– Kept peace with BritainKept peace with Britain
Q: Federalists controlled the Senate. Why is this Q: Federalists controlled the Senate. Why is this important?important?
A: Senate must approve all Treaties with other countries.A: Senate must approve all Treaties with other countries.
Jay Treaty wonJay Treaty won
Washington Retires From Washington Retires From Public LifePublic Life
1796- Farewell Address1796- Farewell Address Two pointsTwo points
– Warned against political divisions at Warned against political divisions at homehome Feared violent divisions would tear the Feared violent divisions would tear the
nation apartnation apart
– Foreign policyForeign policy Do not get entangled in the European affairsDo not get entangled in the European affairs
Washington’s Washington’s AccomplishmentsAccomplishments
1. The U.S. had a functioning federal 1. The U.S. had a functioning federal government.government.
2. The economy was improving.2. The economy was improving. 3. Washington had avoided war.3. Washington had avoided war. 4. The British had been forced to 4. The British had been forced to
leave their forts in the NW territory.leave their forts in the NW territory.
The Presidency of The Presidency of John AdamsJohn Adams
1797-18011797-1801
A Contentious Beginning…A Contentious Beginning…
Political parties had developed into powerful Political parties had developed into powerful forces in the statesforces in the states– States control electoral college, electors cast two votes States control electoral college, electors cast two votes
each for Presidenteach for President FederalistsFederalists
– John AdamsJohn Adams RepublicansRepublicans
– Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson Alexander Hamilton tries to get Pinckney Alexander Hamilton tries to get Pinckney
elected by getting Southerners to make him elected by getting Southerners to make him their second votetheir second vote
Adams wins in the electoral college anyway, Adams wins in the electoral college anyway, but by only three votesbut by only three votes– Problems?Problems?
On this week’s episode of On this week’s episode of Desperate Founding FathersDesperate Founding Fathers……
Constitution Says…Constitution Says…– Two candidates with the most votes Two candidates with the most votes
become President and Vice President! become President and Vice President! So…..So…..
President Adams and Vice President President Adams and Vice President Jefferson are from different political Jefferson are from different political partiesparties
This is changed by Amendment XII This is changed by Amendment XII (1804) (1804)
Predictions?Predictions?
Signs of hopeSigns of hope It almost works at firstIt almost works at first
– Adams and Jefferson have a lot of mutual Adams and Jefferson have a lot of mutual respect from Revolutionary daysrespect from Revolutionary days
– Adams states support for republican Adams states support for republican government, respect for French, offers government, respect for French, offers Madison high position as envoy to FranceMadison high position as envoy to France
But Federalist cabinet (mostly Washington But Federalist cabinet (mostly Washington loyalists) protests and wins.loyalists) protests and wins.– Doesn’t take control of cabinet until last year Doesn’t take control of cabinet until last year
of his presidencyof his presidency Beginning of the end of support for AdamsBeginning of the end of support for Adams
The French Revolution The French Revolution InterferesInterferes
American merchant ships being American merchant ships being seized by French warshipsseized by French warships– French not happy with Jay’s treatyFrench not happy with Jay’s treaty
Adams sends delegates to France to Adams sends delegates to France to negotiatenegotiate
XYZ AffairXYZ Affair– French ministers (X, Y, & Z) requested French ministers (X, Y, & Z) requested
bribes in order to enter into negotiationsbribes in order to enter into negotiations
Public Opinion toward France Public Opinion toward France ShiftsShifts
The XYZ affair - Maiden America ravaged by the FrenchThe XYZ affair - Maiden America ravaged by the French
5 members of the Directory in France
Britain looking on from on high
Rest of the world looking
on
Fallout from XYZ AffairFallout from XYZ Affair
Many Americans calling for war with Many Americans calling for war with FranceFrance– Hamilton, others thought U.S. could gain landHamilton, others thought U.S. could gain land– ““Millions for defense, but not one cent for Millions for defense, but not one cent for
tribute!”tribute!” Adams feels that U.S. Army and Navy not Adams feels that U.S. Army and Navy not
strong enough to fight a major powerstrong enough to fight a major power– Sends new ministers insteadSends new ministers instead
Unpopular move, but….?Unpopular move, but….?
Federalists take controlFederalists take control
Public anger with France strengthens Public anger with France strengthens Federalists in congressFederalists in congress– Win majority of both houses in 1798Win majority of both houses in 1798– Enacted laws that were restrictive to Enacted laws that were restrictive to
Democratic-Republican rivalsDemocratic-Republican rivals What did Washington warn about What did Washington warn about
again?again?
Naturalization ActNaturalization Act
What did it do?What did it do? Increases from five to fourteen number Increases from five to fourteen number
of years required to qualify for U.S. of years required to qualify for U.S. citizenshipcitizenship
Why would it favor the Federalists?Why would it favor the Federalists? Most immigrants voted with the Most immigrants voted with the
Democratic-RepublicansDemocratic-Republicans
Alien ActsAlien Acts
What did it do?What did it do? Authorized the president to deport Authorized the president to deport
any aliens considered to be dangerousany aliens considered to be dangerous Authorized the president to detain any Authorized the president to detain any
enemy aliens in a time of warenemy aliens in a time of war
Why would it favor the Federalists?Why would it favor the Federalists? Democratic-Republicans sympathetic Democratic-Republicans sympathetic
to the French Revolutionto the French Revolution
Sedition ActSedition Act
What did it do?What did it do? Makes it illegal for newspapers to Makes it illegal for newspapers to
criticize the president or Congresscriticize the president or Congress Imposed heavy penalties for Imposed heavy penalties for
editors who violated the new laweditors who violated the new law– FinesFines– ImprisonmentImprisonment
Why would it favor Why would it favor the Federalists?the Federalists? Are you kidding?Are you kidding?
Representative Matthew Lyon of Vermont, arrested under the Sedition Act of 1798, attacking a fellow congressman
Responses to Alien and Responses to Alien and Sedition ActsSedition Acts
Republicans say that they violate First Republicans say that they violate First AmendmentAmendment– Judicial Review not yet established, so no Judicial Review not yet established, so no
Supreme Court caseSupreme Court case Kentucky and Virginia ResolutionsKentucky and Virginia Resolutions
– Written, respectively, by Jefferson and Written, respectively, by Jefferson and MadisonMadison
Argument: Since states had entered into the Argument: Since states had entered into the compact (Constitution), they can nullify a compact (Constitution), they can nullify a federal law that breaks the agreement. They federal law that breaks the agreement. They try to get other state legislatures enact try to get other state legislatures enact “nullification” laws.“nullification” laws.
They didn’t.They didn’t.
The Crisis FadesThe Crisis Fades
Federalists, due to the unpopularity of Federalists, due to the unpopularity of these laws, lose their majority in the these laws, lose their majority in the election of 1800election of 1800– Republicans allow the Alien and Sedition Republicans allow the Alien and Sedition
Acts to expire or repeal parts of themActs to expire or repeal parts of them– Under John Marshall, Supreme Court will Under John Marshall, Supreme Court will
establish role as the last resort in establish role as the last resort in determining if a law is constitutionaldetermining if a law is constitutional
News of a new peace with France News of a new peace with France doesn’t make it to the U.S. until after doesn’t make it to the U.S. until after the electionthe election
Judging AdamsJudging Adams
Keeps U.S. out of war, Keeps U.S. out of war, preserves neutralitypreserves neutrality
Strengthens the NavyStrengthens the Navy Peaceful transfer of Peaceful transfer of
power in 1800power in 1800
Relationship with Relationship with France damagedFrance damaged
New taxes imposedNew taxes imposed Party politics Party politics
become entrenchedbecome entrenched
Dislike for the Federalist Congress and the Alien Dislike for the Federalist Congress and the Alien and Sedition Acts cost Adams his reelection and and Sedition Acts cost Adams his reelection and
gave control of Congress to the Republicans. gave control of Congress to the Republicans. But in weighing his presidency, we have to But in weighing his presidency, we have to
consider the negative along with the positive:consider the negative along with the positive: