Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic Chapter 11 Essential Question? Did Thomas Jefferson the president stay true to his Democratic- Republican beliefs? How, or why not? Jeffersons Timeline 1800: Jefferson elected president 1801: Judiciary Act 01-05: War with Tripoli 1803: Marbury v. Madison Louisiana Purchase : Lewis and Clark Expedition 1804: Reelected president 1806: Burrs treason trial 1807: Chesapeake Affair Embargo Act Federalist and Republican Mudslingers Federalist military spending left them vulnerable to criticism. Federalists tried to defame Thomas Jefferson through numerous accusations: Fathered children with a slave (true!) Anti-Christian rhetoric The Jeffersonian Revolution of 1800 In the 1800 Presidential election, Jefferson became the 1 st person to defeat a sitting president. Jefferson actually tied with his running mate Aaron Burr Burr refused to back down with the presidency in sight Lead to 12 th Amendment When no candidate receives a majority of the electoral votes, the House of Representatives decides. Jefferson called it a revolution because the people had peacefully changed the direction of the nation. 1800 Election Results Responsibility Breeds Moderation 1 st president inaugurated in DC Inaugural address, We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. (What does he mean?) Jefferson broke fancy tradition State of the Union not delivered in person Left many Federalists in office Jeffersonian Restraint Influenced Congress to repeal the Excise Tax Secretary of Treasury Albert Gallatin lowered the federal debt. Jefferson left many Federalist programs in place Bank of US The Dead Clutch of the Judiciary Adams and Congress approved 16 federal judges in his last few days (Midnight Judges) New Chief Justice John Marshall carried on the Federalist ideals for 34 years! One Midnight Judge, William Marbury sued the Jefferson administration when he was not allowed to be a judge. Marbury v. Madison: single most important Supreme Court case, established Judicial Review Judicial Review Not included in the Constitution Power assumed by the Supreme Court Judicial check over legislative and executive branch Ability to declare a law or executive order unconstitutional (invalid) Chief Justice John Marshall Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior Believed in a small military force Costs less $ Less chance for a coup The Barbary Pirates captured countless sailors and held them ransom. The nation of Tripoli (modern Libya) declared war when the US refused to pay the ransom. US won the war ( ), freed captives The Louisiana Godsend In 1800, France gains control of Louisiana from Spain. 1803: Jefferson sends a delegation to France to buy New Orleans for $10 million. Napoleon offered the entire Louisiana Territory to the US for $15 million. Jefferson struggled with the constitutionality of the issue, but the idea of doubling the US won out. Senate approved treaty. Louisiana Purchase was the equivalent to $.03 an acre! Louisiana in the Long View 1804: Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to explore the Louisiana territory 1 st whites to travel through modern Nebraska, SD, ND, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Washington and Oregon. Discovered new lands, flora and fauna, American Indian groups Took 2.5 years! Lewis and Clark The Route The Aaron Burr Conspiracies VP Burr dropped from ticket for Jefferson's 2 nd term Plotted secession schemes in New England and Louisiana Alexander Hamilton exposed plots, Burr challenged to a duel, shot and killed Hamilton. Tried and acquitted of treason A Precarious Neutrality Jefferson reelected in 1804 UK and Frances war made trading difficult for US UK practiced impressments, 6,000 US sailors forced into UK Navy 1807: Chesapeake Incident; UK fired on US naval vessel killing 3 The Hated Embargo UK and France depended on US food Congress approves the Embargo Act which prohibited all US exports US merchants and farmers suffer New England talked of secession, Congress replaced the Embargo Act with the Non- Intercourse Act in 1809 (allowed trade with anyone except UK and France) Why the Embargo Failed UK began getting grain from Latin America France had conquered enough of Europe to sustain itself. Illegal trade flourished Highly unpopular with Americans Madison Timeline (1 st Term) 1808: Elected president 1809: Non-Intercourse Act replaces Embargo Act 1811: Battle of Tippecanoe 1812: US declares war on UK James Madison Madisons Gamble Jefferson followed Washingtons tradition of serving 2 terms. James Madison was Jeffersons Secretary of State Macons Bill #2 opened trade to UK and France; made US look weak Eventually lead to US passing an Embargo against UK alone, UK mad! Tecumseh and the Prophet Many in Congress wanted war with UK (War Hawks) War Hawks also wanted to push Indians pas the Mississippi 2 Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and The Prophet united all eastern Indian nations (UK supplied weapons) William H. Harrison (future president), lead a militia to Tecumsehs base near the Tippecanoe River (Indiana), defeated Indians Pushed Tecumsehs coalition even closer to UK; they would be allies in the War of 1812. Mr. Madisons War War Hawks, expansionists, Republicans Many were itching for war Federalists and New England against Congress declares war against UK in 1812 New England actually lent money and food to UK! Essential Question? Did Thomas Jefferson the president stay true to his Democratic- Republican beliefs? How, or why not?