Chapter 11

The Triumphs and Travails of the

Jeffersonian Republic

I. Revolution of 1800

A. Jefferson defeated Adams but tiedwith his own Vice President(Aaron Burr) in the ElectoralCollege.

•Born in Virginia

•Graduate of William and Mary College

•A practicing lawyer and member of Virginia’s House of Burgesses

•Father of the DOI

•Secretary of State under President Washington

•Vice President under Adams

•Owned 200 slaves

•Born in Virginia

•Graduate of William and Mary College

•A practicing lawyer and member of Virginia’s House of Burgesses

•Father of the DOI

•Secretary of State under President Washington

•Vice President under Adams

•Owned 200 slaves

ELECTION OF 1800

• Jefferson defeats Adams in the Electoral College 73-65.

• ProblemProblem: Jefferson & Burr received 73 votes each and both were Democratic-Republicans

• Therefore election decided by House of Representatives

•Aaron Burr (1756-1836)

•Born in Newark N.J.

•Fought with the continental Army in the Revolutionary war.

•A practicing lawyer in New York City against Hamilton

•Vice President of the United States (1801-1805).

•Kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel

•Involved in the Burr Conspiracy

•Aaron Burr (1756-1836)

•Born in Newark N.J.

•Fought with the continental Army in the Revolutionary war.

•A practicing lawyer in New York City against Hamilton

•Vice President of the United States (1801-1805).

•Kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel

•Involved in the Burr Conspiracy

C. Significance of Election of 1800 • peaceful transfer of power from one

political party to another• “revolutionaryrevolutionary” achievement

C. Significance of Election of 1800 • peaceful transfer of power from one

political party to another• “revolutionaryrevolutionary” achievement

John S. Adams Thomas Jefferson Federalist Democratic/Republican John S. Adams Thomas Jefferson Federalist Democratic/Republican

•Many historians look at this time period as the beginning of the true democracy. •Champion for the common mancommon man

•Believed education would prepare them for participation in government…..

•For now, educated should rule…•Believed National Government became too

powerful during Adam’s Presidency

Jeffersonian democracy

•Kept most FederalistFederalist programs. WHY? •Washington/AdamsWashington/Adams laid a solid foundation for USA.

•Pardoned those arrested with Sedition ActSedition Act•Repealed the Whiskey taxWhiskey tax•Kept Hamilton’s financial policies—BUSBUS•Eliminated Alien ActAlien Act

II. The Judiciary

A. The Judiciary Act of 1801, passed in the last months of Adams administration, was a reform and expansion of the federal judiciary.

1. Pres. Adams immediately filled all the new positions it created and the Senate confirmed his nominees.

2. Republicans, especially Jefferson, criticized these “midnight appointments.”

3. “midnight appointments,” covered all appointments made after Dec. 10, 1800.(when Adams learned of his electoral defeat)

4. Jefferson ordered Sec. of State Madison to hold all the appointment not yet delivered pending appeal of the 1801 Act.

• Marbury vs. Madison, 1803– Case: William Marbury, a Federalist and a “midnight appointment” of

President Adams, did not receive his commission from Sec. of State, James Madison. Marbury asked the SC to issue a “writ of mandamus” forcing Madison to deliver his commission.

– Decision/Reason: Marshall dismissed suit, but in doing so struck down part of Judiciary Act of 1789 because SC had no authority to give Marbury his commission.

– Significance: Established precedent of “judicial review” and the Supreme Court, not states had power to declare laws of Congress declare laws of Congress unconstitutional.unconstitutional.

• Born in Virginia, 1755• Served as an officer with General

Washington during the Revolution• Attended College of William and Mary and

became a practicing attorney.• 2nd cousin of Thomas Jefferson.

• Marshall became a committed Federalist where his court decisions would reflect the need for a strong national government over the states.

• Dominated court for 34 years, long after Federalist party died out.

Evolves As A Federalist1. US troops suffer at Valley

Forge• Need a strong govt. to tax which

AOC could not2. Merchants refused to pay

debts to British• Need strong to govt. to demand

obedience AOC could not

3. Shay’s Rebellion “mobocracy”•Need a strong govt. to maintain order AOC could not

5. One of these appointees, William Marbury, had been named federal justice of the peace for the District of Columbia.6. Marbury sued for delivery of his certificate under the Judiciary Act of 1789.7.Chief Justice John Marshall ruled Madison

acted wrongly. However, hehad no power to enforce. (violated

constitution)8.Most importantly Marbury v.

Madison established JudicialReview – Power of S.C. torule on acts of government.

Jefferson AdministrationMarbury vs. Madison

•The Court’s assertion of judicial review was not especially controversial.• If Marshall had claimed judicial supremacy for the Court, there would have been objections, but he did not.• Most of the popular objections to the decision centered on the implied rebuke of the President, not the finding on Sec. 13.

Jefferson AdministrationMarbury vs. Madison

• By the time the decision was given (Feb. 1803), the 1801 Act had been repealed.• This meant that the original Court System was restored by the Judiciary Act of 1802.• Thus, as Jefferson said, he “did not remove the judges from the bench, but the bench from the judges.”

B.Jeffersonians attempted to take revenge

by trying to impeach S.C. Justice Samuel

Chase – failed. Federalist more careful after.

Notes2

In 1786, Thomas Jefferson, then the ambassador to France, and John Adams, ambassador to Britain, met in London with Sidi Haji Abdul Rahman Adja, a visiting ambassador from Tripoli. The Americans asked Adja why his government was hostile to American ships, even though there had been no provocation. They reported to the Continental Congress that the ambassador had told them “it was written in their Koran, that all nations which had not acknowledged the Prophet were sinners, whom it was the right and duty of the faithful to plunder and enslave,” but he also told them that for what they considered outrageous sums of money they could make peace.

Cmd. Stephen Decatur fighting Pirates

The U.S. Marine Corps actions in these wars led to the line "to the shores of Tripoli " in the opening of the Marine Hymn. Because of the hazards of boarding hostile ships, Marines' uniforms had a leather high collar to protect against cutlass slashes. This led to the nickname Leatherneck for U.S. Marines.[

LP Constitutional ?

Does the President have the right to purchase land if it is not expressed in the US Constitution?

Jefferson used implied powersimplied powers or loose loose constructionconstruction to justify his decision

“It was for the best interest of the nation. It is the case of a guardian, investing the money of his ward in purchasing an

important adjacent territory; and saying to him when of age, I did this for your good; I pretend to no right to bind you; you may

disavow me, and I must get out of the scrape as I can: I thought it my duty to risk myself for you.”

Madison to JeffersonMadison to Jefferson

““Mr. President, you are only extending this republic over a larger Mr. President, you are only extending this republic over a larger area of land.”area of land.”

LP Constitutional ?

Does the President have the right to purchase land if it is not expressed in the

US Constitution?

•Hamilton and Federalists were against this purchase

•Why? Population shift take Federalist power away in Congress

•Feared Jefferson’s vision of an “agrarian “agrarian society”society”

•Jefferson referred to this as his “valley of “valley of democracy”democracy”

•Great Britain after the Revolution.

•United States after War

•Spanish land after Revolution

Spanish Land Spanish Land 18001800

New Orleans

•Great Britain after the Revolution.

•United States after War

•Spanish land

French Land in French Land in 18011801

New Orleans

A. 1800, France acquired Spanish LA & New Orleans

1.Because of pressure from the west and national security threats, Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France

2.Offered Napoleon $10 million to buy New Orleans•If sale fails, instructed to seek alliance with England

A. 1800, France acquired Spanish LA & New Orleans

1.Because of pressure from the west and national security threats, Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France

2.Offered Napoleon $10 million to buy New Orleans•If sale fails, instructed to seek alliance with England

•Great Britain after the Revolution.

•United States after War

•Spanish land

French Land in French Land in 18011801

New Orleans

Louisiana purchase

3. Jefferson purchased Louisiana Territory for $15 million, about 3 cents an acre

4. Doubled the size of the US

5. Jefferson’s greatest accomplishment

3. Jefferson purchased Louisiana Territory for $15 million, about 3 cents an acre

4. Doubled the size of the US

5. Jefferson’s greatest accomplishment

James Monroe & Robert Livingston

Map 6 of 45

Expansion of the United States

Map 7 of 45

Expansion of the United Stateswith Louisiana Purchase 1803

Would it have been a possibility for the new territory to secede

from the nation? Why?

1. Spring, 1804: Jefferson sends Lewis and Clark to explore north Louisiana

2. Exploration yielded maps, knowledge of

Indians, overland trail to Pacific

1. Spring, 1804: Jefferson sends Lewis and Clark to explore north Louisiana

2. Exploration yielded maps, knowledge of

Indians, overland trail to Pacific

•Interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark

•Her knowledge of trails and mountain passes helped with the

success of the expedition.

•She was also a “diplomat” for Lewis and Clark. Many tribes had

never seen white men before.

•Her presence with a baby was looked upon as good and Lewis

and Clark were considered peaceful.

•Interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark

•Her knowledge of trails and mountain passes helped with the

success of the expedition.

•She was also a “diplomat” for Lewis and Clark. Many tribes had

never seen white men before.

•Her presence with a baby was looked upon as good and Lewis

and Clark were considered peaceful.

Map LP/3

embargo1

A. Secretly formed a political pact with some radical New England Federalists.

1. Burr planned to win the governorship of New York in 1804.

2.Unite that state with the New England states, and then lead this group of states to secede from the nation

3. Alexander Hamilton exposed Burr

A. Secretly formed a political pact with some radical New England Federalists.

1. Burr planned to win the governorship of New York in 1804.

2.Unite that state with the New England states, and then lead this group of states to secede from the nation

3. Alexander Hamilton exposed Burr

embargo1

1. Angered by an insulting remark

attributed to Hamilton, Burr challenged the

Federalist leader to a duel and fatally shot

him

1. Angered by an insulting remark

attributed to Hamilton, Burr challenged the

Federalist leader to a duel and fatally shot

him2. Hamilton’s death in 1804 deprived the Federalists of their

last great leader and earned Burr the enmity of many

2. Hamilton’s death in 1804 deprived the Federalists of their

last great leader and earned Burr the enmity of many

1. In 1806, Burr planned to take Mexico from Spain and possibly

unite it with Louisiana under his rule

2.Jefferson learned of the conspiracy and ordered Burr’s arrest and trial for

treason

1. In 1806, Burr planned to take Mexico from Spain and possibly

unite it with Louisiana under his rule

2.Jefferson learned of the conspiracy and ordered Burr’s arrest and trial for

treason

3. A jury acquitted Burr, (lack of witnesses to treason) fled to Europe.

3. A jury acquitted Burr, (lack of witnesses to treason) fled to Europe.

D. Jefferson’s Foreign Policy

1. Jay’s Treaty expired in 1805 & was not renewed. Meanwhile, Britain & France were still at war.

2. Britain became upset at the US for not renewing the treaty & the British Navy

began kidnapping US sailors. (impressment)

3. Britain also issued Orders-in-Council which forbade neutral trade with France and its allies.

Berlin Decree (1806), Milan Decree (1807):Berlin Decree (1806), Milan Decree (1807): These decrees issued by Napoleon dealt with shipping and led These decrees issued by Napoleon dealt with shipping and led

to the War of 1812. The Berlin Decree initiated the Continental to the War of 1812. The Berlin Decree initiated the Continental System, which closed European ports to ships which had System, which closed European ports to ships which had

docked in Britain. The Milan Decree authorized French ships docked in Britain. The Milan Decree authorized French ships to seize neutral shipping vessels trying to trade at British to seize neutral shipping vessels trying to trade at British

ports. ports. 

Orders-in-councilOrders-in-council British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-council British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-council

passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for

British goods. British goods. 

1806: England closed ports under French control to

foreign shipping (incl. US), seized US ships & impressed

Americans.

Napoleon ordered seizure of all merchant ships that entered British ports.

impressment

ImpressmentImpressment An act of kidnapping a An act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men ship, its contents, men and forcing them into and forcing them into

your navyyour navy

1806: England closed ports under French control to

foreign shipping (incl. US), seized US ships & impressed

Americans.

Napoleon ordered seizure of all merchant ships that entered British ports.

impressment

ImpressmentImpressment An act of kidnapping a An act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men ship, its contents, men and forcing them into and forcing them into

your navyyour navy

•1806, Chesapeake was a US merchant ship 10 miles off the coast of Virginia. A British ship in the region ordered it to stop.

•British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered

•3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors impressed

•1806, Chesapeake was a US merchant ship 10 miles off the coast of Virginia. A British ship in the region ordered it to stop.

•British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered

•3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors impressed

Chesapeake affair

Most Americans were angered over this incident and public opinion was to go to war with the British.

Most Americans were angered over this incident and public opinion was to go to war with the British.

Chesapeake article

Regarding the Chesapeake Affair, the Washington

Federalist reported,

“We have never, on any occasion, witnessed the spirit of the people

excited to so great a degree of indignation, or such a thirst for

revenge, as on hearing of the late unexampled outrage on the

Chesapeake. All parties, ranks and professions were unanimous

in their detestation of the dastardly deed, and all cried

aloud for vengeance.”

E. The Embargo Act of 1807

1. This act outlawed almost all US trade w/ foreign countries

Embargo Act of 1807

2. The act was intended to harm France & Britain but hurt the US more.

3. People turned to smuggling in order to get needed goods.

embargo1

•Jefferson’s response to the Chesapeake

Affair was the Embargo Act of

1807….

•Short of war, Jefferson attempted

to defend our neutrality by stopping all American exports

to the world.

•Jefferson’s response to the Chesapeake

Affair was the Embargo Act of

1807….

•Short of war, Jefferson attempted

to defend our neutrality by stopping all American exports

to the world.

embargo1

Embargo Act of 1807

4. Jefferson was forced to use the US Navy to enforce the Embargo Act on US citizens.

5. The Embargo ruined Jefferson’s political reputation but he still remained personally popular.

•Reasoning: Since England and France were at war with one another and traded for most of their natural

resources with U.S., if we cut off our exports to them it would force them to respect our neutrality….THIS IS

CALLED ECONOMIC COERCION. •It would have the reverse effect……

•The Embargo Act not only hurt France and Britain but it also hurt U.S. trade which was our economic survival

as a nation. As a result, many Americans defied the law and began to smuggle goods from these countries

as well as others.•Hurt American businesses•New Englander’s shift from trade to industry•U.S. smuggled•New England talked of secession…..•Lasted 15 months, repealed in March of 1809

•Reasoning: Since England and France were at war with one another and traded for most of their natural

resources with U.S., if we cut off our exports to them it would force them to respect our neutrality….THIS IS

CALLED ECONOMIC COERCION. •It would have the reverse effect……

•The Embargo Act not only hurt France and Britain but it also hurt U.S. trade which was our economic survival

as a nation. As a result, many Americans defied the law and began to smuggle goods from these countries

as well as others.•Hurt American businesses•New Englander’s shift from trade to industry•U.S. smuggled•New England talked of secession…..•Lasted 15 months, repealed in March of 1809

embargo2

•American people were hostile towards Jefferson

•Referred to the Embargo as “Dambargo, Mobrage, Go Bar

Em”….

•Would be replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act by

President Madison which allowed U.S. exports and trade but not with France and Great

Britain……

embargo2

“Our ships all in motion,Once whiten’d the ocean;

They sail’d and return’d with a Cargo;Now doom’d to decayThey are fallen a prey,

To Jefferson, worms and EMBARGO.”

A Federalist circular in Massachusetts A Federalist circular in Massachusetts against the embargo cried out,against the embargo cried out,

““Let every man who holds the name of America Let every man who holds the name of America dear to him , stretch forth his hands and put this dear to him , stretch forth his hands and put this

accursed thing, this Embargo from him. Be accursed thing, this Embargo from him. Be resolute, act like sons of liberty, of God, and your resolute, act like sons of liberty, of God, and your country; nerve your arms with vengeance against country; nerve your arms with vengeance against

the Despot (Jefferson) who would wrest the the Despot (Jefferson) who would wrest the inestimable germ of your Independence from you---inestimable germ of your Independence from you---

and you shall be Conquerors!!!”and you shall be Conquerors!!!”

• Born in Virginia, 1751•Enlisted in Continental Army but

too small•Attended Princeton University and

became a lawyer.•Father of the Constitution and Bill

of Rights.•Secretary of State during

Jefferson’s Presidency•President, 1809 to 1817

•Most known for defending US Neutrality during the War of 1812.

• Born in Virginia, 1751•Enlisted in Continental Army but

too small•Attended Princeton University and

became a lawyer.•Father of the Constitution and Bill

of Rights.•Secretary of State during

Jefferson’s Presidency•President, 1809 to 1817

•Most known for defending US Neutrality during the War of 1812.

madwar

President James Madison

President James Madison

VI. James Madison becomes president in 1809.

A. After Jefferson repeals the Embargo Act Madison issued the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 forbidding trade with Britain or France, but allowing it with all others.

1. Later Macon’s Bill No. 2 replaced it opening trade with both and promising to stop trade with the enemy of the nation who repealed laws against U.S. trade.

Non-Intercourse ActNon-Intercourse Act1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, 1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo,

which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed

in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon’s Bill No. 2.was replaced by Macon’s Bill No. 2.

Macon’s Bill No. 2Macon’s Bill No. 21810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to 1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against

neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.Britain.

B. Dupe of Napoleon

2. November, 1810: Madison announces nonimportation against Britain

3. Results in political ties with France

4. Major foreign policy mistake Napoleon

1. August, 1810: in response, Napoleon (lying) announced

decrees (stop impressing US ships) had been repealed

Presidential Election of 1812

England closed ports under French control to foreign

shipping (incl. US), seized US ships & impressed Americans.

Napoleon ordered seizure of all merchant ships that entered

British ports.

impressment

France and Great Britain are at warFrance and Great Britain are at warBoth sides were impressing US ships.

An act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men and forcing them into your navy

C. War Hawks

New members of Congress, John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay want war why

Great Britain….Why?

•U.S. must defend its neutrality•Stop impressment•British forts•Tecumseh•Desire for Canada and Florida•Called 2nd War of Independence

C. War Hawks

New members of Congress, John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay want war why

Great Britain….Why?

•U.S. must defend its neutrality•Stop impressment•British forts•Tecumseh•Desire for Canada and Florida•Called 2nd War of Independence

madwar

Henry ClayKentucky

Henry ClayKentucky

John C. CalhounSouth Carolina

John C. CalhounSouth Carolina

TecumsehTecumseh

D. Tecumseh (Shawnee warrior) & the Prophet (brother) formed union of tribes east of Mississippi to fight white intrusion – Supplied by the British– led Indian cultural renewal

1. General William H. Harrison - governor of Indiana Territory

TecumsehTecumseh

“We gave them forest-clad mountains and valleys full of game and in return what did they give our warriors and our women? Rum, trinkets

(jewelry) and death”

“We gave them forest-clad mountains and valleys full of game and in return what did they give our warriors and our women? Rum, trinkets

(jewelry) and death”

Tecumseh reflected bitterly on the white man’s

treatment of his people.

“One of those uncommon geniuses

who spring up occasionally to produce revolutions and overturn the established ordered

of things.

If it were not for the vicinity of the U.S., he would perhaps be the founder of an Empire

that would rival in glory that of Mexico.”

“One of those uncommon geniuses

who spring up occasionally to produce revolutions and overturn the established ordered

of things.

If it were not for the vicinity of the U.S., he would perhaps be the founder of an Empire

that would rival in glory that of Mexico.”

Tecumseh vs Harrison

William Henry Harrison

William Henry Harrison

2. The Battle of Thames River, Oct. 5, 1813

2. The Battle of Thames River, Oct. 5, 1813

US military victory led by General William H. Harrison– Tecumseh was killed during this battle

PRINCIPLES WE FOUGHT

•Defend our neutrality•Freedom of the seas

•Defend our self interest

madwar

President James Madison

President James Madison

Madison brought the US into this war to defend the neutrality of the

US.

Would this be a violation of President Washington’s policy of

keeping the US out of war and neutral?