TRENDS IN NICKEL & TITANIUM IN DUAL-SHOCK QUARK-NOVAE (ds-QNe) The Quark-Nova Project: Talk III R. Ouyed U. Calgary QN ejecta SN ejecta Part A: QNe in isolation (r-process) (a very brief account) Part B: Dual-Shock QNe (ds-QNe) ( 56 Ni & 44 Ti) Part C: Predictions (CasA an Atypical case) CONTENT & Collaborators Very efficient at processing A > 130 elements ! Rapid expansion Slow expansion Solar pattern ~0.03 JINA-connection Part B: Dual-Shock QNe (ds-QNe) Depletion of 56 Ni Formation of 44 Ti Collision between the QN-ejecta & SN-ejecta QN-Ejecta/ PROJECTILE nucleonsHeavies t delay t delay = 1 day SN-Ejecta/TARGET Nomoto et al. Nucl. Phys. A 2006 Spallation Heavy-ion Collisions nucleons heavies SN-Ejecta Each free nucleon spallates Ni nuclei GeV 1 GeV 100 MeV Nucleon Spallation: n + SNS, about 30 neutrons by hitting 1GeV proton on a heavy nucleus (30 MeV/ejected nucleon roughly) Spallation Products =26 A Al, Si, Ph, S, =44 44 Ti from 56 Ni Spallation Fontes et al., Nuc. Phys. A, 71 Raisbeck & Yiuo, PRL, 71 .. Neutron Energy Spallation: n + Ni Quark-Novae with t delay ~ few days A Heavies Heavy-ion collisions: A QN + Ni Accel. AGSSPSRHICLHC s (GeV) inel Ni A QN A system = A QN +56 ~ 200 IMF: Intermediate Mass Fragments REGIMES A QN Heavies < 10 days IMFs Ni < 1 day Ti A 30 Long (> 10 days) 56 Ni-rich + A QN Heavies -rich +IMF-poorIntermediate (1 < t < 10) 56 Ni-normal+ 44 Ti-poor +A 30 -poor +IMF-rich Short (< day) 56 Ni-poor+ 44 Ti-rich+A 30 -rich+IMF-rich OBSERVABLES SN-QN Time Delay Entering the dragons den Part C: Predictions (CasA an Atypical case) Issues with Supernovae and Titanium-44/Nickel-56 trends inferred from Cas A Typical ? Atypical ? => ccSNe must be rare, if we think we understand nucleosynthesis & mass cut (DRAGON improved our understanding) => Ti-44 producing SNe are rare, special. Model should explain high 44 Ti, low 56 Ni Is Cas A.. Woosley et al. Standard Picture: If 44 Ti-rich then 56 Ni-rich Issues with Supernovae and Titanium-44/Nickel-56 trends inferred from Cas A Heavier NS + Rotation ds-QNe Cas A If true Suggestion: Type IIbs (SN1993J & Cas A) as dsQNe with short t delay ! No need for companion! dsQN with t delay < 1day! dsQNe < 10% type II Type II b (3% type II) Quark-Nova Progenitors /18 Cas A: Predictions Short (< day) 56 Ni-poor+ 44 Ti-rich+A 30 -rich+IMF-rich NeedExperiments NeedExperiments QNe Progenitors (25 < M/M sun