Treatment of COD and Color by EC Process from Textile Wastewaters

ULUSLARARASI SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR SU VE ATIKSU

YÖNETİMİ SEMPOZYUMU

BİLDİRİLER KİTABI

CİLT 1

INTERNATIONAL SUSTAINABLE WATER AND

WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT SYMPOSIUM

PROCEEDINGS

VOLUME I

26 - 28 Ekim 2010

Editörler: Mehmet Emin AYDIN

Ali TOR Senar ÖZCAN

Konya, 2010

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ULUSLARARASI SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR SU VE ATIKSU

YÖNETİMİ SEMPOZYUMU

BİLDİRİLER KİTABI

CİLT 2

INTERNATIONAL SUSTAINABLE WATER AND

WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT SYMPOSIUM

PROCEEDINGS

VOLUME II

26 - 28 Ekim 2010

Editörler: Mehmet Emin AYDIN

Ali TOR Senar ÖZCAN

Konya, 2010




“International Sustainable Water and Wastewater Management Symposium” 26-28 October 2010 – Konya/Turkey

Aydin & Tor & Ozcan (Eds)

i

İÇİNDEKİLER Sempozyum Kurulları ............................................................................................................................ xiii Sempozyum Açış Konuşmaları ............................................................................................................. xv

Water Sources / Su Kaynakları

“Exceed - Excellence Center For Development Cooperation Sustainable Water Management in Developing Countries” Ali Müfit BAHADIR, Heike DIECKMANN............................................................................................................ 1 “Risk Management As a Tool to Protect Water Resources” Mohammad SHAHRIARI, Mehmet Emin AYDIN, Erol PEHLIVAN ................................................................... 10

“Sanayide İklim Değişikliğine Uyum: Eko-Verimlilik Yaklaşımı İle Su Tasarrufuna Yönelik Pilot Uygulamalar” Emrah ALKAYA, Merve BÖĞÜRCÜ, Ferda ULUTAŞ, Göksel Niyazi DEMİRER ............................................... 21 “Maintaining Disinfectant Residual and Controlling Nitrification in a Large Regional Water Supply System” Delvin E. DEBOER.................................................................................................................................................... 30 “The Red Sea Dead Sea Project: A Solution to the Water Crisis in Jordan” Abbas AL-OMARI, Markus HUBER ....................................................................................................................... 40 “Evaluation of Methods Used for Determination of Groundwater Protecting Zones in Karstic Areas” Mustafa YILDIRIM, Bulent TOPKAYA ................................................................................................................... 52 “Water Efficiency” Özlem DURMUŞ, Günay KOCASOY ...................................................................................................................... 62 “Konya Ovası’nda Sulu Tarımın Sorunları ve Çözüm Önerileri” Mehmet ŞAHİN, Mehmet ZENGİN, Süleyman SOYLU, Sinan SÜHERİ, Duran YAVUZ ................................... 71 “Evsel Atıksu Arıtımında İşletme Problemleri: Elazığ Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi Örneği” Ayhan ÜNLÜ, M. Sara TUNÇ, Gülşad USLU ........................................................................................................ 81 “Su Yönetiminde Hukuksal ve Kurumsal Dağınıklık” Atila TÜRKYILMAZ ................................................................................................................................................ 90 “Su Kaybını Azaltma Stratejisi ve Kayıp Su Yönetimi” Atila TÜRKYILMAZ ................................................................................................................................................ 99 “Methods for Reduction of Water Consumption” Beyhan OKTAR ........................................................................................................................................................ 108 “Review of Carbon Fluxes Within Constructed Wetlands and Evaluate of Studies in Europe” Birol KAYRANLI ...................................................................................................................................................... 117






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“Integrated Constructed Wetland Treatment Systems” Birol KAYRANLI ...................................................................................................................................................... 123 “A Research for Pollution in the Groundwater of Melendiz Water Basin” İ. Samet KARADAVUT, A. Cemal SAYDAM, Erkan KALIPCI, Sedat KARADAVUT, Celalettin ÖZDEMİR, Savaş DURDURAN .................................................................................................................................................. 128

“GIS-Based Decision Support Systems for Integrated Water Resources Management” Derya OZTURK, Fatmagul BATUK, Sebahattin BEKTAS...................................................................................... 139

“Ailelerde Sürdürülebilir Tüketim Davranışları: Evlerde Su Yönetimi ve Su Kullanımı” Gulay GUNAY, Hakan YILMAZ ............................................................................................................................. 145

“The Education Study for Economic Use of Water: The Case of Kayseri” Özgür ÖZDEMİR, Nurullah SARIMERMER, Hakan TATLI ................................................................................. 157 “Su Tüketiminde Birliktelik Analizi İle Kullanıcı Özelliklerinin Etkisi” Hakan YILMAZ, Muharrem DÜĞENCİ ................................................................................................................. 164

“Yerel Yönetimlerde İçmesuyu Şebeke Kayıpları Envanter Çalışması Çukurova Bölgesi Örneği” Halil KABAK ............................................................................................................................................................ 174 “Su Yönetimini Üstlenen Kooperatiflere Ortak Olan Üreticilerin Bakış Açısıyla Su Kaynaklarının Korunmasında Sulama Kooperatiflerinin Katkısı” Harun HURMA, Erol ÖZKAN, Başak AYDIN ....................................................................................................... 183

“Su Kaynaklarının Yönetimi Kapsamında Akgedik Barajı’nın Sulama ve İçmesuyu Amaçlı Olarak Yeniden Planlanması” Hasan Gürhan ÜSTÜN ............................................................................................................................................ 192 “Integrated Water Resources Management” Hilal ARSLANOĞLU IŞIK, Nilüfer NACAR KOÇER ............................................................................................ 198 “EİE Göl Gözlemleri ve Göl Seviyelerinde Uzun Dönem Değişimler” Mustafa ÖZKAYA, Yücel KAYA, Mehmet YILDIZ, İsmail UÇAR ....................................................................... 206 “Su Fiyatlandırması Mantalitesi” Naci İRİS ................................................................................................................................................................... 219 “Mersin İli Sel Riskinin Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi İle Araştırılması” Olcay ÖZER, Zeynel DEMİREL, M.Taner ŞALDIRDAK........................................................................................ 222

“Tuz Gölü Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Su Kaynaklarının Korunması ve Yönetimi” Sibel MERİÇ .............................................................................................................................................................. 231 “Constructed Wetlands for The Middle Black Sea Countries: Subsurface Horizantal Systems for Sustainable Sanitation” Yüksel ARDALI, Gülen ÖZYAZICI, Osman ÖZDEMİR, Fulya AYDIN ............................................................... 244 “The Integrated Subsurface-Flow Constructed Wetlands in Samsun for The Sanitation of Small Communities: The Case Study, Yörükçal” Yüksel ARDALI, Gülen ÖZYAZICI, Osman ÖZDEMİR, Fulya AYDIN ............................................................... 249






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“Avrupa Birliği Su Çerçeve Direktifi ve Direktifin Türkiye’de Uygulanması” Ahmet UĞURELLİ, Volkan O. TEKİN, Gürdal KANAT ....................................................................................... 254

“Çevre Ahlâkı Açısından Suyun Ölçülü Kullanımı” Hüseyin AYDIN ....................................................................................................................................................... 261

“Azerbaican Cumhuriyyetinin Su Güvenliği: Şimdiki Durum ve Perspektifler” Farda IMANOV, Ahmed MAMMADOV, Alakbar HASANALIYEV, Rustam RAJABOV ................................... 269 “Evaluating the Impacts of Climate Change in the Gediz Basin” Barış YILMAZ ........................................................................................................................................................... 274

Drinking Water / İçme Suyu

“Research Case Studies on Removal of Trace Contaminants from Water” Zdravka LAZAROVA .............................................................................................................................................. 284 “Surface and Solution Behavior of Surfactants Produced From Lignite Humic Acids” Anna ČTVRTNÍČKOVÁ, Martin DRASTÍK, Jan DAVİD, Jiří KUČERÍK .............................................................. 290 “Cadmium and Nickel Removal from Aqueous Solutions with Walnut Shell and Almond Shell Treated by Citric Acid” Türkan ALTUN, Erol PEHLİVAN ........................................................................................................................... 301

“The Application of Electrodeposition Process on the Removal of Cadmium Ions from Aqueous Solutions” Serkan BAYAR, Recep BONCUKCUOĞLU, Alper Erdem YILMAZ, Baybars Ali FİL, Vahdettin TOSUNOĞLU ......................................................................................................................................... 313 “Concentrations in Drinking Water in The City of Mersın to Investigate Trihalomethane” Gamze KOYUNCU, Hüdaverdi ARSLAN, Halil KUMBUR .................................................................................. 324 “Chemical Oxidation of Diazinon in Aqueous Solution by Ozonation” Fatma BEDUK, Mehmet Emin AYDIN, Senar OZCAN ......................................................................................... 331

“Sivas İli Su Dağıtım Sistemindeki Su Kayıpları ve Kontrol Yöntemler” Fehiman ÇİNER, Sinan ÖZER, Şükrü ASLAN ....................................................................................................... 339 “An Investigation on Removal of Chlorinated Organics from Water with Catalytic Ozonation” Ahmet KILIÇ, Ayşegül LATİFOĞLU ...................................................................................................................... 347

“Analysis of Denitrification Process in Biological Activated Carbon (BAC) Used for Drinking Water Treatment” Çiğdem ALIYAZICIOĞLU, Kozet YAPSAKLI, Bülent MERTOĞLU, Ferhan ÇEÇEN ........................................ 355 “Perchlorate (ClO4−) Sources in Drinking Water and Treatment Methods” Ertuğrul ESMERAY, Mehmet Emin AYDIN ........................................................................................................... 361 “On The Use of Genetic Expression Programming in Aeration: A Case Study for Venturi Weirs” Mehmet UNSAL, Ahmet BAYLAR, Fahri OZKAN, Turgut KAYA ...................................................................... 370






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“Using Venturi Tubes in Two – Phase Aeration Processes” Ahmet BAYLAR, Fahri OZKAN, Mehmet UNSAL ................................................................................................ 378

“Güneş Enerjili Su Damıtma Sistemlerinin Karşılaştırılması” N. Dilek SÜMER, Demir İNAN ............................................................................................................................... 387 “The Effects of pH and Organic Matter Concentration on the Formation of Trihalomethane (THMs) Compounds“ Sezen KUCUKCONGAR, Mehmet Faik SEVIMLI ................................................................................................. 393

“Karaman İli Kırsal Bölgelerdeki İçme Suyu Kalitesinin Değerlendirilmesi” Zafer ZEYBEK, Sami KARAGÖZ ............................................................................................................................ 399 “Volatile Organic Compounds Adsorption on Konya Region Lignite After Activation” Süheyla TONGUR, Mehmet Emin AYDIN ............................................................................................................. 409 “Factors Influencing Disinfection By-Products Formation in 6 Drinking Water Reservoirs in Konya, Turkey” Gülnihal KARA, Süheyla TONGUR, Mehmet Emin AYDIN................................................................................. 418

“Optimization of Analytical Methods for the Determination of HAAs: Application to Drinking Waters from Konya/Turkey” Gülnihal KARA, Süheyla TONGUR, Mehmet Emin AYDIN................................................................................. 424

“Chemical and Bacteriological Study of the Samples Taken from the Fresh Water Fountains of the City of Konya” Cengiz AKKÖZ, Filiz BAŞARAN DEMİR .............................................................................................................. 429

Water and Wastewater Quality / Su ve Atıksu Kalitesi

“Toxicity Analysis of Water and Wastewater with Practical and Low Cost Microbiotests” Guido PERSOONE ................................................................................................................................................... 435

“Biotesting of Untreated Wastewaters and Landfill Leachates of the City Konya” Marit KOLB, Senar OZCAN, Suheyla YILDIZ, Gulnihal KARA, Mehmet Enim AYDIN, Muefit BAHADIR .... 445

“Konya Kapalı Havzasında Yüzeysel Su Kalitesi” Ö. AKTAŞ, H.A. GÜRPINAR, S.Ç. AYAZ, S. DAĞLI, O. AKYOL, C. AYDÖNER, M. TIRIS, L. AKÇA ............. 455

“Uncertainties of Bacterial Inactivation in Marine Environment” Ozgur Bulent YALCIN, Ayse MUHAMMETOGLU............................................................................................... 462

“Türkiye’de Kentsel Atıksu Yönetimi ve Hassas Alanlarımız” Ahmet ALADAĞ ...................................................................................................................................................... 473 “Konya Yerleşim Alanı Yeraltısuyu Seviye Değişimi Değerlendirmesi ve Kimyasal Özellikleri” Özlem HORASAN, Abdülkadir BULDUK, Metin TEKDERE ............................................................................... 481

“Characterization of Landfill Leachates in Turkey” Deniz AKGÜL, Bülent MERTOĞLU, Burak YÜZER .............................................................................................. 492






v

“The Importance as Environmental Waste Using Water in Biodiesel Purification” Eda ONDUL, Nadir DIZGE, Bulent KESKINLER .................................................................................................. 500

“Yeraltısularında Arsenik Kirliliği ve Kontrolü” Emine ÇUTAY, Elif Gamze GÜNDOĞAN, Özer ÇINAR ...................................................................................... 503

“Assessment of Variations in Surface Water Quality with GIS from Samsun Province, Turkey” Feza GEYİKÇİ, Aziz ŞİŞMAN, Yasemin ŞİŞMAN .................................................................................................. 510

“Akyatan Lagünü’nün Yüzey Suyunda ve Dip Sedimentinde Azot ve Fosfor Kirliliğinin Mevsimsel Değişimi” Zeliha SELEK, Gökhan YAMAN, Ayşegül DEMİR ................................................................................................ 516

“Determination of Nitrate (NO3) Concentration in Underground Water that is Used for Agricultural Irrigation in Yalova” Gorkem DALKIRAN, Birol BAKI, Hayrullah KAYA ............................................................................................. 527

“Karakaya Baraj Gölü Su Kalitesinin İncelenmesi” Mehmet KÜÇÜKYILMAZ, Gülşad USLU, Nevin BİRİCİ, Nedim Gürel ÖRNEKÇİ, Nurettin YILDIZ, Tunay ŞEKER ............................................................................................................................................................ 536

“Bioaccumulation of Copper (II) and Cadmium (II) from Aqueous Solution by Pseudomonas putida NRRL B-252” Gülşad USLU, Gulden GULTEKIN, Mehtap TANYOL ......................................................................................... 545

“Elazığ Kenti Evsel Atıksu Arıtma Tesisinin Bakteriyolojik Özelliklerinin Araştırılması” Gülşad USLU, Mehtap TANYOL, Ayhan ÜNLÜ, M. Sara TUNÇ......................................................................... 555

“Anatolia Watershed Rehabilitation Project Studies for Prevention of Water Pollution” Hanifi AKBIYIK ........................................................................................................................................................ 561

“Determination of Organochlorıne Pesticides Concentrations in Surface and Ground Water Samples in Bolu and Forming the Pollution Maps” Hatice KARADENIZ, Serpil YENISOY-KARAKAŞ ............................................................................................... 566

“Comparison of Different Enterpolation Techniques for Groundwater Nitrate Concentration Maps” Mevlut UYAN, Ismail Bulent GUNDOGDU .......................................................................................................... 571

“Groundwater of Azerbaijan” Alakbarov ADISHIRIN, Imanov FARDA, Hasanaliyev ALEKBER ...................................................................... 577

“Sivas İçmesuyu Arıtma Tesisi Giriş Suyu Kalitesindeki Değişimlerin İncelenmesi” Mustafa ÖZTÜRK, Sayiter YILDIZ.......................................................................................................................... 582

“Altınapa Baraj Suyunun Su Karakterinin Tespiti” Mücahit Sami KÜÇÜKTIĞLI ................................................................................................................................... 592

“İçme Suyu Kaynaklarında Algal Toksinler ve Kontrolünün Değerlendirilmesi” Olcayto KESKİNKAN, Turan YILMAZ .................................................................................................................. 602

“A Comparative Study of Arima and Neural Network Modeling Approaches in Water Quality Time Series Prediction” Ömer Faruk DURDU ................................................................................................................................................ 608






vi

“Investigation of Lake Kovada Water Quality According to Physicochemical Parameters” Şehnaz ŞENER, Erhan ŞENER, Razaman KÜÇÜKKARA ...................................................................................... 620

“Microalgal Production in Wastewater” Yaşar DURMAZ, Gamze AYDOĞAN, Şevket GÖKPINAR, Z. Vezan KARABULUT , Edis KORU ................... 628

“Ilgın Çavuşçu Gölü Sulama Kanalında Su Kalitesi Parametrelerinin İncelenmesi” Zeynep Kübra DÖNMEZ , Erol PEHLİVAN........................................................................................................... 633

“Biological and Industrial Importance of Çamalti (Izmir-Turkey) Coastal Solar Saltworks Ecosystem” Edis KORU, Yaşar DURMAZ .................................................................................................................................. 641

“Monitoring Underground Water on Basin Shkumbin River, Albania” Hysen MANKOLLI, Sukru DURSUN, H.Nagehan UCAN ................................................................................... 651

“The Potential for Leachate Pollution from the Open Dumping Areas: The Case of Turkey” N. Gamze TURAN, Başak MESCİ ........................................................................................................................... 655

Domestic and Industrial Wastewaters / Evsel ve Endüstriyel Atıksular

“Long Term Experience with Wastewater Reuse in Braunschweig/Germany: Implementation, Management and Optimisation” Daniel KLEIN, Thomas DOCKHORN, Andreas HARTMANN, Norbert DICHTL ............................................. 661

“Treatment of COD and Color by EC Process from Textile Wastewaters” Fatih İLHAN, Kamil B. VARINCA, M. Talha GÖNÜLLÜ, Caner KASAR ........................................................... 669 “Sanayide Kullanılan Su ve Geri Kazanımı Konya Organize Sanayi Bölgesi Örneği” Hüseyin KARA, Mehmet Emin AYDIN, Ahmet ARUNDAŞ, Akif BÜYÜKMUMCU.......................................... 677 “Kayseri Şeker Fabrikası Atıksularının Biyolojik Arıtılması İçin Orbal Sistemin Kullanılması” İbrahim PEKER, Hamdi MIHÇIOKUR, Talip TURNA .......................................................................................... 687 “Determination of the Environmental Effects of Refening in Jewelery” Orhan INCE, Ozlem KARAHAN, Seval SOZEN, Zeynep CETECIOGLU, Nazlı GOKCEK, Derin ORHON ..... 693 “Mimarsinan Organize Sanayi Bölgesinde Atıksu Yönetimi” Oktay ÖZKAN, Fatma VARİNLİ, Ali BAHRAN .................................................................................................... 699 “Ecological Sanitation Sustainable Domestic Wastewater Management” Gokce PARER ........................................................................................................................................................... 706 “Application of ISO 14000 Environmental Management System Standards to Marble Sector” Hilal ARSLANOĞLU IŞIK, Nilüfer NACAR KOÇER ............................................................................................ 715 “Literature Review of PHA Production Processes” Kevser CIRIK, Şebnem ÖZDEMİR, Dilek AYDOĞMUŞ, Özer ÇINAR................................................................. 724

“Use of Policy Instruments for Water and Wastewater” Seçil BOZKURT, Zeki BOZKURT, Fuat BUDAK .................................................................................................... 735






vii

“Wastewater and Effects on Health of Human” Mehmet AKÖZ ......................................................................................................................................................... 741

Wastewater Treatment / Atıksu Arıtımı

“Characterizing the Performances and Effluent Quality of Wastewater Treatment Processes Using Ultraviolet Absorbance” Eakalak KHAN, Sutha KHAODHIAR, Kullapa SORATANA ............................................................................... 743 “Effects of Solids Retention Time in Chemostat on Dissolved Organic Nitrogen and Its Biodegradability in Treated Wastewater” Halis SIMSEK, Sudhir MURTHY, Eakalak KHAN ................................................................................................. 753 “Treatment of Municipal Wastewater Using Extended Aeration-Ultrafiltration Process in a Submerged Membrane Bioreactor” Mustafa TURAN, Özgür ÖZDEMIR ....................................................................................................................... 762 “Domestic Wastewaters and Two Options for Their Treatment and Reuse: Membrane Processes and Lagoons” Celal Ferdi GOKCAY ............................................................................................................................................... 770 “Wastewater-Reuse and Elimination of Micro Pollutants by MBR Technology and Ozonation” Anja RACH, Winfried SPEUSER ............................................................................................................................. 778 “The Effect of Influent COD Fractionation on Appropriate Selection and Operation of Activated Sludge Process for Nutrient Removal” Güçlü INSEL, Mustafa ÇIRAK, Gıyasettin GÜNEŞ, Emine Ubay ÇOKGÖR........................................................ 788

“Change of Concentrations of Pollutant Parameters in the Treatment of Domestic Wastewaters by Sequencing Batch Reactors and Control of System By ORP Measurements” Neslihan MANAV DEMİR, Eyüp DEBİK ............................................................................................................... 796 “Constructed Wetlands: Design, Efficiency, Economy, Power Savings and Environmental Consideration” Yüksel ARDALI ........................................................................................................................................................ 804 “Assessment of The SCS-CN Initial Abstraction Ratio During Rain-On-Snow Events” Zain M. AL-HOURI, Michael E. BARBER ............................................................................................................... 812 “Uzun Havalandırmalı Aktif Çamur Sistemlerinde Nitrobenzenli Atık Suyun Arıtılması Üzerine Bir Araştırma” Alev ÇAKIR, Olcayto KESKİNKAN........................................................................................................................ 822 “Waste Water Treatment Practices in Turkey During the Process of Harmonization with the European Union” Belgin CAKMAK, Berna KENDIRLI ....................................................................................................................... 828

“Enrichment of Anammox Bacteria in Reactor Packed With Kaldnes Rings” Çiğdem KALKAN, Kozet YAPSAKLI, Bülent MERTOĞLU.................................................................................. 840 “Evaluation of Physicochemical Pre-Treatment Methods of Olive Mill Wastewater” Ece Ümmü DEVECİ, Yağmur UYSAL, Yakup CUCİ, Özer ÇINAR ...................................................................... 846






viii

“Membran Prosesler İçerisinde Elektrodiyaliz Prosesi, Mekanizması ve Uygulama Alanları” Fatih İLHAN, M.Talha GÖNÜLLÜ, Yaşar AVŞAR, Uğur KURT, Harun Akif KABUK ...................................... 853 “The Evaluation of Water Obtained from Different Waste Water Treatment Methods as to Irrigation Water Quality” Fatma ÖZKAY, İsmail TAŞ, Suat AKGÜL .............................................................................................................. 861 “Color Removal from Textile Effluents Containing Dyes Using Sepiolite” Semra ÇORUH, Feza GEYİKÇİ................................................................................................................................ 867

“The Influence of Activation on the Removal of Zinc Ion from Aqueous Solutions Using Sepiolite” Gaye ŞENEL, Semra ÇORUH, Osman Nuri ERGUN ............................................................................................. 873 “Makrolid Grubu Antibiyotikleri Arıtan Anaerobik Çok Kademeli Yatak Reaktörün (AÇKYR) Verim Özellikleri Arasındaki İstatistiksel İlişkiler” Hakan ÇELEBİ, Delya SPONZA .............................................................................................................................. 880 “Application of Various Adsorption Isotherm Models for the Adsorption of Ibuprofen by Live Activated Sludge” Halil KABAK, Mesut BASIBUYUK ......................................................................................................................... 890 “Determination of Activated Sludge Floc Characteristics Using Image Processing” Halime BOZTOPRAK, Yüksel ÖZBAY, Dünyamin GÜÇLÜ, Murat KÜÇÜKHEMEK ........................................ 900

“Sorption Equilibrium of Cr(VI) Ions on Cedrus Deodora Pollen Cones as Low-Cost Adsorbents” Havva KAHRAMAN, Şerife PARLAYICI, Erol PEHLİVAN ................................................................................. 903 “Controling the Filamentous Bacteria Creating Problems in Activated Sludge Process of Domestic Waste Water Treatment Plants” Mahmud GUNGOR, İbrahim Engin DEMİRCİ, Sibel YILDIZ ............................................................................... 910

“Metilen Mavisi (MM) Boyar Maddesinin Modifiye Çim Atığı (MÇA) Kullanılarak Sulu Ortamlardan Adsorpsiyon İle Giderilmesi” M. Yunus PAMUKOĞLU......................................................................................................................................... 919 “Adsorbtion of Cr(VI) on Ureolytic Mixed Culture from Biocatalytic Calcification Reactor” Levent ALTAŞ, Ahmet KILIÇ, Hasan KOÇYİĞİT, Mustafa IŞIK .......................................................................... 927 “Evsel Atıksuların Foto-Fenton Prosesi İle Arıtılmaları” Nuray ŞEN, Nihal BEKTAŞ, Mesut TEKBAŞ, H. Cengiz YATMAZ ..................................................................... 937 “Treatment and Reuse of Domestic Wastewater by Membrane Bioreactor: METU Application” Okan Tarık KOMESLİ, Mert BERBEROĞLU, Melis MUZ, M. Selcen SÖNMEZ, Metin ARIKAN, Celal Ferdi GÖKÇAY ............................................................................................................................................... 946

“Su Kirliliği Kontrolünde Önerilen Adsorbentler ve Uygulanabilirlikleri” Olcayto KESKİNKAN, Turan YILMAZ, Behzat BALCI, Fatma Elçin ERKURT ................................................... 950

“Investigation of Start-Up and Initial Stage of Anaerobic Hybrid Reactor for Cheese Whey Treatment” Sadık UYUM, Osman Nuri AĞDAĞ ....................................................................................................................... 960 “Investigation of Filterability of a Marble Wastewater by Glassy Ceramic Filters” Osman ŞAN, Cem ÖZGÜR ...................................................................................................................................... 966






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“Decolorization Studies of Remazol Brilliant Violet-5R Under Anaerobic-Aerobic Cyclic Conditions” Kevser CIRIK, Dilek AYDOĞMUŞ, Şebnem ÖZDEMİR, Özer ÇINAR................................................................. 977

“Decoloration of Organic Dye from Aqueous Solution by High Voltage Discharge” Özlem Selçuk KUŞÇU, M. Yunus PAMUKOĞLU, Selçuk ÇÖMLEKÇI ................................................................ 985 “Power Generation from Organic Wastewater Using a Bio-Cathode Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC)” Pelin ÇAVDAR, Elif YILMAZ, Bülent MERTOĞLU, Barış ÇALLI ........................................................................ 989 “Zeytinyağı Karasuyunun Kimyasal Olarak Arıtılabilirliği” Pelin EKİCİ, Çağatayhan Bekir ERSÜ ..................................................................................................................... 997

“Sivas Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi İşletme Verilerinin Tasarım Değerlerine Göre İncelenmesi” Sayiter YILDIZ, Mustafa ÖZTÜRK.......................................................................................................................... 1005 “Şeker Fabrikası Atıksularından Biyolojik Kalsiyum Giderimi” Samet ÖZCAN, İsmail ŞİMŞEK, Levent ALTAŞ, Mustafa IŞIK ............................................................................. 1014 “Ürolitik Mikroorganizma İşlevine Çamur Yaşının Etkisi” Samet ÖZCAN, İsmail ŞİMŞEK, Levent ALTAŞ, Mustafa IŞIK ............................................................................. 1020 “Constructed Wetlands for Municipal Waste Water Treatment; Case Study of Çakırbeyli Village” Selçuk GÖÇMEZ, Yıldırım KAYAM, Zahide Lamia BİLİR.................................................................................... 1026

“Removal of Pb2+ Ions From Synthetic Wastewater Using a Novel N-Vinyl Imidazole Based Hydrogels” Melike FIRLAK, Soner ÇUBUK, Ece KÖK YETIMOĞLU, Memet Vezir KAHRAMAN ...................................... 1035 “Investigation of Endocrine Disrupting Compound Removal Efficiencies of Istanbul Wastewater Treatment Plants” Serkan EVCIMEN, Melike FIRLAK, Aslıhan KERÇ, Zehra Semra CAN .............................................................. 1043 “Adsorption of Hexavalent Chromium from Aqueous Solution on Daucus Carota L. Residues” Şerife PARLAYICI, Havva KAHRAMAN, Erol PEHLİVAN ................................................................................. 1051 “Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) and Its Applications for Wastewater Treatment” Tuba YILMAZ........................................................................................................................................................... 1059 “Cd2+ and Ni2+ Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Sorption with Walnut Shell and Almond Shell” Türkan ALTUN, Erol PEHLİVAN ........................................................................................................................... 1065 “An Investigation on the Use of Fly Ash for As(V) Removal” Ümmihan TEKÇE, Ayşenur UĞURLU ................................................................................................................... 1078 “The Effects of Operational Parameters on Ni(II) Removal from Aqueous Solutions By Ion Exchange Process” Baybars Ali FİL, Recep BONCUKCUOĞLU, Alper Erdem YILMAZ, Serkan BAYAR ........................................ 1086 “Investigation of Treatment of Boron Industries Waste Waters By Nanofiltration” İbrahim KARAKAŞ, Recep BONCUKÇUOĞLU, M. Muhtar KOCAKERİM, Alper E.YILMAZ, A.T. YILMAZ ............................................................................................................................................................ 1099 “Relation Between Waste Water Treatment and Water Tariff Study According to Malatya Sample” M.Oktay OZELCI ..................................................................................................................................................... 1106






x

“Removal of Zinc from Industrial Waste Leachate by Walnut Shell” N. Gamze TURAN, Başak MESCİ ........................................................................................................................... 1114

Wastewater Reuse / Atıksuların Yeniden Kullanımı

“Overview of Issues Relating to Reuse of Treated Wastewater in Middle Eastern and North African Countries” David J. MULLA ....................................................................................................................................................... 1122 “Water Demand Side Measures in Agriculture, with Special Reference to Pakistan” Amir H. MALIK........................................................................................................................................................ 1128 “Atıksuların Tarımsal Sulama Amaçlı Kullanılmasının Değerlendirilmesi; Adana Örneği” Ahmet YÜCEER, Gökhan YAMAN ........................................................................................................................ 1137

“Konya Kenti Atık Suları İle Sulanan Tarım Arazileri Toprak Özelliklerinin Farklı Kullanım Sürelerine Göre Değişimi” Refik UYANÖZ, Kemal GÜR, Şerife ÇAY .............................................................................................................. 1147 “Konya Kenti Arıtılmış Atıksularının Yeşil Alanların Sulamasında Kullanımı: Fizibilite Çalışması” Murat KÜÇÜKHEMEK, Şule MANSUR, Serdar KOYUNCU, Ahmet DEMİR ..................................................... 1155 “Agricultural Reuse of Water and Nutrients from Wastewater Treatment in Turkey” Ebru SARIKAYA, Göksel N. DEMIRER .................................................................................................................. 1166

“Evaluation of Long-Term Waste Water Irrigation on Chemical Properties of Soil and Barley Undergrowth Field Conditions” Selda ORS, Metin TURAN, Fatih M. KIZILOGLU, Ustun SAHIN, Aslıhan ESRINGU ....................................... 1179

Sewage Sludge Disposal - Use / Arıtma Çamuru Bertarafı - Kullanımı

“Perspectives on Sewage Sludge Disposal in Germany and Europe” Rainer KÖNEMANN ............................................................................................................................................... 1189 “Sludge Management in İstanbul” Gıyasettin GÜNEŞ, Ahmet DEMIR, Osman YILDIZ, H. Ebru ABAMOR ............................................................. 1201

“Process Enhancement: Facilities for the Treatment of Sewage Sludge – Lessons Learned” Nina RADTKE, Ingrid GERARD ............................................................................................................................. 1208

“Economic Aspects of Phosphorus Recovery” Timur ESEMEN, Thomas DOCKHORN ................................................................................................................. 1217 “Environmental-Friendly Sludge Treatment in Berlin and China” Claudia CHARRABÉ ............................................................................................................................................... 1226 “Enhanced Nutrient Remobilization and Recovery from Sewage Sludge” Timur ESEMEN, Thomas DOCKHORN ................................................................................................................. 1238 “Effect of Diethylamine on PAH Removal from Municipal Sludge Under UV Light” Gizem KARACA, Yücel TAŞDEMİR ....................................................................................................................... 1249






xi

“Arıtma Çamurlarının Toprakta Kullanımına Yönelik Mevzuat” Gülhan SAYGILI....................................................................................................................................................... 1259 “The Research on the Effect of ASKI Sewage Sludge on Some Soil Physical Properties” Faki ERGÜL, Mehmet KEÇECİ, Aynur DİLSİZ, Sadık USTA ................................................................................ 1266

“Evsel Arıtma Çamurlarının Yeşil Alanlarda Toprak İyileştirici ve Gübre Olarak Kullanımı” Murat KÜÇÜKHEMEK, Refik UYANÖZ ................................................................................................................ 1273

“Energetic Aspects Regarding the Sewage and Sludge Treatment Process of WWTPS” Demet ANTAKYALI, Reinhold RÖLLE .................................................................................................................. 1285 “Energy Saving at Wastewater Treatment Plants: a Contribution Towards Limiting Greenhouse Gases Emissions and Reducing Costs” Alexander GOERTZ, Richard VESTNER, Daphne VOSS, Laure NICOLET-MISSLBECK ................................... 1295 “Effects of Municipal Waste Treatment Sludge Application on Heavy Metal Content of Sweet Corn and Soil” Ali Rıza ONGUN, Bülent YAĞMUR, Kadri BOZOKALFA, Dursun EŞİYOK, Bülent OKUR ............................. 1303 “Buğday Bitkisine Artan Dozlarda Arıtma Çamuru Uygulaması İle Bazı Toprak Özelliklerinin Farklı Toprak Derinliklerindeki Değişiminin Belirlenmesi” Betül KOLAY, Songül GÜRSOY, Ömer DEĞERLİ, Mehdi SÜMERLİ, Hasan KILIÇ, Ali Rıza ÖZTÜRKMEN, Şevket TEKİN, Zübeyir TÜRK ................................................................................................................................. 1310

“Investigation of Kayseri Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludge Digester Efficiency” Merve OĞUZ, Hamdi MURATÇOBANOĞLU, Eren HASBÜLBÜL, Oktay ÖZKAN, Hakan AYYILDIZ, Özgür ÖZDEMİR...................................................................................................................................................... 1319

“Effect of the Sludge Treatment to Eucalyptus Growth” Sedat TÜFEKÇİ ......................................................................................................................................................... 1322 “Solar Drying of Sewage Sludge” Ulrich LUBOSCHIK.................................................................................................................................................. 1329 “Effect of Municipal Sewage Sludge Application on Microbial Biomass and Activity of Soils” Selçuk GÖÇMEZ, Nur OKUR .................................................................................................................................. 1337

Agricultural / Tarım

“Investigation of Effect of Nhmaam and MMA Monomers to Thermal Properties and Phase Transition Temperature (LCST) of Nipaam/Ntba/X Hydrogels” Abdullah ALTAY, Ahmet OKUDAN ...................................................................................................................... 1345

“Determination of the Physical Properties in Different (NH4)2SO4 Solutions of Used as Water Retaining Hydrogel in Agriculture” Abdullah ALTAY ..................................................................................................................................................... 1353 “Rootstock Usage for Viticulture Under Drought Conditions Like Konya Basin; Research Priorities and Directions” Ali SABIR .................................................................................................................................................................. 1357






xii

“Silica Gel Application to Control Water Runoff from Root Zone Microenvironment’s Climate of Grapevine Rootstocks Grown Under Drought Condition” Ali SABIR, Zeki KARA ............................................................................................................................................. 1365 “Effective Water Saving With Water Pillow Irrigation Method” Sinan GERÇEK ......................................................................................................................................................... 1373 “Konya Kenti Atık Suları İle Sulanan Tahıl Arazileri Topraklarında Mikrobiyel Aktivite ve Ağır Metal Arasındaki İlişkiler” Refik UYANÖZ, Şerife ÇAY .................................................................................................................................... 1377

“Treated Textile Waste Water Irrigation Effect on Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) Crops Yield and Environment” Ramazan ACAR, Şükrü DURSUN .......................................................................................................................... 1381

“Sulu Tarımda Sürdürülebilirlik Sorunları” Şerife ÇAY ................................................................................................................................................................. 1387

“Karapınar’da Çiftçi Şartlarında Silajlık Mısır İçin Projeli Damla Sulama Tesisi ve Sulama Planı Uygulaması” Mevlüt VANOĞLU .................................................................................................................................................. 1391 “Hitit Kentlerinde Atık Su Sistemleri” Babür Mehmet AKARSU, Seda AKARSU ............................................................................................................... 1401

“Kuzey Ege, Gediz ve Küçük Menderes Havzalarında 2003-2007 Yılları Arasında Su Kalitesi Açısından Bor İçeriğinin Spektrofotometrik Analiz Metodu İle Belirlenmesi ve Değerlendirilmesi” Pınar DEMİRBAŞ, Özcan ORHUN ......................................................................................................................... 1404

“DSİ 2. Bölge Müdürlüğünün Sorumluluk Alanında Bulunan Havzalarda Su Kalitesi İzleme ve Değerlendirme Çalışmalarına Toplu Bakış” Pınar DEMİRBAŞ, Özcan ORHUN ......................................................................................................................... 1418 “Elazığ Uluova’da Yeraltısuyu Değişimlerinin CBS ile Değerlendirilmesi” Murat ÇELİKER ........................................................................................................................................................ 1427 “Munzur Havzasının CBS ile Modellenmesi” Cevat SALMAN, Murat ÇELİKER, Ö. Faruk DURSUN, Y.Bülent SÖNMEZER .................................................. 1437 “Elazığ Hamzabey Barajının Koruma Alanlarının CBS ile Belirlenmesi” Murat ÇELİKER, Ö. Faruk DURSUN , Y. Bülent SÖNMEZER ..............................................................................

...

1447

1458

Yazar İndeksi ........................................................................................................................................... 1468 Sonuç Bildirgesi ...................................................................................................................................... 1471

“Removal Of Basic Textile Dyes In Single, Binary And Ternary Solutions By Raw And Activated Clay”Meral TURABİK





xiii

ONUR KURULU

Prof. Dr. Veysel EROĞLU

Çevre ve Orman Bakanı

Prof. Dr. Lütfi AKÇA Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Müsteşarı

Aydın Nezih DOĞAN

Konya Valisi

Tahir AKYÜREK Konya Büyükşehir Belediye Başkanı

Prof. Dr. Süleyman OKUDAN

Selçuk Üniversitesi Rektörü

İsmail Selim UZBAŞ KOSKİ Genel Müdürü

DÜZENLEME KURULU

Başkan

Prof. Dr. Mehmet Emin AYDIN (Selçuk Üniversitesi)

Üyeler

Erol BİRCAN (KOSKİ Genel Müdürlüğü)

Ahmet DEMİR (KOSKİ Genel Müdürlüğü)

Doç. Dr. Ali TOR (Selçuk Üniversitesi)

Yrd. Doç. Dr. Senar ÖZCAN (Selçuk Üniversitesi)

M. Akif SARIKAYA (KOSKİ Genel Müdürlüğü)

Lütfü GÜNGÖR (KOSKİ Genel Müdürlüğü)






xiv

BİLİM KURULU

Prof. Dr. Lütfi AKÇA (Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı - İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi)

Prof. Dr. Necdet ALPASLAN (Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi) Dr. Ahmet BABAN (TÜBİTAK – MAM)

Prof. Dr. mult.Dr.h.c. Müfit BAHADIR (Braunschweig Technical University – Almanya) Prof. Dr. Mufeed BATARSEH (Mutah University – Ürdün) Prof. Dr. Recep BONCUKCUOĞLU (Atatürk Üniversitesi)

Prof. Dr. Hanife BÜYÜKGÜNGÖR (Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi) Doç. Dr. Özer ÇINAR (Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi)

Doç. Dr. Eyüp DEBİK (Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi) Prof. Dr. Mustafa DEĞİRMENCİ (Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi) Prof. Dr. Ahmet DEMİR (İSKİ - Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi)

Prof. Dr. Göksel N. DEMİRER (Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi) Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert DICHTL (Braunschweig Technical University – Almanya)

Prof. Dr. Ferruh ERTÜRK (Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi) Prof. Dr. Ayşe FİLİBELİ (Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Klaus FRICKE (Braunschweig Technical University – Almanya) Prof. Dr. Celal Ferdi GÖKÇAY (Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi)

Prof. Dr. M. Talha GÖNÜLLÜ (Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi) Dr. Colin HAYES (Swansea University – İngiltere)

Prof. Dr. Orhan İNCE (İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi) Prof. Dr. Hüseyin KARA (Selçuk Üniversitesi)

Prof. Dr. Cumali KINACI (İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi) Prof. Dr. Robert KREUZIG (Braunschweig Technical University – Almanya) Doç. Dr.-Ing. Jirí KUCERİK (Brno University of Technology – Çekoslovakya)

Prof. Dr. Halil KUMBUR (Mersin Üniversitesi) Prof. Dr. Zdravka LAZAROVA (Austrian Institute of Technology – Avusturya) Prof. Dr.- Ing. Günter MEON (Braunschweig Technical University – Almanya)

Prof. Dr. David J. MULLA (University of Minnesota-Amerika) Prof. Dr. Turgut Tüzün ONAY (Boğaziçi Üniversitesi)

Prof. Dr. Erol PEHLİVAN (Selçuk Üniversitesi) Prof. Dr. İbrahim PEKER (Erciyes Üniversitesi)

Prof. Dr. George PILIDIS (Ioannina University – Yunanistan) Prof. Dr. Ahmet Mete SAATÇİ (TÜBİTAK - Marmara Üniversitesi)

Prof. Dr. Bayram SADE (Selçuk Üniversitesi) Prof. Dr. Uwe SCHRÖDER (Braunschweig Technical University – Almanya)

Prof. Dr. Nusret ŞEKERDAĞ (Fırat Üniversitesi) Prof. Dr. Mohammad SHAHRIARI (Chalmers University – İsveç)

Prof. Dr. Yücel TAŞDEMİR (Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi) Doç. Dr. Mustafa TIRIS (TÜBİTAK – MAM)

Prof. Dr. Bülent TOPKAYA (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) Prof. Dr. Ülkü YETİŞ (Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi)

Prof. Dr. Ahmet YÜCEER (Çukurova Üniversitesi)

(Bilim Kurulu üyeleri soyadına göre alfabetik olarak sıralanmıştır.)




“International Sustainable Water and Wastewater Management Symposium”

26-28 October 2010 – Konya/Turkey Aydin & Tor & Ozcan (Eds)

Fatih İLHAN, Kamil B. VARINCA, M. Talha GÖNÜLLÜ, Caner KASAR 669

TREATMENT OF COD AND COLOR BY EC PROCESS FROM TEXTILE WASTEWATERS

Fatih İLHAN, Kamil B. VARINCA, M. Talha GÖNÜLLÜ, Caner KASAR

YildizTechnical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey

ABSTRACT - Wastewaters from textile dyeing and finishing factories are significant source of environmental pollution. These wastewaters contain various pollutants, such as high chemical oxygen demand (COD), color and non-biodegradable organic compounds etc. Besides, the European Union (EU) Directive 91/271 imposes limits on wastewater color, as it reduces light penetration in receiving water bodies. The aim of this study was to investigate the residual COD and color removal of raw textile industry wastewaters and synthetically prepared dye solutions by using electrocoagulation (EC) process. Used dyestuffs were Reactive Black DPT, Reactive Blue BRF, Reactive Yellow 3RF, Reactive Red 3BF, Disperse Black CERN in common use, in concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/L. COD, TOC and color removal efficiencies by using aluminium (Al) electrodes for raw wastewater and the prepared solutions were investigated. Optimization parameters, such as pH, current density, operating time on COD and color removal were determined. Optimum conditions on the removal efficiencies for Al electrode 73.1% COD, 85.6% color as current density; 50mA/cm2, operating time; 20 min, pH=5 and the removal efficiencies for Fe electrode 54.4% COD, 83.2% color as current density; 60mA/cm2 operating time; 20min, pH=4 were determined experimentally. Dyestuffs in the prepared solutions were removed quite effectively. The results of the study revealed that EC method can be used a treatment method for textile industry wastewater treatment, as effective and economically.

Keywords: Textile wastewater; EC; treatment; COD removal; color removal

ÖZET - Türkiye’nin ve diğer bir çok ülkenin önemli endüstrilerinden biri olan tekstil endüstrisi atıksuları yüksek kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (KOİ), renk ve biyolojik olarak parçalanamayan organik bileşik gibi çok çeşitli kirlilikler içermektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, tekstil endüstrisi atıksularında elektrokoagülasyon prosesi uygulanarak KOİ ve renk parametrelerinin ve sentetik olarak hazırlanan boya çözeltilerinden boya gideriminin araştırılmasıdır. Ayrıca 100 ve 200 mg/L olarak hazırlanan sentetik boyalarda araştırılmıştır (Reaktif Siyah DPT, Reaktif Mavi BRF, Reaktif Sarı 3RF, Reaktif Kırmızı 3BF ve Dispers Siyah CERN). Bu çalışmada alüminyum (Al) ve demir (Fe) elektrotların kullanıldığı elektrokoagülasyon (EC) prosesi ile tekstil endüstrisi atıksuyundan KOİ ve renk giderim verimleri araştırılmıştır. KOİ ve renk giderimi üzerine pH, akım yoğunluğu ve işletim zamanı gibi optimizasyon parametreleri belirlenerek, enerji maliyeti gibi proses işletim parametreleri hesaplanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, alüminyum elektrot ile % 73,1 KOİ, %85,6 renk giderimleri sağlayan optimum şartlar; 50mA/cm2 akım yoğunluğu, 20 dakikalık işletim zamanı ve başlangıç pH’sı;5, demir elektrot ile % 54,4 KOİ, %83,2 renk giderimleri sağlayan optimum şartlar; 60 mA/cm2 akım yoğunluğu, 20 işletim zamanı ve pH=4, olarak belirlenmistir. Hazırlanan boya çözeltileri de etkin bir şekilde giderilmiştir. Bu çalışma ile tekstil atıksuların etkin ve ekonomik bir yöntem olarak elektrokoagülasyon ile arıtılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Tekstil atıksuyu; elektrokoagülasyon; arıtım; KOİ giderimi; renk giderimi

1. INTRODUCTION

Textile industry can be defined as producing synthetic fibers and fabric product that wool, cotton, and knitted fabrics (EPA 1997). Turkey has had an important position in the global textile industry market, recently. Twenty percent of workers, who work in all industries, work in this industry

According to annual statistics from 1992 to the present time, 36 to 39% of total exports is provided by textile products (TUIK). Turkey is the second country after China for export textile products to the European Union.

The textile production is carried out intensively in the country. Therefore, environmental pollution resulting from this industry is taken some necessary regulatory measures and realized some inquiring investments. The ratio of







textile wastewater in all wastewaters in Istanbul is 53.5 percent. The rank of textile plants numbers in the total is in 3rd position (Toroz et al., 1998).

One of the most polluting materials in textile wastewaters is dyes. Dyes is categorized in 7 sections as acidic, basic, direct, disperse, reactive, sulphur and vat dyes.

Significant amounts of water are consumed in production processes of textile plants. The most water consumption is in dying process. Considering the volume and composition of effluent from the textile industry, the textile wastewaters are found as the most polluting wastewater in all industrial wastewaters (Arslan 1995, Sen and Demirer 2003). Wastewaters from dyeing and rinsing operations contain high concentrations of dissolved solids originating from complex and polar structured reactive dyes.Thus textile wastewater has an intense color characteristically (Arslan, 1995). Textile wastewaters’ color has a color depending on type of dye used in the process. The essential pollutants in textile wastewaters are hard biodegradable organic substances such as chlorinated compounds, dyes, detergents, insecticides, grease and oils, sulfide compounds, solvents, heavy metals and inorganic salts. BOD, total dissolved solids, alkalinity and temperature parameters are also follow in high concentrations (Göknil et al 1984, Turk, Simonic 2005).

Textile wastewater which contains many pollutants is treated in different ways. Chemical methods are used widely for treatment of textile wastewater. But more economical and efficient methods are searched continuously. In recent years, usage of electrochemical processes being effective in treatment textile wastewater is increasing.

In electrochemical processes, water pollutant parameters are fixed with the help of electric current. General mechanisms of electrochemical treatment are consisting of coagulation, adsorption, precipitation and flotation processes (Ihara et al., 2004). The most widely used electrochemical process is electro-coagulation. The removal mechanism of electrocoagulation process consists of 3 stages (Mollah et al. 2004).

Formation of coagulant species from sacrified electrode

Destabilization of pollutants, suspension of particles and fragmentation of emulsions

flocculation of destabilized particles.

Besides metal anode dissolution is accompanied by hydrogen gas evolution at cathodes, the bubbles capturing and floating the suspended solids formed and thus removing contaminants (Jiang et al., 2002). The EC process is very effective in removing organic pollutants including dyeing wastewater and allows for the reduction of sludge generation (Kim et al, 2002). Vik et al. demonstrated that, for an equivalent treated water quality, the amount of coagulant ion required and the sludge formed with EC was much less than with conventional coagulation (Vik et al., 1984 ).

In this investigation, treatability of dye containing textile wastewater by electrocoagulation is worked. The search occupies with synthetic and original wastewaters.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.1. Textile Wastewater

Wastewater samples, with a dark grey color, were supplied from a textile factory (Nur Textile Company) located in Esenyurt district of Istanbul. The samples were collected using composite sampling method. The physicochemical characterization of textile wastewater is presented in Table 1. Samples taken were stored at 4 C.

Table 1. Physicochemical crarcteristics of textile wastewater Pollutant Parameters Unit Value COD mg l-1 580 TOC mg l-1 281 pH mg l-1 10.1 Color Hazen 340 Conductivity mS cm-1 11.04







2.2. EC Studies

All EC experiments were conducted under identical conditions. Laboratory scale reactor consisted of an undivided EC cell (15 cm × 7 cm × 5cm) made of plexyglass with an anode and a cathode in parallel. All the electrodes were aluminum sheets (18 cm × 5 cm, 0.5 cm thick). The gap between anode and cathode was maintained at 6 cm. In all trialas, the two electrodes were of the same material. After each experimental run, the electrodes were treated as follows; the EC reactor and electrodes were carefully rinsed with 50% (v/v) nitric acid solution for 5 min and several times with distilled deionized water to remove impurities and metal hydroxide precipitates from the electrodes and reactor.

The current density was fixed in the range 20-60 mA cm−2 using by GPS 3030DD model (GW Instek) DC power supply and the cell voltage variation was recorded. Experiments were carried out under galvanostatic conditions. The schematic diagram of the EC system is as shown in Figure 1.

2.3. Synthetically Dyestuff Solution

Reactive dyes are commonly used in textile industries. Five types of dyestuff supplied from the textile plant were used to prepare the synthetic wastewater: (1) a black reactive dye (Reactive Black DPT); (2) a blue reactive (Reactive Blue BRF) (3) a yellow reactive dye (Reactive Yellow 3RF); (4) a red reactive (Reactive Red 3BF), (5) a black dispers dye (Dispers Black CERN). Dye solutions were prepared by dissolving 0.1 g and 0.2 g of dye in 1 L of distilled water. All chemicals used were of highest purity available and of analytical grade.

The maximum absorbance values of solutions prepared were determined by wavelength scanning (483nm for Reactive Black DPT, 426 nm for Reactive Blue BRF, 416 nm for Reactive Yellow 3RF, 520 nm for Reactive Red 3 BF and 409 nm for Dispers Black CERN).

Because conductivity values in the samples to decrease the electricity consumption during the process are insufficient, salt as an electrolyte was added to each sample to increase conductivity. Samples are mixed with a magnetic stirrer for 10 minutes to have a homogeneous mixture.

2.4. Analyses

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color were carried out according to the Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. The color of samples were analyzed using a Hach Lange Model DR5000 spectrophotometer. The pH was measured using Orion 5 stars model pH meter, and the conductivity was determined with Hach Lange HQ40D model conductivity meter. The pH of the solutions was measured by pH meter and adjusted by adding NaOH or H2SO4 (Merck, Germany) solutions.

2.5. Experimental Design and Optimization

Experimental design with three factors at five levels was applied using Minitab 15 statistical software with the limits of the independent variables. Each independent variable was coded at five levels between −2 and +2 in the ranges determined by the preliminary experiments, while initial pH 4-8, applied current density, 20–60 mA cm-2 and electrolysis time, 0–20 minutes. Experimental conditions of runs and corresponding responses are presented in Table 2 and Table 3.

Table 2. Parameters and their levels for the optimization experiments. Parameters Level (-2) Level (-1) Level (0) Level (+1) Level (+2) Initial pH 4 5 6 7 8 Current Density (mA/cm-2) 20 30 40 50 60 Electrolysis Time (min.) 0 5 10 15 20







Table 3. Experimental design obtained by Minitab statistical software and pollutants efficiencies Run Current

Density Initial

pH Electrolysis

Time COD Removal

(%) Color Removal

(%) 1 20 4 0 0 6.3 2 20 5 5 3.5 50.0 3 20 6 10 20.6 59.1 4 20 7 15 40.1 75.6 5 20 8 20 38.9 76.8 6 30 4 5 11.8 47.9 7 30 5 10 29.5 61.2 8 30 6 15 34.8 82.4 9 30 7 20 47.2 81.2 10 30 8 0 0 5.6 11 40 4 10 49.3 62.9 12 40 5 15 65.8 80.6 13 40 6 20 66 80.6 14 40 7 0 0 8.2 15 40 8 5 19.8 35.0 16 50 4 15 58.7 85.0 17 50 5 20 73.1 85.6 18 50 6 0 6.8 6.2 19 50 7 5 23.3 42.1 20 50 8 10 31.8 62.9 21 60 4 20 70.8 82.9 22 60 5 0 6.8 0.3 23 60 6 5 30.7 47.9 24 60 7 10 24.6 53.2 25 40 8 15 32.1 78.2 26 40 6 10 27.1 56.8 27 40 6 10 27.3 54.0 28 40 6 10 27.4 55.0 29 40 6 10 27.1 54.6 30 40 6 10 26.9 53.8

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. COD Removal

Untreated municipal and industrial wastewaters are generally rich in organic matter. Organic matter in a wastewater consumes the available oxygen present in the ecosystem directly and indirectly. Although COD is not a specific compound, it is considered a conventional pollutant, and it has been widely used by regulatory agencies worldwide to gauge overall treatment plant efficiencies. As organic particulates dominant in the samples, COD parameter is removed vastly by electrocoagulation process (Casillas et al., 2007). The model and graphs in Figure 1 illustrate the removal efficiencies of COD under different operating conditions. Analysis of variance of the model are shown in Table 4.

COD Removal = -7,16416 - 2,24954*Initial pH - 0,0261497*Current Density + 7,44671*Electrolysis Time + 0,09641*Initial pH*Current Density - 0,563277*Initial pH*Electrolysis Time - 0,0278923*Current Density*Electrolysis Time







Estimated Response SurfaceElectrolysis Time=20,0

4 5 6 7 8Initial pH20

3040

5060

Current Density0

20

40

60

80

100

CO

D R

emov

al

COD Removal0,0-10,010,0-20,020,0-30,030,0-40,040,0-50,050,0-60,060,0-70,070,0-80,080,0-90,090,0-100,0

Estimated Response SurfaceCurrent Density=60,0

4 5 6 7 8Initial pH0 4 8 121620

Electrolysis Time0

20

40

60

80

100

CO

D R

emov

al

COD Removal0,0-10,010,0-20,020,0-30,030,0-40,040,0-50,050,0-60,060,0-70,070,0-80,080,0-90,090,0-100,0

Estimated Response Surface

Initial pH=4,0

20 30 40 50 60Current Density

0 4 8 121620

Electrolysis Time0

20

40

60

80

100

CO

D R

emov

al

COD Removal0,0-10,010,0-20,020,0-30,030,0-40,040,0-50,050,0-60,060,0-70,070,0-80,080,0-90,090,0-100,0

4Current Density

60 20

Main Effects Plot for COD Removal

0

20

40

60

80

100

CO

D R

emov

al

Initial pH8 20

Electrolysis Time0

Figure 1. Obtained model results for COD removal

Table 4. Analysis of variance for COD Removal Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P - Value A : Initial pH 581.799 1 581.799 13.69 0.0012 B : Current Density (mA/cm-2) 232.06 1 232.06 5.46 0.0285 C: Electrolysis Time (min.) 7935.26 1 7935.26 186.78 0.0000 AB 38.2987 1 38.2987 0.90 0.3523 AC 323.188 1 323.188 7.61 0.0112 BC 76.2993 1 76.2993 1.80 0.1933 Total error 977.162 23 42.4853 Total (corr.) 12905.6 29

Statistical data in Table 4 R2, Adjusted R2, Standard error and Mean absolute values is 92.4284, 90.4532, 6.51807 and 4.80542 respectively.







As can be seen from Figure 1, COD removal efficiencies reach 70% and effluent COD values are decreased below 150 mg/l. Consistency of the results are allows producing a model. Thanks to the model, we can see that how much efficiency obtains under different operation conditions.

3.2. Color Removal

Recently, a number of scientific study has been indicated as successfully treated by EC method for color containing effluents originating from textile dyeing operations. No color discharge limits exist in Turkey for the textile industry wastewater as well as other industrial effluents yet but are expected very soon (Alaton et al., 2009). The model and graphs in Figure 2 show the removal efficiencies of color under different operating conditions. Analysis of variance of the model are given in Table 5

Estimated Response SurfaceElectrolysis Time=10,0

4 5 6 7 8Initial pH20

3040

5060

Current Density0

20

40

60

80

100

Col

or R

emov

al

Color Removal0,0-10,010,0-20,020,0-30,030,0-40,040,0-50,050,0-60,060,0-70,070,0-80,080,0-90,090,0-100,0

Estimated Response SurfaceCurrent Density=40,0

4 5 6 7 8Initial pH0 4 8 121620

Electrolysis Time0

20

40

60

80

100C

olor

Rem

oval

Color Removal0,0-10,010,0-20,020,0-30,030,0-40,040,0-50,050,0-60,060,0-70,070,0-80,080,0-90,090,0-100,0

Estimated Response SurfaceInitial pH=6,0

20 30 40 50 60Current Density

0 4 8 121620

Electrolysis Time0

20

40

60

80

100

Col

or R

emov

al

Color Removal0,0-10,010,0-20,020,0-30,030,0-40,040,0-50,050,0-60,060,0-70,070,0-80,080,0-90,090,0-100,0

4,0Current Density

60,0 20,0

Main Effects Plot for Color Removal

0

20

40

60

80

100

Col

or R

emov

al

Initial pH8,0 20,0

Electrolysis Time0,0

Figure 2. Obtained model results for color removal







Table 5. Analysis of variance for Color Removal Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P - Value A : Initial pH 187.862 1 187.862 2.94 0.1000 B : Current Density (mA/cm-2) 98.6681 1 98.6681 1.54 0.2267 C: Electrolysis Time (min.) 16282.0 1 16282.0 254.65 0.0000 AB 771.585 1 771.585 12.07 0.0021 AC 356.395 1 356.395 5.57 0.0271 BC 238.284 1 238.284 3.73 0.0660 Total error 1470.6 23 63.9393 Total (corr.) 20046.8 29

Statistical data in Table 5, R2, Adjusted R2, Standart error and mean absolute values is 92.6641, 90.7504, 7.99621 and 5.24287 respectively.

In this experimental study, over 85% color removals were obtained under the following conditions: initial pH of 4.0, current density of 50 mA/cm2 and electrolysis time of 15 min.

3.3. Dye Removal from Synthetic Dye Solutions

The textile industry consumes considerable amounts of water during dyeing and finishing operations. Dye pollutants from this industry are a major source of environmental contamination (Alaboyeh et al., 2008). EC has been practiced to the treatment of the variety of dye effluents. Obtained maximum removal efficiencies in the study are given Figure 3.

Figure 3. Obtained dye maximum removal rates by EC process

As shown in Figure 3, dyes are removed effectively by EC process with aluminum electrodes pair.

3. CONCLUSION

The removal efficiencies of COD and color for Al electrodes pair were found to be dependent on initial pH, applied current density and operating time. Optimum operating conditions were obtained as pH 4.0, current density of 60 mA/cm2 and operating time of 20 min, respectively. Obtained removal efficiencies for aluminum







electrodes only 20 minutes for COD and color, percentage 73.1, 85.6 respectively. Moreover, for the longer operational time than 20 minutes, both COD and color removal yields was taken over 80%.

REFERENCES

EPA, Profile Of The Textile Industry, U.S. Government Printing Office Superindent Of Documents, Washington, 1997.

Turkish Statistical Institute, www.tuik.gov.tr.

Toröz İ., Altay A., Turan M., Kınacı C. and Demir A., An Examination of Industrial Pollution in İstanbul With Regard To Wastewater : Textile Industry, Proceedings in Fourth International Conference on Management Problems in Agro-Industries, IAWQ, 23 - 25 September 1998, Istanbul, Turkey, Vol. II, pp. 69 – 75, 1998.

Şen. S, Demirer, G.N., Anaerobic Treatment of Real Textile Wastewater With A Fluidized Bed Reactor, Water Research , Vol.37, p.1868-1878, 2003.

Arslan, İ., Treatment of Reactive Dye-Bath Effluents by Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Advanced Oxidation Processes, B.S. In Che. E., İstanbul Technical University, 1995.

Göknil,H., Toröz,İ., Çimşit,Y., Industrial wastewater control and constraint Fundamentals project. Istanbul Technical University, 1984.

Turk, S., Simonic, M., Petrinic, I., Wastewater Treatment After Reactive Printing, Dyes and Pigments-64, p.147-152, 2005.

Ihara I., Kanamura K., Shimada E., Watanabe T., High Gradient Magnetic Separation Combined With EC and Electrochemical Oxidation for the Treatment of Landfill Leachate, Ieee Transactions On Applied Superconductivity 14-2, 1558-1560, 2004.

Mollah, M. Y. A., Morkovsky, P., Gomes, J. A. G., Kesmez, M., Parga, J. And Cocke, D. L., Fundamentals, present and future perspectives of EC, Journal of Hazardous Materials, B114, 199 – 210, 2004.

Jiang J.Q., Graham N., Andre C., Kelsall G.H., Brandon N., Laboratory study of electro-coagulation-flotation for water treatment, Water Research, 36-16, p. 4064-4078, 2002

Kim T.H., Park C., Shin E.B., Kim S., “Decolorization of disperse and reactive dyes by continuous EC process”, Desalination, 150, p. 165-175, 2002.

Vik EA, Carlson DA, Eikum AS, Gjessing ET. EC of potable water” Water Research, 1984;18:1355–60.

American Public Health Association (APHA), Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (17th ed.), APHA, Washington, DC (1992)..

Casillas H.A.M., Cocke D.L., Gomes J.A.G., Morkovsky P., Parga J.R., Peterson E., EC mechanism for COD removal, Separation and Purification Technology, 56-2, p. 204-211, 2007.

Alaton I.A., Kabdasli I., Vardar B., Tunay O., EC of simulated reactive dyebath effluent with aluminum and stainless steel electrodes, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164, 2-3, p. 1586-1594, 2009.

Alaboyeh A., Daneshvar N., Kasiri M.B., Optimization of C.I. Acid Red 14 azo dye removal by electrocoaulation batch process with response surface methodology, Chemical Engineering and Processing : Process Intensification, 47-5, p. 827-832, 2008.






YAZAR İNDEKSİ 1468

YAZAR İNDEKSİ A ABAMOR H.E. 1201 ACAR R. 1381 ADISHIRIN A. 577 AĞDAĞ O.N. 960 AKARSU B.M. 1401 AKARSU S. 1401 AKBIYIK H. 561

AKÇA L. 455 AKGÜL D. 492 AKGÜL S. 861 AKKÖZ C. 429 AKÖZ M. 741 AKTAŞ Ö. 455 AKYOL O. 455 ALADAĞ A. 473 ALEKBER H. 577 AL-HOURI Z.M. 812 ALIYAZICIOĞLU Ç. 355 ALKAYA E. 21 AL-OMARI A. 40 ALTAŞ L. 927, 1014, 1020 ALTAY A. 1345, 1353 ALTUN T. 301, 1065 ANTAKYALI D. 1285 ARDALI Y. 244, 249, 804 ARIKAN M. 946 ARSLAN H. 324 ARSLANOĞLU IŞIK H. 198, 715 ARUNDAŞ A. 677 ASLAN Ş. 339 AVŞAR Y. 853 AYAZ S.Ç. 455 AYDIN B. 183 AYDIN F. 244, 249 AYDIN H. 261 AYDIN M.E. 10, 331, 361, 409, 418, 424, 445, 677 AYDOĞAN G. 628 AYDOĞMUŞ D. 724, 977 AYDÖNER C. 455 AYYILDIZ H. 1319 B BAHADIR A.M. 1, 445 BAHRAN A. 699 BAKI B. 527 BALCI B. 950 BARBER M.E. 812 BAŞARAN DEMİR F. 429 BASIBUYUK M. 890

BATUK F. 139 BAYAR S. 313, 1086 BAYLAR A. 370, 378 BEDUK F. 331 BEKTAŞ N. 937 BEKTAS S. 139 BERBEROĞLU M. 946 BİLİR Z.L. 1026 BİRİCİ N. 536 BONCUKCUOĞLU R. 313, 1086, 1099 BOZKURT S. 735 BOZKURT Z. 735 BOZOKALFA K. 1303 BOZTOPRAK H. 900 BUDAK F. 735 BULDUK A. 481 BÜYÜKMUMCU A. 677 BÖĞÜRCÜ M. 21 C CAKMAK B. 828 CAN Z.S. 2043 CETECIOGLU Z. 693 CHARRABÉ C. 1226 CIRIK K. 724 CIRIK K. 977 ČTVRTNÍČKOVÁ A. 290 CUCİ Y. 846 Ç ÇAKIR A. 822 ÇALLI B. 989 ÇAVDAR P. 989 ÇAY Ş. 1147, 1377, 1387 ÇEÇEN F. 355 ÇELEBİ H. 880 ÇELİKER M. 1427, 1437, 1447 ÇINAR Ö. 503, 724, 846, 977 ÇIRAK M. 788 ÇİNER F. 339 ÇOKGÖR E.U. 788 ÇORUH S. 867, 873 ÇÖMLEKÇI S. 985 ÇUBUK S. 1035 ÇUTAY E. 503 D DAĞLI S. 455 DALKIRAN G. 527 DAVID J. 290 DEBİK E. 796

DEBOER D.E. 30 DEĞERLİ Ö. 1310 DEMIR A. 1201 DEMIRER G.N. 1166 DEMİR A. 1155 DEMİR A. 516 DEMİRCİ İ.E. 910 DEMİREL Z. 222 DEMİRER G.N. 21

DEVECİ E.Ü. 846 DICHTL N. 661 DIECKMANN H. 1 DIZGE N. 500 DİLSİZ A. 1266 DOCKHORN T. 661, 1217, 1238 DÖNMEZ Z.K. 633 DRASTÍK M. 290 DURDU Ö.F. 608 DURDURAN S. 128 DURMAZ Y. 628, 641 DURMUŞ Ö. 62 DURSUN S. 651, 1381 DÜĞENCİ M. 164 E EKİCİ P. 997 ERGUN O.N. 873 ERGÜL F. 1266 ERKURT F.E. 950 ERSÜ Ç.B. 997 ESEMEN T. 1217, 1238 EŞİYOK D. 1303 ESMERAY E. 361 ESRINGU A. 1179 EVCIMEN S. 1043 F FARDA I. 577 FİL B.A. 313, 1086 FIRLAK M. 1035, 1043 G GERARD I. 1208 GERÇEK S. 1373 GEYİKÇİ F. 510, 867 GOERTZ A. 1295 GOKCAY C.F. 770, 946 GOKCEK 693 GULTEKIN G. 545 GUNAY G. 145




G GUNDOGDU B. 571 GUNGOR M. 910 GÜÇLÜ D. 900 GÜNDOĞAN E.G. 503 GÜNEŞ G. 788, 1201 GÜR K. 1147 GÜRPINAR H.A. 455 GÜRSOY S. 1310 GÖÇMEZ S. 1026, 1337 GÖKPINAR Ş. 628 GÖNÜLLÜ M.T. 669, 853 H HARTMANN A. 661 HASANALIYEV A. 269 HASBÜLBÜL E. 1319 HORASAN Ö. 481 HUBER M. 40 HURMA H. 183 I IMANOV F. 269 INCE O. 693 INSEL G. 788 IŞIK M. 927, 1014, 1020 İ İLHAN F. 669, 853 İLHAN F. 853 İNAN D. 387 İRİS N. 219 K KABAK H. 174, 890 KABUK H.A. 853 KAHRAMAN H. 903, 1051 KAHRAMAN M.V. 1035 KALIPCI E. 128 KALKAN Ç. 840 KANAT G. 254 KARA G. 418, 424, 445 KARA H. 677 KARA Z. 1365 KARABULU Z.V. 628 KARACA G. 1249 KARADAVUT İ.S. 128 KARADENIZ H. 566 KARAGÖZ S. 399 KARAHAN O. 693 KARAKAŞ İ. 1099 KASAR C. 669

KAYA H. 527 KAYA T. 370 KAYA Y. 206 KAYAM Y. 1026 KAYRANLI B. 117, 123 KEÇECİ M. 1266 KENDIRLI B. 828 KERÇ A. 1043 KESKINLER B. 500 KESKİNKAN O. 592, 822, 950 KHAN E. 743, 753 KHAODHIAR S. 743 KILIÇ A. 927 KILIÇ H. 1310 KILIÇ, A. 347 KIZILOGLU F.M. 1179 KLEIN D. 661 KOCAKERİM M.M. 1099 KOCASOY G. 62 KOÇYİĞİT H. 927 KOLAY B. 1310 KOLB M. 445 KOMESLİ O.T. 946 KORU E. 628, 641 KOYUNCU G. 324 KOYUNCU S. 1155 KÖK YETIMOĞLU E. 1035 KÖNEMANN R. 1189 KUČERÍK J. 290 KUCUKCONGAR S. 393 KUMBUR H. 324 KURT U. 853 KUŞÇU Ö.S. 985 KÜÇÜKHEMEK M. 900, 1155, 1273 KÜÇÜKKARA R. 620 KÜÇÜKTIĞLI M.S. 592 KÜÇÜKYILMAZ M. 536 L LATİFOĞLU A. 347 LAZAROVA Z. 284 LUBOSCHIK U. 1329 M MALIK A.H. 1128 MAMMADOV A. 269 MANAV DEMİR N. 796 MANKOLLI H. 651 MANSUR Ş. 1155 MERİÇ S. 231 MERTOĞLU B. 355, 492, 840, 989 MESCİ B. 655, 1114

MIHÇIOKUR H. 687 MUHAMMETOGLU A. 462 MULLA D.J. 1122 MURATÇOBANOĞLU H. 1319 MURTHY S. 753 MUZ M. 946 N NACAR KOÇER N. 198, 715 NICOLET-MISSLBECK L. 1295 O OĞUZ M. 1319 OKTAR B. 108 OKUDAN A. 1345 OKUR B. 1303 OKUR N. 1337 ONDUL E. 500 ONGUN A.R. 1303 ORHON D. 693 ORS S. 1179 OZCAN S. 331, 445 OZELCI M.O. 1106 OZKAN F. 370, 378 OZTURK D. 139 Ö ÖRNEKÇİ N.G. 536 ÖZBAY Y. 900 ÖZCAN S. 1014, 1020 ÖZDEMIR Ö. 762, 1319 ÖZDEMİR C. 128 ÖZDEMİR O. 157, 244, 249 ÖZDEMİR Ş. 724, 977 ÖZER O. 222 ÖZER S. 339 ÖZGÜR C. 966 ÖZKAN E. 183 ÖZKAN O. 699, 1319 ÖZKAY F. 861 ÖZKAYA M. 206 ÖZTÜRK M. 582, 1005 ÖZTÜRKMEN A.R. 1310 ÖZYAZICI G. 244, 249 P PAMUKOĞLU M.Y. 919, 985 PARER G. 706 PARLAYICI Ş. 903, 1051 PEHLIVAN E. 10, 301, 633, 903, 1051, 1065




PEKER İ. 687 PERSOONE G. 435 R RACH A. 778 RADTKE N. 1208 RAJABOV R. 269 RÖLLE R. 1285 S SABIR A. 1357, 1365 SAHIN U. 1179 SARIKAYA E. 1166 SARIMERMER N. 157 SAYDAM C. 128 SAYGILI G. 1259 SELEK Z. 516 SEVIMLI M.F. 393 SHAHRIARI M. 10 SIMSEK H. 753 SORATANA K. 743 SOYLU S. 71 SOZEN S. 693 SÖNMEZ M.S. 946 SPEUSER W. 778 SPONZA D. 880 SÜHERİ S. 71 SÜMER N.D. 387 SÜMERLİ M. 1310 Ş ŞAHİN M. 71 ŞALDIRDAK M.T. 222 ŞAN O. 966 ŞEKER T. 536 ŞEN N. 937 ŞENEL G. 873 ŞENER E. 620 ŞENER Ş. 620 ŞİMŞEK İ. 1014, 1020 ŞİŞMAN A. 510 ŞİŞMAN Y. 510 T TANYOL M. 545, 555

TAŞ İ. 861 TAŞDEMİR Y. 1249 TATLI H. 157 TEKBAŞ M. 937 TEKÇE Ü. 1078 TEKDERE M. 481 TEKİN Ş. 1310

TEKİN V.O. 254 TIRIS M. 455 TONGUR S. 409, 418, 424 TOPKAYA B. 52 TOSUNOĞLU V. 313 TUNÇ M.S. 81, 555

TURABİK M. 1458 TURAN M. 762, 1179 TURAN N.G. 655, 1114 TURNA T. 687 TÜFEKÇİ S. 1322 TÜRK Z. 1310 TÜRKYILMAZ A. 90, 99 U UCAN H.N. 651 UÇAR İ. 206 UĞURELLİ A. 254 UĞURLU A. 1078 ULUTAŞ F. 21 UNSAL M. 370, 378 USLU G. 81, 536, 545, 555 USTA S. 1266 UYAN M. 571 UYANÖZ R. 1147, 1273, 1377 UYSAL Y. 846 UYUM S. 960 Ü ÜNLÜ A. 81, 555 ÜSTÜN H.G. 192 V VANOĞLU M. 1391 VARINCA K.B. 669 VARİNLİ F. 699 VESTNER R. 1295 VOSS D. 1295 Y YAĞMUR B. 1303 YALCIN O.B. 462 YAMAN G. 516, 1137 YAPSAKLI K. 355, 840 YATMAZ H.C. 937 YAVUZ D. 71 YENISOY-KARAKAŞ S. 566 YILDIRIM M. 52 YILDIZ M. 206 YILDIZ N. 536 YILDIZ O. 1201 YILDIZ S. 445 YILDIZ S. 582, 1005

YILDIZ S. 910 YILMAZ A.E. 313, 1086, 1099 YILMAZ A.T. 1099 YILMAZ E. 989 YILMAZ H. 145, 164 YILMAZ B. 274 YILMAZ T. 602, 950 YILMAZ T. 1059 YÜCEER A. 1137 YÜZER B. 492 Z ZENGİN M. 71 ZEYBEK Z. 399



SONUÇ BİLDİRGESİ 1471

ULUSLARARASI SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR SU VE ATIK SU YÖNETİMİ SEMPOZYUMU

SONUÇ BİLDİRİSİ

“Konya Büyükşehir Belediyesi KOSKİ Genel Müdürlüğü’nün Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı, Selçuk Üniversitesi, TÜBİTAK, Konya Sanayi Odası, MÜSİAD Konya Şubesi, Doğal Hayatı Koruma Vakfı ve TEMA ile birlikte düzenlediği Uluslararası Sürdürülebilir Su ve Atık Su Yönetimi Sempozyumu başarılı bir şekilde sonuçlandırılmıştır. 14 ülkeden 30’u yabancı 259 yerli bilim insanı ile üç gün boyunca yaşanan su ve atıksu problemleri ve çözümleri konusunda bilimsel bir çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Sempozyumda, aşağıda belirtilen dört ana grupta çözüm haritası oluşturulmuştur.

A) Su – Atıksu

B) Arıtma Çamuru

C) Su ve Atıksuda Kirleticiler ve Hijyen

D) Kapasite Geliştirme ve İşbirliği Ağı Oluşturma

A) Su ve Atıksu

1. Su kaynakları daha etkin kullanılmalıdır.

2. Su kayıp ve kaçakları asgariye indirilmelidir.

3. Yağmur sularının etkin bir şekilde toplanıp kullanılmasına yönelik çalışmalar yapılmalıdır.

4. Su ve atıksu teknolojisi ve mevzuatı aynen alınmak yerine, ülke ve yerel şartlara göre hayata geçirilmelidir.

5. Atıksu arıtma ve toplama sistemlerinin yönetimi için kaynakta ayırma seçeneklerinin üzerinde durulmalıdır.

6. Atıksuların tarımda yeniden kullanımı hayati önem taşımakta olup konu ile ilgili teknolojiler geliştirilmelidir.

7. Endüstriyel atıksuların yeniden kullanımı üzerinde önemle durulmalıdır.

8. Atıksu arıtma tesislerinde enerji üretimi konusu hükümetler tarafından teşvik edilmelidir.

9. Türkiye’nin en önemli çevre projelerinden biri olan Konya Atıksu Arıtma Tesisleri’nin tamamlanarak hizmete alınması, Tuz Gölü ve bölge ekolojisi açısından en önemli kazanımlardan birisi olmuştur.

10. KOP eylem planının bir an önce hayata geçirilmesi, Türkiye tarımında önemli bir yer tutan Konya havzasının sulanması, tarıma dayalı ekonomik gelişimin sağlanması açısından büyük önem arz etmektedir.

B) Arıtma Çamuru

1. Çamur kalitesinin belirlenmesi çamurun kullanılabilirliği açısından önemlidir.

2. Değişik çamur kaliteleri için farklı seçenekler belirlenmelidir.

3. Çamur arıtımı ve bertarafı için idari mevzuat ve teknik kriterler açıkça ortaya konmalıdır.

4. Çamur özelliklerinin takip edildiği bir sistem oluşturulmalıdır.

5. Toprak ve bitkiler için çamurun içerdiği organik madde ve nütrientler (Azot ve Fosfor) çok değerlidir. Türkiye’deki atıksuların tamamı arıtıldığında elde edilen çamurun toprakta kullanıldığında sağlayacağı kazanç: 800 milyon TL / Yıl.

6. 2016’da uygulanacak Avrupa mevzuatına göre arıtma çamurlarındaki organiklerin %75’inin ve patojenlerin giderilmesi gerekmektedir.



SONUÇ BİLDİRGESİ 1472

7. Stabilize arıtma çamurlarının tarımda kullanımı teşvik edilmelidir.

8. Nüfusu 20.000’in üstünde olan yerleşim yerlerinin atıksularının arıtımında anaerobik çürütücüler tavsiye edilebilir.

C) Su ve Atıksuda Kirleticiler ve Hijyen

1. Kirleticilerin takibinde kimyasal analiz metotlarıyla birlikte çevresel toksikolojik analizlere de yer verilmelidir.

2. Kirleticilerin tamamının tek tek analizi zaman alıcı ve pahalı genel parametrelerde yeteri kadar hassas olmadığından, kirleticilerin organizmaların üzerindeki etkileri ölçecek yeni grup parametreler bulunmalıdır.

3. Arıtılmış suların tarımda kullanılmasında en büyük problemlerden birisi de tuzluluk problemidir. Bu problemin azaltılması için kaynağında önlem alınması önemlidir.

4. Çamurdaki metal ve organik kirleticilerin azaltılması için benimsenmesi gereken en önemli strateji; kirleticilerin sisteme girmesini önleyecek tedbir ve kontrol uygulamalarına önem verilmesidir.

D) Kapasite Geliştirme ve İşbirliği Ağı Oluşturma

1. Ülkemiz ve diğer ülkelerde çalışan su uzmanları arasında etkili bir işbirliği ağı kurulmalıdır.

2. Özellikle kırsal alanlarla ilgili konularda bilgi paylaşımı önemlidir.

3. Çevre bilincinin gelişmesi için eğitim ve yayın faaliyetlerine daha fazla ağırlık verilmeli