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Transporting COTransporting CO22

John Davison

IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme

Workshop on CCS, KEPRI, 19th October 2007

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How can COHow can CO22 be Transported? be Transported?

Onshore

Onshore

Truck/rail

Truck/rail

Pipeline

Pipeline

Offshore

Offshore

Ship Ship

Or any combination

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COCO22 Phase Diagram Phase Diagram

Ships

Large pipelines

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COCO22 Compression Compression

• Dakota Gasification Plant

• CO2 for Weyburn EOR project

• MAN Turbo geared centrifugal compressors

• Power ~14 MW

• Mass Flow: 125 tonnes/hr

• Inlet Pressure: 1 bar

• Discharge Pressure: 190 bar

• 2 units started operation in 2000

• 3rd unit started operation in June 2006

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Pipeline TransmissionPipeline Transmission

• Pipeline transmission of CO2 is well established

• Large pipelines have been used to supply CO2 for

EOR since the early 1970s

• Most pipelines are in the USA (Texas/New Mexico)

• About 4000 km are in use today

• Most of the CO2 is from natural sources

• Individual pipeline capacities are up to 20 Mt/y

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Weyburn PipelineWeyburn Pipeline

• Pipeline from USA to Canada• 330 km long

• CO2 from coal gasification

used for enhanced oil recovery

• CO2 contains about 1% H2S

and traces of mercaptans• Good for detecting small leaks

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COCO22 Pipeline Design Pipeline Design

• Pipeline pressures: 10-20 MPa (existing pipelines)

• CO2 is a “dense phase” fluid (about 0.8 t/m3)

• No free water to avoid corrosion and hydrate formation

• Special steels are not required

• Non-condensibles, e.g N2 should not exceed 4mol%

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Pipeline Safety Pipeline Safety • CO2 is not flammable or explosive• CO2 is an asphyxiant and is heavier than air• Leaking CO2 may accumulate in low-lying places• Odourless and colourless, so difficult to detect• The number of incidents per pipeline-km is similar for

existing CO2 and natural gas pipelines• No deaths or injuries from CO2 pipeline accidents• Existing pipelines are mostly is sparsely populated regions• Existing pipelines pass through some small built-up areas• Further work is needed to assess potential hazards in

some situations, e.g. for offshore EOR

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Shipping COShipping CO22 by Tanker by Tanker

• CO2 can be transported by

ship as a liquid • Typically >0.6 MPa, <-55°C

• CO2 tankers are similar to

LPG tankers

• Ships could be attractive • For long distances

• For small, short term projects

CO2 tanker

LPG tankerLarge LPG tanker

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COCO22 Pipeline Costs Pipeline Costs

Source: IPCC Special Report on CCS

$0.00

$1.00

$2.00

$3.00

$4.00

$5.00

$6.00

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Mass flow rate (Mt/y)

Co

sts

(U

S$/t

CO

2/2

50

km

)

Onshore(high and low estimates)

Offshore(high and low estimates)

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COCO22 Transmission Costs Transmission Costs

Transport of 6Mt/y of CO2 Source: IPCC Special Report on CCS

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

Distance (km)

Sh

ip t

ran

sp

ort

co

sts

(U

S$

/tC

O2

)

Ship

Offshore pipeline Onshore pipeline

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Summary Summary

• CO2 pipelines have operated for many years

• Existing pipelines have a good safety record

• Further work is needed to assess potential hazards in some circumstances

• Ships could be attractive in some cases

• Ships for CO2 are similar to LPG tankers