Translations mto Makua with

Notes.

BY

The Rev. WILLIAM C. PORTER (Of Masasi)

CANON OF ZANZIBAR.

Printed after his death.

lLontlon: The Whitwell Press, Plaistow, E.

1911.

SHORT TEXTS.

S. MATTHEW viii. S. ]OHN ix. THE TEN COMMANDMENTS.

THE LORD'S PRAYER.

ACTS xiv. ACTS xvii. ISAIAH 1. S. LUKE xi. ISAIAH lxiii. S. MATTHEW xv. s. LUKE XV.

S. LUKE xxiv. S. ]OHN xi. S. ]OHN xxi. THE APOSTLES' CREED.

AND

Some Words and Phrases.

EXPLANATION.

Notes to pages ro and I I will be found on

pages I2 and I3. All other notes on page

26---38.

By mistake the Creed has been inserted

twice, page 9 and page :25.

TEXTS and EXTRACTS FROM

THE BIBLE.

Seek ye first the kingdom of God and His righteousness, and all these things shall be added unto you.

1Mthothe thoko imwene yomluku ni ikeki-aeawe, ni chii 2chituchi Jmnoonchereria.

A bruised reed will He not brake.

Mthale unyikalie kanyuntaka.

I am among you as he that serveth.

Minyuno 4kiriwariari mwinyu thoko aru.-mela.

The unrighteous shall not inherit the king­dom of God.

Atu ohiloka Skanokela mwineneni yo Mluku.

Ye are bought with a price, be ye not the servants of men.

6Mwa hothumia ni mhaku, mhikale ipota 7chaatu.

/' \./£.e-

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Love the Lord thy God with all thy heart and with all thy mind and with all thy strength and with all thy soul, and thy neigh­bour as thyself.

Mwaatune Apwiya Mluku awinyu worn­rima winyu womkeai ni irusho chinyu chon­kiai, machiri inyu omkeai ni roho inyu yom­keai, ni 8atunanenyu thoko mwanene.

I say unto thee, her sins which are many, are forgiven for she loved much (exceeded in loving).

Kino himeria-ni uhiloka 9uri mwinchi wawe 10hohiyeraria, mlatu horunya utuna.

Namsho kinolika withua kimwanene ukala ni mrima wo.mbone mmitho wo Mluku nuatu.

I exercise myself to have always a con­science void of offence towards God and towards men.

The Son of Man came not to be minis­tered unto, but to minister.

Mwamwana Adam 12kaawile 13urumeelia namsho urumela.

God be merciful to me, a sinner. 14Mkipangele ikiriri Mluku miano owonya.

I would have you wise unto that which is good, and simple concerning evil.

Kinotuna 1smwanganya mkale nu irusho wachulu maloe orera nu ohichuwelela 16mwo­hiloka

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The fire shall try every man's work, of what sort it is.

Moro unolika mitheko cha mtu onkeai, 17 anakala 18chohiloka anakala 19chorera.

He hath done all things well. He maketh the deaf to hear and the dumb to speak.

Ahopanga chitu chonkiae rata, shiwa ahewiha ohu 20lumacha aholuma chiha.

s. MATTHEW IV.

V. I. Apwiya 1howeyaia mpaka mutha­koni apate ulikia ni Shetani.

V. 4. 2Mkaakula nke.era, iholepia : " Mtu 3 kanolama 4wochoolya thu spaahi, namsho 6 wonlowe nri noothe 7ninokuma ni (miyano)

uMlukuni." V. 7. 8Mhaalike Apwiya Mu. awinyu. V. IO. 9Ruakani 11uwanyu Shetani, mlatu

iholepia 12Mworomele Apwiya Mluku awin­yu nawe, IJvekaya 14pamloheenyu waalapela.

V. II. 15Vammanliaya Shetani mkaahia, nkaawa mashoka waarumela.

S. MATTHEW viii. 1Vakuru wileava mmwakoni maunchiri

nkat 2wara Mka 3awa omakoko nkaoro 4mela eirak.a ; pwiya smwa thananaka 6mnowooria ukihapiha; Yesu pathapurushaaya mmonoaya Nkamkwakwanya eeraka : Kinothanana Mu­hapihiee; 7woohipicha makoko awe ale Baha­pihiaa, Yesu nkamhimieria ; 9uhimhimerye mtu; namsho uroeke 10uwanya weechonehe wamkohani 11wahele ipepa chenreawe wol-

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eheera Musa 12owiira ilapipepa yowichoneha. Ahokala Jesu 13vakenleaya Kapernaum mtu mulupale nkaawa 14alapelaka eeraka; pwiya IS nokirumeela-waka howathalelia mpani 16m­reta kanoorya (atetemelaka) weta aholumia chinene. Y: nkamhimeria Kinowa mlamhia. Akida Mulupale nkaakula nkeera pwiya 17kav­akipwanenle inyu ukela vathi ithari yawaka; namsho 18muuhime nloveru uyo nokirumela uyo noolama Mlatu minyano ki mtu vathi wo ulamula, aikoto 19vathiaka ; kamhimeriaka ula Ruaa ka; ni mkina Mka-wa kawaaka, ni-noki rumeela Pangachaa kupangaka 20Vewiliaya chaa Yesu mkaathikinacha nka-ahimeria 21at wanriale ikekiai, kinoahimeriani, kiowona ukuluvela ulupale thoko u anakalaa iriari u Israeli. Minyano Kino-ahimeriyani yowira enchi 22analoha-uwa ukuma nnokuma nchua nuno · ninowila nchua, anolohaukala vamoka ni lbrahimu Isaa Yakobo mweneni yo wirimu; na ashana aimwene 23anorihia myiipipini no yo vathe; 24panlohaya ukala ikuto nu-haka niino. Yesu nkamhineria mulupale; Ruakani uwanyu thoko vakuluvelenyu mpate. Na 2saru­melole nkaalama vavale.

S. JOHN ix. 1Vaviraya mtu 2ohoona ayariakaru. N­

kaamkoha ale 3etuchihaya eraka Mwalimu Apani 4atekile ula amena sannyanre ayarie ohona. Nkaakula Y: Ula 6kapangele uhiloka anakalaa annyanre ihikale 7onie chinopanga Mluku vachulu vavawe yoola. 8Thokipwan­ela upangacha 9chinopangachawe Akivelenle

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wakalaka uthana uhiyunoa vatinvera mtu upanga nloe 1Dvariaka velaponi Minyano owo­nea welapo, vamonleaya ulumacha mkas­hua ishene mkapanga aloko woshene mka­mhika mitoo ohona, mhamhimeria, Ruani uny­awe ilushi Siloam malumboaya, Ahoueklia.

Mkaroa mkanyawa 12mkahokolea oonaka. 13 Alokwaya tayo amwonile kalai ohiona mkera; 14Kahiula akala avekelaka? Akina mkera Eyo. Akina 1Sholikana namsho yole mkera, Minyano. 16 n kamlela, Mithoenyu 17 anorichihani wowona Mkakula mkera; Mtu 18 netania. Y: mkapanga itaya mkakihika mitho mkakihimeria Ruani ilushi Siloam mwanyawe. Mkakaroa mhanyawa mkahoone. Mkamhimeria, 19Ariwai uyo? Mkera, Akino­chuwela. Mkamwiha Mafarisayo ari 20opacha ahoona. Mkayakala nihuku sabato 21 wapan­geliaya itaya Y: 22mkapatakula miitho. Mka mkoha thoni Mafarisayo 23mwinrechani wo­wona? Mkahimeria 24Ahokihika itaya nthoni mkakany awa kinoona Mkera akina wa Ma­farisayo 25Mtula kahive o Mluku mlatu kano­varachesha 26sabato. Akina mkera 27Noriachani mtu wowonya upangacha uthikinacha thoko chila ? Pahiyaniaya.

CREED IN MAKUA. Kinokulwela Mluku Athithi Anenenene

Apangile irimu ni ilapa. Ni Yesu Kristo A­shanaya oveka Apwiihu, Aweye irukulu wo­kuru cho Roho Mtahatlfu; nkayaria ni Bikira Maryamu; Ahuvihie ikalai ya kala Pontio Pilato; Nkaambia, Nkaakwa; Nkavithia; Nka-

IO

kuruwela oma hiyeni; nihuku noneraru Nka­hihimwa; Nkaa wela wiirimu; Anokala mmono wowimonono wo Mluku Aithithi Anenenene; ukuma wowo Anowa walamula atu akumi na ayo akwile. Kinomkuluvela Roho mtakatifu; nikanisa takatifu, katholiko; ukavihana wa atu ombone; athamiheria wo thambi; uhihim­wa wo rutu, no ukumi wohivelavela. Amin.

THE TEN COMMANDMENTS.

Mluku ahohimya ala maloe ala eraka. I. Mii Apwiya Mluku winyu 1mhikale

m Miluku chikina ihikale Mii pahi. 2. Mhipangachere sanamu anakala 2chi­

nyago cha itu iri othe mwirimu anakala vela­poniva vathi anakala iri yom-mashini vathi 3 mhim-woromele anakala mhinamele 4owira

Mii Apwiya Mluku winyu thi Skimwanene ihache; kinowihera achihima wohiloka achi­thumwanaya yampaka uyarana woneraru ni wonecheshe 6anokinanariha; naminyano, Ki­no-wonela ikiriri atu anchi anokichiwela na anowarechesha maloe awaka.

3. 7Mhiromole vathiru nchina na Ap­wiya. Mluku winyu, mlatu Apwiya kanom­hiyerera 8noloha oromola nchina nawe va­thiru.

4· 9Mupuwele nihuku no Sabato 10mwitel­ihe; mahuku mathanu na nimoka mpang­ac'he-eke mitheko, mpange maloeenyu onkeai, namsho nihuku nonethanu na yeli pi 11sabato ya Apwiya Mluku winyu. Mhipange mitheko

ll

anakala mwa mwaninyu ina-kala ipota enyu ina kala i namachenyu ana-kala mleto ori vamlakoni winyu. Mlatu mahuku mathanu na nimoka Apwiya yahopanga nihute ni ilapo, mtia nu itu chonkeai, chiri mwomme yahetuwela nihuku no nethani kuwameli. 12 Pumlatu Apwiya yaitimiche nihuku none­thanu nu meli ni yahoteliha.

5. Mwathimiche athumwaninyu na anum­waninyu mkale chinene welaponi I3vovahale­ni Apwiya Mluku wingu.

6. Mhive. 7. Mheete uluwa. 8. Mhiye. 9. Mhothere alokwenyu.

10. Mhithanane inupa ya alokweya mhith~ anane niwasha na am lokwenyu inakala ipote awe inakala ingope yawe inakala iputa ina­kala bii yonkeai chiri nawe.

OUR FATHER.

Athum wanihu ari mwirimu nchina ninyu nitelihie umwene winyu uwe; Mnotunao ima­lihie welaponi thoko vanorumaya mwirimu. Mnivahei leho cholya chihu cho nihuku, Mnihierere uhiloka-hu thoko hiano 1vanohi­erehu ale 2anonionyerera, Mhiniwihe 3urikani namsho Mniwapule muhiloka vokala umwene, machiri noruma vawinyu vohivelavela. Eyo.

ACTS xiv. 14. Vewileaya orumeaya B. na P. ahorulacha

ikuo chaya pathupenleaya iriari 1wakuvacha

12

anyaku-lachaka ahimyaka Alopwana mner­chani mommo? Hiano ashanaatu chinrehu hiyo, manganya pichichamo ; nnowahimeri ni mhiyelu chohilokaia nmrwek umuku ari mkumi Apangachile irimu ni ilapo mtia ni chonkeai chirimomo. Kalai chivinre. Ahohia atu omkeai, yete mnetelaya na ansho 2kahile ohikala yumwoniha, apangakarata awihaka wanuhu impula ni mahuku 3ayaria ihokoroko acharihaka mirima chihu yolya ni ushan­garara.

THE TEN COMMANDMENTS.

1mhikale, you, hi, not (Swa. si), kale, be ni, with. Have not. Thikale, except, lit, be it not.

2chinyago, drawings of animals at inia-tion ceremonies.

Jmhimworomele, oromela, bow down to. 4owira, because, that is to say, wira to wit. Skimwinene,-1 having ... kinowihera, u-

wiha, to bring, wihera, bring upon. achihima, children. achithumwa, fathers.

6anokinanariha, they do the hate. nanara bad. final feast of ceremonies, unyago. ·

7uromola, to name or mention. 8noloha, analoha, they shall come. 9upuwela, to remember, to think of.

10uteliha to respect, honour. IIpi, is. 12Pumlatu, therefore. 13vovahalakani, uvaha, to give.

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OUR FATHER.

1vanohierehu, at do forgive ours, uhiyerera, to forgive.

2anonionyerera, those who do us sin a­gainst.

3ulika, to tempt, temptation. ni, in.

ACTS xiv. 14· 1 wakuvacha, quickly. wahulacha, to tear

lkuo, cf. Swa., nguo. 2kahile, he not left. Perfect from huia, to

leave. ohikala, without. lit (no) those of not being. yumwoniha, something for him shew­ing witness. apangakarata, He doing. ka, participial, rata, well. awiha-uwiha, to bring.

3ayaria ihokoroko, they which bear fruit. acharihaka-uchariha, to fill.

ACTS xvii. 22.

1wanganya, you. 2kavirakaru-vira, pass. karu, I saw.

umenda, to beg, devotion. 3kwa Mluku, to God. ohichuwania, who

is not known. Amendenyu, He, Him, beg your, whom, handbook p. 56. wohimchuela, of Him, not Him, know of.

4akalakaru. karu, participial. 5chatu-cha-atu-cha, genitival particle a-

greeing with miono. 6pavohile knu, He gave-uvaha, to give. 7vendrei? all. 8alepaka, ulepa, cf. Yao, kulembo, to write.

I4

9amtotaka, They him seeking. 10mula, in Him. m, mu, expressive of be-

ing within. 11nokalakaru, we being. 12no for ni, we. 13upuwelela, think of. 14Aholikana, that He resembles, cf. Yao,

kuling a. 1Snipangachie, ni verbal pronominal, prefix

agreeing with nluku, stone. 16ahie, that they leave sin, repent. 17ahowesha, He has placed, apJ?ointed. 18vanlohawe. va, at. nlowa, shall. awe,

His. 19wakanyulaniha, judge. When He shall

judge men.

ACTS xvii. 22.

Pemenlea we Paolo iriari Areopaga ahohi­mya Alopwana W atene kihowona ni 1wan­ganya vendre wachaka chonkeai mnoova chinene miluku. Mlatu 2kahovirakaru umenda enyu nkakoona mathbahu iandikie Jkwa M­luku ohichuania. Amendenyu wohimchuela thinohimeriakani. Mluku apangile wirimu nu omkeai iri mwommo Ula 4akalakaru Ap­wiya · wowirimu ni ilapo kanokala mpani inupani yopangachia mmiono anakala kano­rumea ua smiono chatu thoko anotanana nloe; yoyo 6pavahile wa onkeai ukumi nu umumula nu chonkeai mkapangacha yoipome imochi 7 vendrei makosho natu nkae vachulu ila-poyonkeai 8alepaka mahiku nu minano yokala chinene 9amtotaka Apwiya, apa pelaka am-

IS

wone; nariwakuwiru wihu. Mlatu 10mula nino­lama ninowetha; ninokala thoko akina ano­himyacha iteli uwanyu ahohimya Mlatu hiano ashana awe. IINakalakarua shana 12no Mluku kinomloka 13nupuwelela Mluku. 14Aholikana nu thahabu on fetha no nluku rsnipangachie ni urusho yatu ni amluku mahuku ayo ohic­huwela Mu. kawehile, namsho nanano ahohi­meria atu onkeai vonkeai 16ahie mlatu 17aho­wesha nihuku 18vanlohawe 19wakanyu atu.

ISAIAH L. s. Apwiya ahokithiula nyaro anakala min­

yano 1akinopwanya akihokolele uthuli, kaho­vaha uthuli anaata ni maraek amanyochola arari; akivithele 3withoaka nishene. Mlatu Apwiya Mluku anokikaviha, wtwavao akin­oona ishonl. 4Kiholipiha mito-haka thoko­lipa s ; kinochuela wira akinona ishoni. W o­tamua nokipanga ikekeia ; upani 6notuna woriana nimi 7Nemele hiano wamochi; Upani no tuna uwanyaka a we ukihiha ? 8Mwehe Apwiya Mluku nokikaviha Upani notuna ukilamula; thoko ikuo wonkeai 9anoluvala, mamwetu mnowalya. Upani winyu 10anova Apwiya IInewa maloe ya ipotoaya; neta ipipi anakala 12kawo mtuka? akakuluvela kuluvela nchina na Apwiya Ahatameria Mluku wawe.

S. LUKE xi. 14.

1Pomola nshoka 2ohulumacha Vatamihiaya yole nshoka ahohimya. Atwenji ahothikin­acha akin a ahohimya. W omlupale womas-

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hoka nomola mahoka Akina Jalikaka yath­anana ichuwelelo wirimu Nayoachu-welaka wupuwela wayo ahohimeria; wachaka imwene inotukelana marindi ineneru kinkonda, inupa inoulua ; Nayo Shetani 4chichamo epange­laka merindi moanene notuna wemela chai umene-wawe? Mlatu mnohimeria Miano kino­mala mashoka m Beelb. Kiomolaka nshoka nomtata wo Mluku mene imwene yo Mluku s uhowelani. Ariye mashiri arina welatela

vanhitame mapuani ishipanchi chawe chino picha namsho 7awakaru arina mashiri 8wira yale nomira amthurula chinehitele awe. Mtu 9 thikala wamochi minyano ni 10nchulu aka

nayo unotuna-hesha vamochi minyano upur ushesha.

ISAYA 63.

Upani ula 1umkomelelawe Edomi? 2mrina manepanepa Jwokuo chawe mBozra? Ula rina ikuo chorera 4etakachaka wowinchi wo machiri awe? Minyano kinolumacha swoke­keai; mulupale uwopola. Shiani 6ukwila kwa ikuo chao ni ikuo chao thoko nonyikala zab­ibu? Kohonyikale hokoroko yoveka, anakala mtu 7kamo niminyano. Kinonyikala 8mun­thanalaka kahotakacha mwuthunalaka ni i­pomeyaya 9kihohela ikuo chaka ni minyano 10 kinotamia uhiloka ikuo chaka chonkeai ; Mlatu nihuku uwiweheliha mrimaka ni yaka yowapola waka ihopiya. 12Ki-mhoweha ana­kala kama 14okikaviha ; mkakathikinacha kama 1sanokiowara. Pahi monowaka 16mki­wihera wopola, uthunala waka mkakata-

meria. Mkakanyikala atu mothunala waka mkakpaliha mkaka rihela ipome vathi. Kino­himya urero wa Apwiya ushipa wa Apwiya yonkeai 18inivahyaya wowinchi worera woin: upa wa Israeli; awahiteye; na 19mainchaya wokiriri chawe ni woinchi worera wawe. Mlatu ahohimya vendre 20atuakala ashana ahino­himya wotha; pakanleaya wanyanya woopola.

PROVERBS xxiii. 21.

10hapaliha nu owipelia 2anohuva ithala nu uhichiva 3nomvariha likokola.

ECCLESIASTES viii. 1 I.

Mlatu ulamula wachulu maloe ohiloka kunopangia 1wakuva, chiicho mirima cha ashana yo Adamu 2chihochara upanga ohil­oka.

s. MATTHEW XV. 22.

Mthiana 1chilewani chile ahoku-mela 2 nkamwunlela ahimyaka, Mkihierere Achan­

awa Daudi mthianaaka 3ahokelia ni mashoka. Yoyo kamwakule nlove. Anetu 4chihawe ahoa amkoha ahimyaka Mvelele mlatu sanon­lelani utuli wihu. Ayo ahoakula ahohimya, Kakawile namsho kwa ikondoro 6chirihiale cho inupa yo Israeli. Aya ahoa ahomwina­mela ahimyaka, Pwiya Mkikavihe. Ahakula ahohimya; kinoloka uwiyayolya ya ashana achikani nu warihela achilapwa. Ahohimya Eyo Apwiya owira anakala achilapwa anolya

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chikani chinmora mmeza wapwiyaya. Yak­unlawe Isa ahomhimeria. Athiana, ukuluvela winyu uyulupule, mpate imthananenyu. A­thiana ahowonia vavalevale.

s. LUKE, XV. II.

Aholumacha, Mtu moka ahokala nu as­hana eli, mwana mkaniwaya nkahimeria athumwane, Athithi mkivahe mhakuwaka

1 unokiuluwela; nkakanlela mhakwawe; pahi 2 vawinraya mahiku makani mwana wamkani nka-othokanika chonkeai nkaroa ilapo itai no 3nkarihakacha mhakwa we 4wopiro yohil­oka; svamanliaya chonkeai 6nkayakala ithala yulupale 7yeleila-pwele; nkapachera uthan­ana, nkeekeliha mwanene moka 7woila­pwele. Ule nkammeelela umatani wawe uliha ikuluwe; 8hiwahiye mtu. 9Vahokolela mkera, akarumea achani athithi 10orupala, anolya kuhiyaka mii kinokwa itala, kinolon kinohimeria Athithi kihowonya wachulu enyu, II akipwanenle thoni witania mwanao, kipange ukala 12mmokaya worumiaya. Mkathama mkamwela athumwawe. Vakalawaya ahina­tama athumwawe mka mona 13mkamha lela mketa chinene, 14mkamuluwela mulikitini na­kapota chinene, Mkaimeria ula mwanhima, Athithi kihowonaya wachulu wirimu ni wa­chulu enyu, Akipwanenle thoni uwitania mwane-enyu nancho Athithi nkahimeria ipot­achaya.; Mwihe mwinjiro woombone, mwam­warihe, 1smmahe pete matatani, ni kwakwata myetoni, mwiheni yonuna ingope ikani mhithe 16wichuvela nilye, kalawaya ula mwan-

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awaka 17akwile nu uhihimwa ; ahorimela, ahoniea. Mkapachera wichuvela, Pahi ule mwanawawaya mulupale mkakala umatani; 18wawawe mkatameria mpani mkewa ikoma nu uthwela; mkam witana ipota-we imoka; mkamkoha mretele 1~Iswhiani ? Mkahmeria 20 oninyu ahoa; no athithi ahomithela ingope yonuna ukalawaya ahompato mkumi: Mka­thunala kaithananiawe ukela. Pahi athum­wane mkaroa mpepecha; nu ule mkaakula mkahimeria athumwani, 21Mkawehani iaka machani chinorumela-akani; ukalawaya euno­himi enyu, ninyu ~2kamnakiwaha ingope ikani kipate wichivela wamoka na akina amwanaka Nancho awaka mwawanao alilye mhakwinyu vomoka oluva 23mhohit ela ingope yonuna. Mkaahimeria mwanawaya Uwe, 24mwahik­wene mri vamoka ni mii nichiyo chawaka chonkeai chawinyu ; namsho 2supangawichi wela wombone, ukalawaya ula munnao ari okwa nule mkumi ; ahorimela nulehonia.

S. LUKE xxiv. 13.

Nne nilhuku ne ahokala eli aya akela iwani ikani nchina naya Emmao ; ikale utai ni Y erusalemi, mkani stadi makumi ma­thanu na nimoka. Nale mkapachamwaha maloe ala onkeai chileremenle. Mkakala thoko wapachamwaya 1uwanyaya nukohana Yesu Mwanene mkathameria. Mkaroa vamoka nayo 2mitwaya mkavaria ahipate umchuela. Mkakhimeria Maloeani ala anolumachenyu mwetakacha 3withwenyu mahinyari? Mka­kula mokaya nchinaya Kleopa, mkamhimeria

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Anainyuvekenyu mleto Yerusalemi mhichu­vele ohileremenle 4mpaniya mahiku ala ? Mkahimeria, Maloeani? Mkamhimeria, Mal­oeayo Yesu Mnazareti sakanle mtu orusho omashiri wopangancha ni maloe U, Mlukuni 6 natu onkeai; chenreaya makuhani 7olupale wamchishisiaya alamulie ukwa ; 8mkamwam­ba ni hu hiano nahokuluwela ukalawaya ula ule 9nomopola Israeli. Pahi vamoka nula onkeai lelo nu nihuku noneraru upachera chikumenle ala onkeai. Ahao thoni athiana owanuhu ro anithuthushire akalaka opachera umahiyieni, nale ahipwanye Ye irutuaya mkawa mkolumacha ukalawaya ahawela malaika, mkahimeria ukala mkumi. N a akin a II akanle vamoka ni 12hii mkaroa umahinieni mka-ona I3ukala wayo athiana 14ahimreye Kalawaya Ule mwanene kamwonile. Nule mkahimeria ISkamnochuela itu, 16orima wole­mele ukuluwela onkeai ahimeraya 17orusho. Kiyi-mpwane uhuvie le Kristo ala, nu ukela 18 yulupalea we? Mkapochera upachera Musa nu oirusho onkeai, mkahimeria thoko maloe onkeai 19ampwanele. Mkatameria 1wam ikani wakenleaya ; nule mkepanga thoko mthananauroa miholo.

Mkankanyeririha ahimyaka, Mkale vam­oka ni hii ukala waya 20unowila; nu uthana 21 unoukua. Mkakela ukala naya. Mkala var­iaya ukalaka vamoka nayo mkawiha mkatee 22 mkashomela mka 23unta, mkamela. 24Mkon­ya mitoaya, mkamchuwela, Nule mkaroa hon­ihe thoni. Mkahimeriana Mirima chihu kacha­parela mhina 2smwihu wolumanchaya ni hii

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mpironi 26mkanipata kulela maandiko? Mka­roa wohipicha wawele, mkahokolea Jerusa­lemi, mkapwanya ale nikumi ni moka mkap­wanyana vamoka nale ari vamoka nale ahim­yaka : wombone, ahohihimwa Apwiya ; Mka­mtame la Simon; Nayo Mkahineria maloe ompironi ni ukalawaya achuwelia wunta mikate.

s. JOHN Xl. I.

Ahokala mtu owereia, Lazaro o Betania iwaniya Maryamu ni Marta 1arokoraya. Ule Mu. amhikile Apwiya makura orera mkaw­pohola metho ni ikarari chaya, awaya aro­koraya La. nreta. Pahi ale arokoraya mkar­uma mtu wanyawe mkeera ; Apwiya ale anatunenyu nreta Y: vewiliawe mkeera ireta ila kahiwe wokwa: ukalawaya mlatu wopili awe Mlu. owira Mwana o Mu. 2athimichiem­woyo. Nule Y: ari anontunaya Marta ni unrokorawenu Lazaro. Pahi vewiliawe ukala nreta vao, mkakala 3kawanaya mahiku meli vawani vawale Vamanliaya thoni mkaahim­eria 4anetuchihawe Nroe U Yahudi thoni. Ale anetuchihawe mkamhimeria. Netuchiha ukala waya wopachapacha wa Yahudi yavia uviwani ni mahuku, snuwe unoroa tho thoni. Y: mkakula; Ama isaa cho uthana ni kumi kuwaka pili; Mtu mkaroa uthana 6wohikwa­thua, ukalawaya nuona 7woniha mwilaponi mu. Namsho mtu mkaroa uhiu 8pinokwa­kwathuawe: ukalawaya woniha kamo wawe. Mkahimya ala ; umalawaya mkahimeria, Lazaro 4amwanihu ahorupa, namsho kinowara

22

1p1ro ukela umusha. Pahi anetuchihawe m­kamhimeria Apwiya thoko ahorupa anowona; namsho Y: ahohimia malowe yokwa wawe: 10 mkeiriha, ale nahimyeke orupa ikowe. Pahi vao Y: mkahimeria 12worunya hokwa; kwa wa-namchaka nokichiwela ukalawaya 13ha­kimo, mpate ukuluwela; namsho nroe uwan­yawe: pahi Thoma nowitania Didumo mk­amhimeria anetuchihawe atu nanawe Nroe ni hii nikwe vamoka nu ule. Pahi vawiliawe Y: ampwanya napante nanano mahiku mac­heshe ukala mahieni. Nule Betania ari ahata­maria Jerusalemi stadio nikumi kuwaka mithano. Patuenchi thoko Wazyahudi ahowa kwa Marta ni Mu. 14mwayini apepeche kala­waya maloe rsonawe. Pahi Mta. vewiliawe Y: ukalanowa mkaroa kamela ; Mu. mkakala mkonla mpani. Pahi Ma. mkahimeria Y: Apwiya 16mkarimo va, amun akakaka kwile. Pahi nanano nochuwela wokala onkeai am­tunenyu Mu. Mu. nouwahani. Yu mkamh­imeria Oninyu anohihimwa. Mu. mkamhi­meria : kinochuela wokala nohihimwa ukala­waya uhihimwa 17nihuku noumala. Y: mkam­himeria : 18Miipimii uhihimwa nu ukumi ; Nokikuluwela Mii anokalaka ukwa nokala ukumi; nule nolama r.i nokikuluwela kano­kwa mpaka mahiku onkeai. Ama munokulu­wela ala ? Mkamhimeria : Eyo, Pwiya : Kino­kuluwela miyano ukala Inyu kinyu no. M wan a wo Mu. nowa mwilaponi. Vamalinleawe uhimya ala, mkaroa u wanyawe; mkeitana arokarawe Mu. I9wowitu eraka: Noshomiha hamo 20nowitanani; nule vewiliawe mkam-

23

hama wohipicha; mkavara 1p1ro. Mkakala 21 kanapya Y: nowani, namsho ahokala kawa­naya mipuro vekamenliaya Ma. Pahi ale wayahudi ari vamoka nala mpani mkampe­pecha vamoneaya Mu. vatamiliawe wohipicha nuthama mkamtwara eraka; Nowa uwanyawe umahiyeni unla no. Pahi Mu. vawiliawe ule, 22wakanliawe J: mkamona mkauluwa mietoni mwawe mkahimeria; Pwiya mkakanle vao onihu kakakwile. Pahi Y: 23vonilia we onlaka nala way<> hudi wawiliawe onlaka mka-wamweria mrima, mkahuva, mkera M­weshire vai? mkamhimeria Pwiya Mwe mwa­weha. Y: mkakuma methori.

s. JOHN XXI.

1Wavinriaya 2ala Ahochoniha thoni Jane­tuchihaya wanthapwini mwa Tiberia. 4Mkec­honiha chaa. Ari wamoka Simon Peter na Thoma anetania, Didumo na Ni: ari wa Kana wa Gal. nu ashina-mwawe Zeb: nu akina eli s thoko anetuchihawe. S.P. mkam himeria-

Kinoroa 6uwanuhu aumeniya ihopa; mkam: himeria, snamchihu ninotwarana ninyu. Mka­thama mkawela mchomboni, uhiu 8kavanree itu; wichishu washiliaya Y: mkemela 9mchi­rumbani namsho anetuchihaya 10kamchuenle ukala J: Pahi Y. Mkamhimeria Ashanaka mhana mathapa? Mkamwakula kamo. Mkam­himeria Mrihe ntawi wowi ononono wo chorn­bo nuopata. Pahi ahoriha anakala 12kaonrie upurula thoni wo winchi wohopa. Pahi anetuchihaya ula Y: anorntunaya rnkarn-

24

himeria ? r3Papwiya; pahi S. P. wowiliaya wowira pa Pwiya mketuka ikuo ukalawaya ari 14wohiwara mkawonyeri mtapwini. M­kawa natuchihaya akina mashuani akalawaya rs karimo wotaliwa wowilaponi namsho wohi­taliwa thiraa palumi eli, mkapurula nthawi nohopa. Pahi vakuruwiliaya 16umaka moro wa nakala ahopangia ni mathapa nikayahelie ni mikate. Y: mkahimeria: Mwihe thoko ihopa 17chivaralenyu nanano chio. Pahi mka­wela S.P. mkapurula nthawi umaka 18niho­chara ihopa chulupale kaluma nu makumi mathanu nu mararu. Anakala I9chahowinchi­aru uwira 20nkanahuwile nthani Y: mka­himeria Mwe mwalia. Anakala 21kammo thoko anetuchihaya 22amonrie mkoha; Apani inyu? achuelaka ukala pa Pwiya. Mka wa Y: mkawiha mkate, mkavaha ni mathapa aya. Ila piyoneraru piha 23mahiku wonehiaya Y: an etuchihaya 24ahihimwaya 2smwonthavi­ni Pahi vamanliaya ulya Y : mkamhimeria S.P. Simon wa Yohana Nokituna Mii upwaha wanganyal. Mkamhimeria: Eyo, Apwiya, In­yu unochuela wira kinoutunani. Mkamhim­eria: Mwalie 2sashana ikon dolo aka. Kam­himeria thoni veli. Simon wa Yohana, Unok­ituna ? Mkamhimeria, Eyo Apwiya, Inyu muochuwela wira kinontunani. 26Mkamhimeria Mwashunga ikondoro chaka. Mkarrihimeria wararu S: wa Y: unokituna? P: mkathunala ukalawaya Ahomhimeria wararu Unokituna Mii? Mkahimeria, Pwiya, mnochuela onkeai, mnochuela wira kinontunani. Y: mkahimeria: Mlihe ikondoro chaka. Tiri, tiri, kino uhi-

meria 27warinyu amirao mwanetuka mwetaka watunenyu. Vamtunenyu ukala olupale z8 mnookola miono chinyu na akin a anoutukani anouwihani, uhimtunenyu. 29Mkera chaa woa­himeriani chintuna wemtimicha Mluku uk­wani. Vamanliaya ahimya ala, mkamhimeria Mkitware. P: 3°mkaruhunua mkawona mwi­tuchihaya, Y: JIAmtunela notwara, ahompi­teria vamirimani mwawe vale 32wacholyani, mkera Pwiya 33pipani anowiani? Pahi P. vamonile ula mkamhimeria Y: Pwiya nu ula chani ? Y: mkamhimeria katunaka akale mpaka wantunaka wera chani. lnyu mkit­wari. Pahi nloenna 34nahowonela thoko 3Sa­monna ukala uno wituchihaya J6kanokwa. Namsho Y: kamhimeria kanokwa namsho ka­thananaka akale mpaka wantunaka uwe chani? Nihochuvela wira 37woniha wawe ukala chombone. J8Mhamo thoni mene hi menchi Apangileaya Y: nale anolepia vamoka vamoka kinona thoko ilapo 39kirina 4°nipuro kamwesha vi tabu chintunaya ulepia. Eyo.

THE APOSTLES' CREED.

Kinomkuluvela Mluku Athithi anenenene, Apangile wirimu ni ilapo; ni Yesu Kristo Ashanaya owekaya Apwiihu Aweye irukulu wo Roho mtakatifu, Nkayaria ni Bikira Maryamu, Nkahuwihia kwa Pontio Pilato, Nkawambia mmsalaba, Nkakwa, Nkavithia, Nkakuruwela o mahieni, nihuku noneraru Nkahihimwa, Nkawela mwirimu, Anokala mmono wo mlopwana wo Mluku Athithi An­enenene, ukuma wowo Anowa thoni wala-

mula atu akumi na a yo akwile; kinokuluvela Roho mtakatifu, nikanisa takatifu, katholiko, ukavihana wotakatifu, uthamiheria wo tham­bi, uhihimwa worutu, ni ukumi wohivelavela. Eyo.

::0, 1Mtothe uthotha. cf. Yao, kusosa, to seek. 2Chituchi, things, these. 3Mno ouchereria, m, for chi, you will

have them added. ria, passive of noncherera, to add.

4Kiri, I am. cf. Yao, nili. SKanokela, Kano, They shall not. Ukela

to enter Inupa, understood. cf. Yao, kwin­jila nyumba, inherit.

6Mwahothumie, passive of uthuma, to buy. 7Chaatu. Cha, genitival particle, agree-

ing with ipota. 8atunanenyu-atunana, he loves. 9uri for hers. 10hohiyeraria, passive of uhiyerera, to for­

give. nhorunya, urunya, to exceed. 12Kaawile, negative p.erfect from wa, to,

come. 13urumela, to be a servant, lia, to be

served. 14mkipangele, m, do you, ki, me. pan­

gele, do to, applicative of upanga, to do. rsmwananya, you, my friends, cf. Yao. 16nichelela mwohiloka, uchucla, to know.

uchuela, to know about. oniloka, o, of, hi, not. loka, befitting.

17anakala, whether, or. r8chohiloka, bad.

19chorera, good. 20ohulumacha, he who is not of speaking.

aholumach, He has made to speak.

S. MATTHEW, IV. 1ahowihia, He was brought, uwiha, to

bring. 2Mkaakula. m? for A. he? ka. nkatha­

nika, He, imported from Swahili. 3Kanolama, kano, He does not, lama, live

well. 4wochoolya, wo genitival prefix of, or, on,

cholya, plural of yolya, food. SThu paahi, cf. Swahili, "tu bassi." 6wonlowe, cf. wocholya. 7ninokuma. ni, verbal pronoun prefix

agreeing with nloe. 8maalike, do (you) not try, ulika cf. Yao

kulinya. 9ruakani, for simple ruanika.

nuwanyu, your way. 12mworomele, bow down to. 13nawe vekaya, and Him by Himself. 14pomlohecnyu waalapela? for vanlo, po,

va, when. nloha, shall. enyu, your. waha­pela, those of, to honour, to crawl, honouring, crawling to, it is He when you shall be wor­shipping.

1sva, ween, at. mali, finish, n. euphonic. aya, theirs, His; when he had finished.

S. MATTHEW VIII. 1va, when, at. kuruwile, had come down.

Perfect of ukuwura, aya, their, when they (He) had.

and.

28

2atwara. Iwara, follow. Jmkaawa, He and came. Ka neka, He

4oromela, bow down to. smwa thananaka, you (are in) with ip, a? 6mnowooria, you are able. ukihapiha, to

me cleanse. 7woohipicha, of, with, immediately, not

delay. 8ahapihiaa, emphasis sometimes on last

syllable? 9uhimhimerie, form of negative imperative.

10uwanya, thy way. weechonole, for i, reflexive, self.

nwahele, uhela, to put, offer, cf. Yao, aga, put. ipepa, such as, chenreawe, plural prefix, 2nd class.

12owiira, of to be. wira, to say, do, to wit, wira used adverbially, to wit, ilapipepa for ilape ipepa, this is just the offering. yowi­choneha, of to show, for a witness.

13vakenleaya, at His entering, n. euphonic. 14alapelaka, he worshipping, throwing

himself down before, ulapaela, cf. Swahili, kulamba.

rsnokirumcela? ano, he does me serve, my servant. wathalila, to lay, lia, be laid.

16mreta, sick, cf. mrete, medicine, kanooria he is not able, weta, to go, aholumia, passive causative of uluma, to hurt. Swa. uma.

17Ka, not, va, there, ki, me, pwanenle, fitting. n. euphonic, I do not deserve.

18mu uhime, do you say, nlove, word, ru, only. uyo agreeing with norumela. (See note 15.)

29

I9vathiaka, under me. Lit. mine. Kam­eimyaka, ka, and do. m, him, himyakaka, telling.

20pangaka, is doing? Vewiliaya, at hear­ing this, theirs e, ai, wila for wiwa, to hear, aya, his or theirs.

21atwanriah, they followed those, ikekiai, truly, properly, righteousness.

22analoha, they shall come. 23anorihia, they shall be thrown, urihia, to

throw. 24panlohaya ukala, there shall their to be.

nloha, shall. 25arumelole for arumela ule. 26va vale, at that very time.

s. JOHN IX.

1aviraya, at passing, His (theirs) pl. for sing. honoris causa.

2ohona, of not see, blind, ayaiakaru, uy­ara, to bear. umalakaru, when he was born, uyaria, to be born.

JKuchihaya for vituchi of teaching His (theirs) disciples.

4atekile, perfect of uteka, to sin. sannyanre, n of nr. euphonic, they who

begat him. 6Kapangele, not he did. upanga, to do. 7onie, passive of ona, that might have

seen. chinopanga. chi agreeing with itu, under­

stood, what things is doing God, the works of God.

30

8cehoklpwancla. pwanele, fitting. 9chinopangachawe, what is doing His. Akivelenla. He who me sent. uvelela, to

send. yakalaka, there being, kala, be, ka, par­

ticipial. 10owonea, the one to show, light. IIunyawe, wash ... malumboaya, mean-

ing its. ahovelelia, He who me, sent, as note 9.

12uhokolea, to return. 13alokwaya, relatives his (theirs) Yao, u­

longo, tribe. 14Kanmlula, there not this, akal'avekelala'

he who sat begging, wekela, to beg, ka, par­ticial.

15Nolikana-ulikana, to resemble, Yao, ku linga.

16Akamlila ulela, to say. 17anorichihani, they were able how. 18netania, called. wihona, to call. 19Ariwai uyo, He is where, that man? 20opacha, at first, upachera, to begin. 21wapangeliaya-vamalihaya, finish his or

theirs. 22mkapatakula, anointed. 23mwinrechani, mw, you, n, euphonetic ire,

did. 24ahohika, uhika, to smear. 25mtula-mtu ula, kahive, is not. 26uanovarachesa, He does not keep. 27Noriaceani, He is able how . . wo-

wonga, he of sin, a sinner, sinning.

31

ISAIAH l. 5.

1akinopwanya, not I do rebel. akihoko­lele, not I returned. uhokolea, to return.

2unyochola, to pluck off. 3akivithele. uvitha, to hide not I have hid.

withoaka, eye, mine face. 4Kiholipiha, I have made firm. iha, cau­

sative. Slipa, flint, rock. 6notuna woriana, he (who) will, be able

with contain. 7nemele-wemela. to stand. 8mwehe, do ye behold; uwcha, to look. 9anoluvala, uluvala, to grow old.

10anova, he does fear, uova, to fear. nnewa? anoiwa, he does hear, wiwa, to

hear. 12kamo, there is not. mtuka, torch (of

grass), light

S. LUKE xi. !4·

1womola, to drive out. 2hokaluwacha, not speak. vathamihiaya,

at being removed his (theirs). 3alikaka, tempting, ulika, ka, participial. 4chichamo, in the same way, chicho, so. Suhowelane-uwela, to come to. Arieye

machiri, who is with strength, arina welatela, who is with weapons.

6chmo picha. chi, they (agreeing with ihipanchi), no, do, picha, stay, loiter, are safe.

7awakaru-nokalakaru, we being. 8wira, to pass, more than.

3:;<

9thikala, who (ka) is not, cf. Handbook p. 55. thi, pronoun.

10nchulaka, cf. Swa., juuyangu, against Me. rrnotunanesha for anotuna hiesha (he who)

will not place. ISAIAH 03.

1Umkomelelawe, coming out of His, Ela, out of.

2mrina, He has. 3wokuo, in (of) His garments. 4Etakachaka, going, marching. sw okekeai, in righteousness. W o, in of

not far. wocholya plural of yolya food. Ike­keai, righteousness.

6ukwile (art Thou) red. hokoroko, mho-kolea, that ye turn.

7Kamo, there is, was, not. 8Munthaka, munthanala, wrath my. 9kihohela, I have put on. roKinotamia for kinothamiha, I will make

to move (come) upon. rrwiweheliha, cf. nowehelela, of visitation

(looking at carefully). 12Kihoweha, I beheld. 13Kamo, There is not. 14ohikaviha, of me help. rsaniokiouwara, He me to hold. 16Mkiwihera, it me brought to. Uviha, to

bring. 17ushipa, praise, cf. Swa., sifa. 18Inivahiyaya, it (which) us give His; His

goodness to us. 19Mainchaya, abundance His (theirs). 20atuakala, people mine there.

33

PROVERBS XXlll. 21.

10hapaliha, wipelia. 0 (particle), of. 2Anohuva, he will suffer. ouhichela, doze. 3nomwariha, shall clothe him with. liko-

kolo, rags.

ECCLESIASTES 8-II.

1W akuva, quickly. Chi icho, so, therefore. 2Chihochara, uchara, to be full, cf. Swa.,

kujaa.

s. MATTHEW XV. 22.

1Chilewani. Chilo iwani. Chile, that, Iwani, country, village.

2 Ahoamwunlela, She did Him cry to, unla, to cry.

JAhokelia, has been entered into, pos-sessed.

4Chihawe, I. for awawe, sanonlelani, ulela, to speak, n euphonic. 6chirihiale, lost. urihia, to be thrown

(away).

s. LUKE XV. II.

1unokiuluvela, which {it) does me drop (fall) to.

2vawinraya, at passing theirs. n, euphon­ic, when there had passed.

Jnkarihakacha, uriha, to throw away. kacha.

4W opiro, ipiro, in ways. svamanliaya, at finish their. (n, euphonic.)

34

6nkayokala, there was f. 7Yoleilapwele, in that land. 8Hi wahiya. Hi, not. uvaha, to give. 9Vahokolela. When he returned (to him-

self). 10orupala, of sleeping, of the house, board­

er, urupa, to sleep. 11Kawapwanenle; Ka for aki, I not; or 3rd

for 1st person. Va, there. pwanele, fitting. 12umokaya : worumiaya? one of them in

their service. 13mkamlela, be sorry for, pity. 14mkam uluwela, uluwela, fall upon. 15mmahe for mvahe, give him. 16wichivela, to rejoice. 17akwile, ukwa, to die, perfect tense. 18wawawe, as he came. uwa, to come. 19Trishiani, It is what? 20oninyu, your brother. 21Mka wehani, Behold. 22Kamnakivaha, Not you yet me give, hiva,

give. Awaka, he coming. 23mhohitela, uhithe, to kill for food. 24mwahikwene, always. 2Supangawichiwela, to make gladness.

S. LUKE xxiv. 13. 1uwanyaya nukohana, ukoha, to ask. 2Mitwayo mkavaria, eyes their they and

were held. uvara, to hold. 3withwenyu, faces your. 4Mpaniaya, in it (Yerum.). Sakanle, He was. 6natu, niatu. Ninihuku, how that.

35

7olupaleaya, their great men. 8mkamwamba, uwamba, cf. Yao, to stretch

(on +). Hii, we. Hiyo. 9Nomopola, He will save him.

10anithuthushire, startled us. I. perfect of uthusha?

nakanle, He was. 12hii, we. (hiyo.) 13ukala (things) to be. 14ahimrye, as they said. cf. Swa. wyo. rskamnochuuela, ye do not know. 16omrima wolemela, ye of heart failing,

slow. ukulvela, to believe. 17orusha (men) of wisdom, prophets. 18yulupale a we, His greatness. rgampwanele, they (maloe) which Him

fitted. 20unowela, it is setting, sunset. 21unonkua, wukua, to decrease. 22mkashomela, He gave thanks. Swa. a-

kasoma. 23unta, to break? Mkamela, cf. Swa. ? 24Mkonya, They did see, were opened. 25mwihu, in us (ours). 26mkanipata, ni, us.

S. JOHN xi. 1.

1arokoraya, her sister. 2athimichie, that might be honoured. 5th

commandment. mwoyo, in him, it. 3kawanaya, still. 4anetuchiawe, vituchi, of teaching, dis­

ciples. sni, at, mahuka, stone.

6wohikwathua, he does not stumble. 7woniha, to show, light, 8pinokwakathuawe, there is stumbling

his (in him). Pi, cf. Handbook, page 55. 9amwanihu, friend, our.

romkeiriha, they thought. cf. wira. nahim(y)eae, were said; himyaka, neutral

from uhimya. cf. Swa. 12 worunua, from urunyu, cf. page 9, openly. '3(h)akimo, I was not there. 14mwayini, on purpose. Apepeche, com­

fort. cf. Swa. Kubembeleza, Yao. rsonawe, his (their) brother. cf. below,

oninyu, your brother. ' 6mkarimo va, If you been here. amunaka,

brother my. kakakwile, ka, he not. ka, would, kwile, have died.

'7nihuku noumala, the day of (to end) end-ing.

r8Miipimii, I it is that am. '9wowitu, secretly. 20nowitanani, is calling. 21kanapia nowani, He not yet arrived in

the town. 22wakanliawe, at being His where He was. 23cf. supra.

S. JOHN 21.

'Vavinriaya. va, at, vinria, wira to pass; n. euphonic, aya, their, at their passing after­wards.

2ala, pronoun prefix, agreeing with maloe? Ahochoniha thoni, he did Himself should. oniha, causative form, ona.

37

3anetuchihaya, They do learn His Dis-ciples. wanthapwinimwa, at fishing.

4mkechoniha, reflexive, Himseif. Sthoko, likewise. 6uwanuhu, plural for sing: aka, my way. 7namchihu for namcho, ihu, ours. Hiyo,

hiyano, we. 8kavanree, they not caught. e, sign of past

tense, 11, euphonic, or cf. Swa. wasipate, with­out catching.

9mchirumbani, on the bank. 10kamchuenle, without their knowing Him.

n, euphonic. nm I. nopata, Ye shall get. 12kaonrie. ka, they not. n, euphonic, woria,

to be able. upurula, to drag. 13Papwiya. P Apwiya. It is He, the Lord. 14wohiwara, of not wearing. ISkarimo, it was not. 16umaka, beach. 17chivaralenyu, of catching yours. Chi,

agreeing with ihopa. 18chihochara, it was full. Ni agreeing with

nthawi ucharu. cf. Swa: kujaa. 100 and 10 x 5 and 3.

19Anakala, although. anekalaeuchi, there are many.

20uwira, to wit. 21Kammo. There was not among them. 22amonrie, he who was able, dared. woria,

to be able. n, euphonic. 23mahiku, time. wonehiaya, of his showing. 24ahihimwaya, after his using again. 25mwonthavini for mwon vithi ani, from

the grave.

26ashana ikondolo, sheep, lambs. 27warinyu, varinyu, at being, your. amirao,

young man, boy, cf. Portuguese. 28mnookola, wokola, to stretch. 29uhimtunenyu, at not him wish you. JOmkaruhuna, and he turned. 31Amtunela, utuna, to love, will. Ila I. 32wacholyani, at the supper; va, ni, double

locative. 33 pipani, is who? vammmani, on the

breast. vamonia we, ula. 34nahowonela, wonela, to appear, become

known. n, agreeing with nloe. 3S'lmunna, brethren. 36kanokwa, not shall die. mtunilechani,

what do you wish. (prob. original misunder­stood.)

37woniha, showing, witness. J8chombone, true. Mhomo, there are, cf.

kammo, note 21, and hakimo. 39Kirina. Ki, agreeing with ilapo. Not it

is with. Has. 4°nipuro, place, room.

39

N.B.-THE DIALECTIC CHANGE OF LETTERS REQUIRES CAREFUL

STUDY.

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.

I· The native reviser of some, at least, of these translations used double vowels to express the sound; e.g. wiiwa, wiitucha, meelo. Perhaps it is better to use single vowel with long mark above, i, e.

2. In words common to Makua and Swa­hili or Yao dialects, Makua drops one of two consonants, often prefixes i, and

a, changes heavy into light consonant. e.g., Swahili, angu, my, mine. Makua, aka, my, mine.

Yao, Mlungu, } G d Makua, Mluku, 0 ·

Yao, chilambo,} th Makua, Ilapa, ear · Yao, Ny~1mba,} house. Makua, mupa,

b. changes s into b. Swahili, Si. Makua, hi. Negative.

Yao, so~1ba, } fish. Makua, 1hopa,

t changed to r. Yao, mtima.' } heart. Makua, mnma,

s changed to th. Yao, kusosa, } to seek. Makua, uthotha,

40

s changed to sh. Yoa, Masai, Makua, Mashashi,

3· v and w seem to melt into each other, or v to glide into w in course of pronoun­ciation.

4· The infinitive mood for substantive as participle in English as Hunting, ulupata.

5· n inserted before a consonant. I. for euphony. I. because of nasal tendency in the pronounciation of Makua owing to use of lip-ring. cf. Handbook, page vii.

6. Some of the grammatical forms may not be true Makua but introduced from Swa­hili or Yao, ov-ving to the interpreter's famil­iarity with these dialects. e.g., use of ka as prefix to past tense. · Perfect in ile as Yao and Zulu, e.g., onile.

7· The use of m and n for the pronom­inal verbal prefix is puzzling.

8. Some strang·e-looking words may be "patois" or changed words of other dialects or languages.

9· N .B. repetition of pronoun, according to Bantu custom.

IO. Use of infinitive as verbal substan­tive as participle in English, e.g., uthwela, to play, playing, play. Atunanaka, my friend.

I I. Different words for common things. e.g .. karamu, lion: havara, leopard.

Kinochuela. Ki, T. Ist pers. singular. No, verbal prefix. Pres: Tudic: verbal pre-fix. Chuela, know. cf., Swahili. kujua.

Vakani, adv: va I., at. Kani, little. Kinotuna. Ki, no, see above. luna,

love, want.

41

Wiiwa or wiwa for uiwa, to hear. Wiitucha or wetucha, w for u, to learn.

d., wetuchiha, to teach. Eera or era, contracted for aira. a, 3rd

sing. verbal prefix. ira, say or do. cf., wira, eraka.

Kino owa or oowa. Kino, wa, to come. cf., Swahili, kuja.

Meelo or melo. cf., Yao, malawi, to-morrow. I know a little but I want to know more (lit. to increase, to

I like to hear Makua I want to learn He said he would tomorrow

come

(lit. I will come.)

kihochuela vakani namsho kinotuna urunya uchuela

know.)

Kinotuna wiiwa i Makuani Kinotuna wiitucha Eera Kinowa meelo

Atu----plural of Mtu, man. Ale---demonstrative pronoun agreeing with

atu, those. Awinyu-possessive pronoun, 2nd pers:

plural, your. Eeli or eli-agreeing with atu-two. Ale demons : pronoun repeated, those.

oonilenyu-o. of. genitival particle. onile, past of ona, see. Enyu, your. lit. of your having seen, whom you saw.

42

Chile-demonstrative pronoun plural a-greeing with ipiro, noun of 7th class. Ipiro, ways.

Akalelaka. to sit, beset.

A, 3rd applicative of ukala, ka, if, conditional, cf., Yao,

ga. Ale, cf. above. Akoto for aikoto. A, genitival particle,

cf., o, above. Koto, war, cf., Yao, ngondo. Kavaloko-Kava, negative verbal prefix,

9th class, there is not. Loka, fit. Those two men Atu ale of yours awinyu you saw eeli ale oonilenyu yesterday nchana Those chile four ways iprio chile if those enemies keep, akalelaka it is not fitting akoto ale

M waalo or mwalo, knife

cheshe ale

kavaloka

ole r.· for ule or yole. cf., above ale. \Voorera. wo, genitival particle with

2nd class prefix. rera, good. wawaka, wa, 2nd class prefix. aka, my. cf., Swa: angu.

Wantunantuna. wa, if, when. A, he. N, euphonic· tuna, will, tuna, want.

Kahimvaha, I. for ahi, I not. M, him. vaha, give. cf., Swa: kupa.

I mata, fields. Chii I. error for chila, these; demons :

pronoun with prefix plural of 7th class. Thanu, 5, Imoka, I.

Chamwene. Chi, genitival particle with class prefix. Mwene, chief.

Ruani, go.

43

Mwalime. Mw, you, 2nd per: plural. Subj : pron: verb: prefix. lime, subj : for Imp've. cf. Swahili.

I wani, cities. Iaru, 3· or tharu. t. cf., moro for aavin I. error for.

Chile, those, cf, above. cf., Swahili, tatu. r for moto, fire. Aavinrehu,

That good knife of mine, even if he wants it, I will not give it him.

M waalo ole woorera wawaka ole wantun­antuna kakimvaha moinga.

These six fields of the chief go and cultivate.

Imata chii thanu nu imoka chamwene chii ruani mwalime. Imata, Fields. Chii, those thanu, Five. Nu, and Imoka, one. Chamwene, of the chief. Ruani, go M walime-you work.

Those three cities of the chief we passed yesterday.

I wani chile taru chaamwene aavinrehu mchana.

yan or ivin. N, euphonic. nvira, to pass.

Ehu, ours, of our passing; having passed which we passed.

Nna, demons: pronoun with prefix of 4th class agreeing with nchipo.

Norera. N, adj: of above. rera, with prefix of 4th class·

Etuchihie. subj: mood. cf., above. wetu­chihia, passive mood.

Chii I. for chila, demons: pronoun plural agreeing with Miri. These.

44

Miri, plural of mwiri, tree. cho otaliwa, long, cf., or chii otaliwa. Kachilokile. Kachi, verbal negative pre-

fix of chii. Lokile, past tense of verb uloka, to suit, cf., Yao, perfect in ile, etc.

Kino ona leelo pahi, I see to-day only. Pahi, cf. 1 Swahili, bassi. Kinowa, future, same as present of wa,

come Ninowacha. cha suffix I. denoting haste

or certainty I. This beautiful tune let all the children

learn. Nna nchipo noorera nna etuchichie achi­

hima omkiae. These long boards do not suit well. Chii miri chii chootaliwa ithanu nu meli

kachilokile rata. That fine spot I have not seen before to­

day. (literally, I see to-day only.) Vale vachitu voorera vale kino ona !eelo

pahi. I will come tomorrow. We all will come. Kinowa meelo-hiano omkiae minowacha. Ahoroa-uroa, to go. Ho, verbal prefix

of present perfect tense. Wichishu, morning, Ula, this. Mwaawile. cf., above lokile. wa, to come. Kahoowa, etc. Ki-w-a, personal prefix. Aho, Past perfect prefix. Ki-u, etc, wa. Ho, present perfect prefix. Third per-

son, singular and third person plural, alike. He has come to-day. He went yester-

day.

45

Ahooa telo. Ahorooa mchana. All have come in this morning. Umkiae ahowacha wichishula. When did you come ? Mwa awile yakani?

I come Thou comest He, She, comes We come You come They come I came Thou camest He, she, came We came You came They came I have come Thou hast come We have come You have come They have come

Kino owa Una owa Ano owa Hianonno owa Mno owa (cha) Ano owa (cha) Kahoowa Wahoowa Ahoowa Nahoowa Mwahoowa Ahoacha Kiho owa Uho owa Niho owa Mho owa Aho owa

Kinowa, future. Present prefix uo. Kikahoa. Ka, cf., Yao, ga. Kaho, would

have. Ki, I. roa, go. ka, if, cf., above, kikahoa. Eraka, contract: for airaka. Wira, to

say, do, to wit. Wira used adverbially to wit.

Apani, who? Ki, I. no, shall. tuna, shall. wira, cf.,

above. Chani, cf, shiana, what? sheni. Ala, these Prefix pi: class 4., pron:

agreeing with mahuku, pl: of nihuku, day·

Kanoshominyu. Ka, negative. No, pre-sent tense prefix. Shoma cf., Swa: soma, reading, school. Inyu, your, for you. Come Mka waani Let him come Awe I don't come Akinowa He not come Kanoa, kinoa You not come Ka Mnoa ? TheY. not come Kanoa I will come Kinoa I will not come Akinoa

I would have come if I had known. Kihahoa kikachuele. If I go I will tell. Karoaka kino uhimeria. If he does. Eraka. Who is there inside ? Apani ari mpanimo? There is no one. Kamwatu. What shall I do? Kinotunawirachani? These days there is not schooling, play

only. Ala mahuku ala kanoshominya utwela

chicho-Lisiku phizihapana kusoma kuchezatu. Nahewa. Ni-aho-ila. Ni, ue. aho, did.

iwa, hear. Nawetakacha, for anowetakacha. A-he. No, is Wetakacha, intensive form

of weta, walk Kana, he not yet. piya, arrive. cf.,

Swa: fika. Umpeta. U, locative, to Mpeta. Kannotuna· Ka, not. nni, we. No,

do. tuna, want. Ila, cf., above.

47

ochacha. Yo, or o, genitival particle, chacha, fierce.

Avare, that he catch. Uvare, to catch. Nikahomorya?, for ningahomoria.

Ni, we. Kaho, conditional prefix. M-him­oria, able; we should have been able. ob­jective pronoun added from other verb, cf., ku weza.

Kanno? riapataka. Kanno cf., above, kannotuna. Pataka, pata, get. ka? particle denoting indefiniteness. There is no getting cf., use of Yao, ka.

Uwaterihiya, error, probobly for tierera, to prevent.

We heard a lion walks about Masasi, he has not come yet to Mpeta, here.

N ahewa wetakacha wokaramu Mashasi. kanapiya umpeta va.

We do not want him, this cruel beast. Hyena, leopard, enough. Kannatuna ila inama yochacha. Kuchupa, bavaria, pahi. We do not want an animal to catch goat,

fowl. Kannotuna inama ivare ipuri, ilaku. If we had powder and bullet, we should

have been able to shoot him. Nakalanne uka ni polowolo, nikaho­

morya mopela. It is not possible to get powder, they for-

bid it. Kanoryapata uka unowaterihiya. Uwoneya, for uwonya, to miss. omtu. o genitival particle, cf., above. Nkathamika. N? for a, he. N, seems

to be used for proper personal pronoun, verb prefix. cf., ka, and I, imported from Swahili.

Thamiha, causative from uthama, to re­move-

Ahovira. a, pi: pronoun, verb prefix of 4th class, agreeing with maluku, days.

Vira, pass. Ahowaria-varia, passive of uvara, to

catch. ohiloka. 0, of. Hi, not. Ioka, befit-

ting. Umwa. U, to. m, him. wa, kill. Nikera uwoneya mmupa nothawa. If we shot him with arrow, he will run

away-We have got news of a man, he met with

a lion.

mu. Nihopata maloe omtu ahompwanya kara-

That lion was suffering from a thorn. Karamu ahowereia mwiwa. That man he removed the thorn. Mtu ule nkathamiha mwiwa. days many passed. Mahuku menchi ahovira.

That man Mtu ule was taken prisoner ahowaria by men of badness. na atu ohiloka They wanted yahothanana to kill him. umiva. It was the custom of

the men They shut up

pera atu Ahomtuka

Nineowela? error. Vahotwela, va, where.

49

vaku? Yakamkoha· Ya, they. Ka, and cf.,

above. M-him. Koha, asked. Omretule, that medicine man. Perhaps the intrepreter thought Androcles

was such-or "about that charm." Yahumiha? animal fierce-inama yo chacha. They took the man to place him Nmrowela mtu umwesha. Where they played-Wombones vathue-

layo. The den was near-whetupini vaku nm. That lion saw that man Karamu ule ahomwona mtule. He did not hurt him. Kamahalimile He came and licked with tongue. A howa ni umlatha ni nlimi. As a dog-thoko mwalapwa. Men all were astonished. Atu onkeai yahotikina. They asked the medicine-charm-man (the

man that charm).

like.

Yakamkoha mtu (mreta) mretule. What about the lion your. Yahumiha karamu wangu. Nika? error. Swa: for Makua kaho. Ahonchivela-n, euphonic. Uchivela, to

upuwela, to remember. Kakilile. Ka, he not. Ki, me. Iile, did

eat. Form of perfect. cf., kachilokile, page IS.

so Kaho, I did. roa, go out. Muulupata, in: to hunt, hunting. Infin-

itive for English participle. Nkachichera? for nkachachera. nka, cf.,

above. chachera, be angry, from chacha, fierce.

othepa. o? error. ithepo, prop: ele-phant, ivory, than horn.

He said : some time ago I took out Ahera kalai kamthamiha. a thorn, he vvas glad very mwiwa ahonchiwela chinene. Now he has remembered nanano ahopuwela. Therefore for this reason ukalaya mlatu ula.

now he has left me. nanano ahokihia

has not eaten me-kakilile. I went to hunt Kahorowa u ulupata I met a hippopotamus Kahopwanya ipitu He was angry- nkachichera ahothunala. He wanted to hurt me with his horn. Ahothanana ukilua othepa. Kaholukuwa, error for ? wuluwa, fall

tumble. Kaho, I did. Atunanaka. Atunana, he loves, aka, my.

My friend. umopa, to shoot. Umopela, shoot at. Wa ? , for aho. umpelia to be shot at. ulusha, causative from ulua, to fall. Ahochela, ? error for kahochiha, he was

not able.

51

Nahowela ? for nahowolia. Napa, we did. alia, see vocabulary.

Va, when. Maliha, finish. Aya, his or theirs.

I ran away, but I fell. Kahotawa namsho kahouluwa. My friend came to hit him with his gun. Athunanaka ohowa ahomopela kapwiti. Ran away the hippopotamus. Yahothawa ititu. Again he returned-ahohokolea. He savage very because Ahochacha chinene mlattt. He was hit by the gun haopelia nikapwiti. We both climbed up (a tree). Hiano oyeli nahowela mcl1ulu. That animal tried to knock down inamele aholika uulusha the tree. He was unable. He stayed mwm. Ahochela. Ahokala. beneath until evening. vat hi mpaka uchochilo. We suffered hunger much. Nahua ittala chinene. At last-vamalihaya. (At his finishing.) Kanaroa-kana? for naharoa. Wanuhu-at ours, home. Ahokenle-n, euphonic from ukela. Ahopacheria from upochera, to begin. Kahioria-n, euphonic. woria, to be able. Kahi, double negative? Anolita-ulita. cf. Swa: kulinela, to wait

for. N.B., change el tot and omit n. He went away. We came down

Yahoroa- Hiano nashokuruwa and went home. Kanoroa wanuhu. I'm tired. I want to sleep. Kihochea. Kinothanana urupa. Is the teacher here ? M walimu n vat ? He went hunting early in the morning, Ahokenle ulupata wichishn. very, he went' out early. chinene, ahopacheria. I dont know what he will get. Kanikini ? anotuna ? upatani ? Laibda mbsuriyu, ? ngozi, mbarapi, nguru­

we, sungura to bass. Kihikini ipakala (mgu­pu) ikochi, ipalawi, ikuluwe, hokura thu pahi.

Haku weza kwenda mbali. Ka (hi?) onrie ukela utai.

28.

K wani anangoji arusiya keolo kutwa­Matu anolita uthelani thoko nroto. Uthelana, marrying, to marry. c.f., page

Vatunanaya, at shall their. umala, to finish. karu? ukelia? to enter into (marriage). Ki (ho) pachenre-n, euphonic, upachera,

to begin. Kiituchaka, I learn. Ka, participial, I

began learning. Kinolitelela ulita, cf., about. Womelo, of tomorrow, next. Kinohelia, helia, passive of uhela, to put. "I shall have put on me hands." Owanuhu-o, genitival particle, of ours.

wanuhu, ours, home. Anataka ku wapo wakioana venzake.

53

Anothanana okala vatunanaya uthelana natunanaya.

Labda atakwenda mbali wakiisha Vakina anoroa utai amalakaru ukelia arusi kuoana ?

Mimi nalikwenda Masasi nipate kiungizwa katika jameaga Mu nako kwa Ubo Mii ka­horoa Umashashi Ukela uloko wo Mtuku ni ko kwa Ubo. Tanguzamani nimeanza kipa­chenre kalai.

Mu. Kujifunza neanena za Mu kiituchaka maloe

I do not go now-Akinoroa nanano. I wait a little--Kinolitelela wakari. Next month the Bishop will come. I shall

be confirmed, and others of our place. M weri womelo anowa Askofu ni min­

yano kinohelia miono natu akina owanuhu. Ila yahela. Ila yaka ila, this (year) time·

Nihohuoa. ni, we, ho, were. huoa, troubled. womola, to drive out. Kana, they not yet. Athumwani, fathers. Ihu, our. ukopelela, the other side. Uhia, to leave. Why (their) leaving there? This time last year, we were troubled much

by the Majimaji, but the people of Masasi, Makuas and Wagoos, drove them away.

Ila yahela mwechana nihohuoa chinene Majimaji namsho Atu Mashashi Makuana m Achawa yahomola.

They come from afar from Kilwa. Akumile kalai o Kilwa. Give me news of your people of old days. Mkivake maloe o atu waninyu okalai·

54

Before coming to live here, where did they live?

Kanayeva ukala va yankala kalai vai? Our forefathers lived at Mato, the other

side of the Rovama. Athuniwanihu ya (lo ?) kala Meto ukopelele

Nihuma. Why did they leave there ? Ishtani uhia va uthama. They ran away from war; there came the

Walomeve fighting; there vvas a king of Meto, his name Mwaliya. A white man formerly, his name Maples, went to see him, he met Maviti. .

Nihewa for Nihoiwa, we have heard. Areno, ·whence this native name for Port-­

uguese? cf., Reis, port. money. Ohikala. without. Lit, of not be. Na, prefix of title. cf., che, Yao, Mr

~Mister). C. there. Mwako. hill. Ni. on, m.

Yathamhile ikoto: vahowa Alomwe ahoku amanaka Amwene U 1\ipeta (or Meto) nelin­aya M waliya. Mchungu wokaloi nchinaya Maples yahoroa nweha; ahopwange Mashito (Maviri).

A man of ours went to live at Meto. Dan M Mtu wanuhu? wanulu ahoroa u-

kala umeto nchinaniya, Daniels amumlehia. Vl/e have heard now news of Meto· Nihewa nanano maloe o Meto. The Portuguese have come, they have

digged a very big ditch, round like a house. Areno ahoa ahotheka inupa yulupale chin-

55

ene; ahothipa uliti nalupale chinene; noruku­reriha malinga inupa.

Now they live the people without war. Nanano anokala atu ohikala ikoto. But Mwaliya lives on the mountain. K amsho N a M waliya anokala umwakoni. Chihothikilachia. Chi, they. Ho, have.

thikilachia, been (quite) cut down. Emphatic cha, passive; ia, from uthikila.

Uroava, to go. Infinitive for participle m English. Va, at in; in going·

Ukela, to go into. Rather redundant. nnorupa, we shall sleep. U Na Maliya, the place at, of, Mr Maliya. The Portuguese have cut down the man-

groves: or, the mangroves have been cut down by the Portuguese.

Miembe chihothikilachia na Areno. A teacher from Masa~i should go to teach

the people about God, that they may know how to become children of God.

Nansho aroe mwalima o Mashashi eitu­chike maloe o Mluku, fachuele ukila ashana o Mluku.

In going to Meto, how many nights sleeping?

Uroava ukela Umeto nnorupa mahuku machani?

Twelve. Two days to cross Rovuma as far as to Unyenyenda, then Unkala, then Uto­ta, a town of the Maois; Ukukutuka, then to Unyavuveni then M wabiya.

Nikumi ni meli mahuku meli woulapua N'ihuma mpaika Unieny'enda t!lioni Umikala.,

thoni Utota, iwanio Mavila Utuku thoni m~ paka thoni mpaka U N a Maliya.

Velushi. Va ilushi, at a well. Mahuku makina makina, some day. Kurupaka? for urupaka- Urupa, to sleep,

sleeping, or k, ka, a particle, there is. cf., vahika, there not is.

Miapuni? for iioweni, in cooking. Minoni, waterjars. Washelewaya? kwapeachaka. Upea, to cook. ku, ka,

cf., above kurupaka. Kuliachaka, ulia, eat. Cha, cf., page I4· Is there plenty of water on the way? Mashi ahokala mpironi un menchi? Yes, at evening on reaching well. Eyo, mpaka chechilo upiaka valushi. Some days you must sleep without water. Nihuku nikina kurupaka vohikala mashi. They carry in gourds, some in pots, in

the morning they reach a well, cook and eat. Anokusha mitumbasi akina miapweuni,

washelewaya (k) upiaka ilushi kwapiachaka kuliachaka.

Do we meet many animals in the path? N opwanya inama chin chi ipironi mu ? Yes, many. Eyo, inama chanchi.

Hippopotamus, ipitu Boar pako Elephant itepo Rhinoceros Pela Buffalo Inari Sable Ipalawi Antelope eland Ipakala Gemsbock Mahe Gazelle N a hoe

lizard big Python baboon leopar~ porcupme Kope Snake lion hyena monkey gala go dog wolf jackal fowl fish (eels?)

57

ingoto ikuka kole havara nachimuku Kapa inoa karamu knehuha kuchupa nchapwa is han go nako mwalapwa mwichi ilaku ihopa

Thaka ( chaka chin chi) inyugwi, mikope, kampanko, ikuruwiri, mtemba, nikupa mu:uka (thokoino).

N .B.-The following. I think, is original composition found in a Makua teacher's note­book. w. C. P.

Namsho Mluku mpacho Ahohimeria vtra namviha wonopola notuno umoria Shetani ulula

But God at the beginning said that He will bring salvation which will prevail over Sata.n open

thotho mlako wirimu nu uhokolosha atu u Mlukuni. Wo mahuku men chi Mluku ahorehereriha or tanyenaya ilapo wow a wonopo.

Mpacho wowathanla chagua. atu a Ibrahima ukala hikanisa nawe nu waviha manabii weituchiha Amkuluwela Mluku anolama alekala uvara maloe

ss thus the gate of Heaven and restore men to God. For days many God arranged

the earth for the coming of salvation or of a

Saviour At. first He chose the people of Abraham to be Church His and sent prophets to teach. He that believes m God is saved,

if he tries to keep words awe athananaka wa

his wishing to believe

59

kuluvela uwa wanopo. Him Who came to save

Mkawa Jesu Mwana And He was Jesus •the Son

o Mil : Ayarele nopani of God. He was born by

wokuru (wonkurusho) the power of the Spirit

Roho Ml : Mkakala of God. And He was, and

mkapanga indango He did signs (indango)

chinchi chowihimeria many which said

wira nokuma u Mlu that He was come from God,

kuni mkatuchiha and He taught

chihimeriawe those who said they would be His

wowituchiha mtu to teach man

uriothe; Mkakwa every and He died

Mkahihimwa and He rose again

Mkawela wirimu and He went up to Heaven

puriawe namlelo. where He is this very day.

Yapwanenle onkia It behoves all who

anothanana ulama · wish to be saved,

6o

ukuluwela w1ra Yesu to believe that Jesus

pinowonaya is He that 11eals them,

nukela mnikanisani and to enter into Church

mwawe wobatizo. His by Baptism

Chinorochihia They are removed.

(urocbiha, to remove) ithambi chaya

sins their, woyaria wonayeli.

by being born the second (time.) Anovahiya ikuru cho

He is given strength to ukota Shetani chimtuna

refuse Satan, he yawira wothanana uka

does get it if he vihereria vomkai ano

walks well pata etakarata niholo mwo Mluku­

before God. M woothanana ikekai

He wishes for righteousness uhiya ikuru cha Shetani

to leave the power of Satan. Murumela Mluku

He serves God mkalawe wirimu

Who dwells in Heaven. Kamthanana ukala nu

He does not wish to live

6r

athiana akina nopwahi with another woman

arinenyu she is yours.

Ahipuka (not cook, prepare) He does not make

utheka (pombe ?) womi-strong drink for the sacrifices

wo mtholo; mtu for the dead sin; if a man

apwanyaka chila amri rebels against these com­

chila ni kuni amri ni mandment5 these, there are

yotho nowonyorera Mluku H' Com'ts. All which is wrong

ni wonyo vaweni against God is sin,

netania Thambi. it is called Thombi.

Atu onkeai anowonya Men all sin

venchi mwecho onkeai much so all

anothanana uhivereria ·want to be forgiven.

Kalai Mluku apangile Of old God made

chitu chonkeai chombone things all good

wompila wawe nu to His glory and

wachiveliha atu they were happy, men.

62

Mluku ahopanga rna-God made angels that (were)

laika amthimiche they should honour Him

nopanga anothananawe. and do what He wills.

Malaika amakima Angels some, their

mulupaliaya Shetani chief Satan, made sedition

hohambula (kw ukudi anya) against God, and 'were

Mluku mkomola driven out.

M wecho Shetani mka-But Satan persuaded

thepia Adam; na Hawa .. Adam and Eve

uhia ipiro ya Mluku. to leave the ways of God.

wohiya (kwema kwao.) Adam; nu Hawa

Adam and Eve mkanla (mkahia ?)

their freedom which nethiaya (ungwana)

they had wopacha; wapuka

at first; they hid (walificha) yahovitha

also Konrie wihokolosha

They coufd not restore thotho mwunethini

themselves so to the freedom

mwa Mluku anakala of God nor

uhapua akwa escaped death.

Manyashanaya (mena Therefore their children

ashanaya) mkayerela were born

mukaporoni mo Shetani; in the slavery of Satan;

mwecho atu ayarele so men born

upachera vavale after them

anoyaria mkaporoni. are born in slavery

Mlu anokalela anohiloka This was (is) set in the evil

ayarele ni yayo, of birth and in these the

mathepia o Shetani persuasions of Satan

panahiloka upanga in wickedness to do

ithambi, chikina, sins, different,

chikina. different.

+

COLLECTIONS FOR A HANDBOOK

01' THE

M A K U A LANGUAGE.

HANDBOOK TO

MAKUA.

BY

Bishop Chauncey Maples.

Referred to in pages 32, 36 and 40 of "TRANSLATIONS

INTO MAKUA WITH NOTES."

I9II.

INTRODUCTION.

'fnE Makua language is a step further from Swahili than Yao, and is on the whole far more difficult to acquire upon the basis of a knowledge of Swahili. In Makua some very marked characteristics are met with which are entirely without parallel in Swahili and its allied languages, and there are certain pecu­liarities of enunciation and accent very difficult for a foreigner to catch up. Whereas Makuas canal ways speak the neighbouring tongues, Yaos and other bordering tribes never seem able to talk Makua. It is classed by Dr. Bleek, in his "Comparative Grammar of South African Languages," as belonging to what he terms the middle branch of the Bantu family, and in that branch to the southern genus of its eastern portion, under which he includes the dialects of 'l'ete, Sena, Lorenzo Marques, Inhambane, Sofala, Quilimane, .Makua, Cape Delgado, and Ma­mvi. The simpler classification of Frederich Muller ("Allgemeine Ethnographie ")places it in the Zam­bezi branch of the eastern group of Bantu languages.

Vl INTRODUCTION.

Dr. Peterl:i' vocabularies of Mo<;ambique dialects, which were compiled thirty years ago at that town, contain a tolerably long list of l\Iakua words which differ but slightly from the present " Collections." It is much to be desired that a complete" Grimm's law" be drawn up for the Bantu tongues. Dr. Bleek has already effected something towards it in the table he has put forth exhibiting the phonetic changes or permutations of sounds in some of the principal members of the group. The following list of substantives will serve to show some of the more important variations in tlie phonology of Makua and Swahili-

SwAHILI. MAKUA. ENGLISH.

Mfuko mhuko a bag. Matumbo marupo stomach. Galawa kalawa canoe. Mafuta makura oil. Nguo ikuo cloth. Mtima mrima heart. Mag a no makano agreement. Ngoma ikoma drum. Tembo itepo elephant. Masindano. mashindano contest.

From this list it will appear that the mb of Swahili becomes p in Makua, the t becomes r, the ng becomes k, the f becomes either h or k, and so on. It is also important to observe that the s of Swahili and

INTRODUCTION. Vll

kindred languages becomes in Makua sh invariably, while the hard ch almost invariably becomes sh. As the English th represents the t of Sanskrit, Greek, or Latin, so in Makua th represents the t of the neigh­bouring tongues. Whatever may be the ultimate explanation of this phonetic variation in the lan­guages of Aryan descent, the reason of it in Makua is not far to seek. It is pretty evident that the Makua custom of filing the front teeth to a point is the true explanation of this variation, just as a similar custom in the case of the Otyi-herero tribe is believed to be the true and really scientific solution of a similar phonological problem.

It is also highly probable that the Makua lip-ring, which is only worn by women, has played a consider­able part in modifying the phonology of the language as spoken by the female members of the tribe. While to the same cause is due the excessive nasal­ization that is so apparent in this and all languages of tribes where this custom is prevalent.

Although d finds no place in Makua, the strongly trilled r, following upon n, has often the sound of a d before it. Thus, nrata sounds very like ndrata when uttered emphatically; but in truth nothing but emphasis will account for a d in this word, inasmuch as it is a dental entirely absent from the language except in this particular connection. It is not an integral part of the word, and its occurrence finds an exact parallel in the Greek avopb<>, and the

Yiii INTRODUCTION.

English, thunder and tender ; the insertion of the dental in these words being, as is well known, an assistance to their pronunciation, but etymologically unconnected with them.

Although the distinction between l and r is well defined amongst the l\iakuas, their language exhibits great uncertainty as to the difference between land n. The one letter is often made to do duty for the other, while a Makua speaking the Yao tongue will always confuse the ,common verbal terminations ele and ene. The l of the Kafir language is n in Makua, although its equivalent in nearly all the other tongues of the same branch is r.

Another characteristic of the phonology of the Makua language is its large use of the aspirate, which finds no place in Yao, and but a comparatively subordinate one in the adjacent dialects.

To turn from the sound of Makua words to the grammar of the language, it is to be observed that there is on the whole far less to confuse and perplex: a foreigner than in Yao. Thus the changes a verb undergoes in its various moods and tenses are for the most part as plain and straightforward as in Swahili. The letter n does not appear to work so many changes, but is altogether firmer than it is in Yao, while the perfect tense is simply formed by a syllable pre­fixed to the root of the verb after the personal prefix. There appear to be not less than nine classes of sub­stantives, if, indeed, that be their extreme limit. The

INTRODUCTION. IX

atljectives are, as might be expected, very few in number. There is a small number of words in Makua identical with Swahili, and a somewhat larger number that are either borrowed from Yao or have been given to that language. The Makuas are a very large and extensive tribe, inhabiting the country that lies at the back ofMo9ambique, stretching inland for several hundreds of miles. Here they swarm and build large towns, but a considerable number of the tribe have detached themselves from time to time from the main body and spread to the north, settling, at various spots, on the Ro\~uma, both above and below its junction with the Lojenda. They have driven scattered bands of M weras and other tribes from these places, and have taken possession of the country. These " Collections" give a key to the Makua tongue as spoken on the Rovuma and at Masasi, and probably contain some words that more properly l1elong to Yao. The Makuas, as I have known them at Masasi, seem to be a very domestic and peace-loving people compared with the Yaos: there is more of a home life amongst them, and little desire for trading with the coast or for becoming more civilized. They seem quite untainted by coast influences, and, though somewhat superstitious, have adopted none of the so-called Islamism which many of the Yaos have freely im­bibed. At Masasi no Yao will touch pig's flesh. 'fhe Makuas delight in it. The Yaos deem their

X INTRODUCTION.

Makua neighbours an inferior race, and even the Makuas themselves appear to consider the Yaos a quicker witted and more civilized people. Be this how it may, it is an undoubted fact that the Makuas are not equal to the Yaos in any of the native industrial works, such as iron-working, basket­making, and pottery : in these arts the Yaos are allowed, on all hands, to surpass their neighbours. Like the Yaos, the Makua tribe has supplied a very large number of slaves to the market, and there can be little doubt that at one time the tribe was a far larger and more powerful one than at present.

My instructor in Makua was a lad about eighteen years old, who had been resident at Masasi some seven or eight years before our mission station was planted there. He was a Makua by birth, had been carried away captive in one of the petty wars, and had lived in a state of nominal slavery ever since. At the time he undertook to help me, he had been in our school two years, and had a very good knowledge of Swahili, understanding well most of the words in our translations of the Scriptures. Being at the same time able to read and spell quite easily, he was able to spell for me all the Makua words he gave me, the sound of which I was not always able to catch with­out this assistance. Had he remembered more of his own language, I could have put forth these "Col­lections" with more confidence. As it is, I am conscious that there may be much incorrectness and.

INTRODUCTION. xi

still more incompleteness. The young lad who thus enabled me to compile these pages was baptized at Masasi on Christmas Day, 1878,-the first convert from heathenism in the district,-after showing an earnestness of purpose and excellence of behaviour during the whole period of his probation, that made the day of his baptism a day of thankfulness and joy for all who knew him. Amongst many curious pieces of information I gathered from him as to the manners, customs, and beliefs of his tribe, I was told that all the Makuas had a belief in the resurrection of both body and soul, and that the word uhihimwa expressed this belief. Since the Makuas have had but little intercourse with Arabs, and thus little connection with Mohammedanism, this looks like a primitive belief; although it is just possible that it may be connected with the teaching of Portuguese missionaries, who in the past came into contact with the tribe. Anyhow, the belief itself is amongst the Makuas an universal one, and connects itself with the dances and games they celebrate after the death of one of their number for the repose of his soul. From the position of the country now occupied by the Makua tribe, it is clear that they cannot now be much longer without mlsSIOJ:laries. Already the advanced posts of our Central African mission are situated in the midst of Makuas, while there is scarcely a spot on the banks of the Rovuma where they are not to be found.

xii INTRODUCTION.

The study of the Makua language, therefore, becomes an important thing, if not a necessity, to mission­aries desiring to carry the gospel to the next stage beyond Masasi. It is hoped that these vocabularies may be a help to the mastery of an African tongue, by no means the easiest for a foreigner to acquire.

CHAUNCY MAPLES.

MASASI,

January, 1879.

COLLECTIONS FOR A HANDBOOK

OF THE

MAKUA LANGUAGE.

THE ALPHABET.

As a rule, the vowels must be pronounced as m Italian, and the consonants as in English.

A is pronounced like the a in father. B. as in English. CH, as the .Italian c in ci or ce, or as the English ch

in cherry. E, as the a in late. G, always to be pronounced hard, as in gate. H, always strongly aspirated, as in house. I, like ee in sleep. J, as in English, e.g. just. K, as in English, e.g. keep. N if prefixed to K

changes the two letters into NG. L, as the English l, e.g. like. l\1, as in English, e.g. rnuch. N, as in English, e.g. not. 0, like oa in roar. P, as in English, e.g. paper.

B

2 THE ALPHABET.

R, a strongly trilled r, as in the French rien. If the r follows an n the trill is so strong that it is difficult to say whether a d does or does not intervene; e.g. nrata, nroe, which might be written ndrata, ndroe.

S, not used except in conjunction with h, when it is to be sounded like the English sh, e.g. shirt.

T, like the English t, e.g. teach. Th is of very con­stant occurrence in Makua, and is sounded by pressing the flat of the tongue against the front teeth of the upper jaw, with its tip slightly projected beyond them, and then bringing it away sharply so as to give the effect of an explosive letter.

U, like the oo in fool. V, like the English v in very. W, like the English w in will. Y,.like the English consonant in you.

( 3 )

SUBSTANTIVES.

MAKUA nouns have two numbers, singular and plural, which are distinguished by their initial letters. Upon the form of the substantives depenll the forms of adjectives, pronouns, and verbR governed by them. Makua substantives may be divided into nine classes, according to their initial letters, and the changes which they undergo in form­ing the plurals.

I. Words beginning with m, being the names of living creatures. These become plural by changing minto a.

Mtu = a person ; atu = persons. IT. Words beginning with m, for the most part

not the names of living creatures. These are made plural by changing minto mi.

Mshamiro = a pillow; misharniro =pillows. III. Words beginning with na and ka. These

are made plural by prefixing a. Nalcuo =a cob of Indian corn ; analcuo =cobs

of Indian corn. IV. Words beginning with n or ni before a con­

sonant. In the plural the n becomes ma.

NtinJi =an island ; matinJi =islands. V. Words beginning with u, which for the most

part are abstract noun.s and verbal substantives.

SUBSTANTIVES.

The plurals change the u into ma; and when the final letter is a in the singular, it becomes o in the plural.

Uthalcala =an evil ; mathakalo = evils. VI. Words beginning with mwa. The plurals

change the mwa into ashi, and insert an i before tho next vowel.

Mwamunku =a caterpillar; ashimiunlcu =cater­pillars.

VII. Words beginning with i which do not change in the plural. Most words introduced into the lan­guage from foreign sources belong to this class.

!hath a = a cia w ; ihatha = cia ws. VIII. Words beginning with yo. The plurals

change yo into cho.

Yolia =food ; cholia =foods. IX. Words beginning with va and vo, mostJy con­

nected with the idea of place. The plurals change va into m, vo into mo.

Vachitu = place ; mchitu = places. Locality is expressed by the use of three prefixes,

together with the suffix ni.

1. m, mu, denoting within, to or from within. Mmashini.

2. u, denoting motion to, or at (of a place far off). Umashini =to the water.

3. va, denoting at, near, or before. Vamashini =at the water.

SUBSTANTIVES.

LIST OF SUBS1'AN~IVES.

Abhorrence, ukinanarela. Ability, woria. Abscess, yowipa; pl. chowipa. Abundance, winchi. Acceptance, utuna. Accident, kihimwaini; kihttiraukusera. Accounts, walakera; pl. walake1·o. Accusation, uhimiacha; pl. mahimiaclto. Ache, ukiwerea. Action, yowira; pl. chowira. Addition, ;"umula (Sw.). Adornment, wipapa. Adultery, uluva. Advantage,fayida (Sw.). Adversity, uhuva. Advice, shauri (Sw.). Affection, utuno. Affliction, uhuva. Age: Wina miaka michano? How old are you? Old

age, ushuru pali. Old time, kalai. Agreement, maagano (Sw.). Aim, ulika. Air, ipio. Alms, ipepa (Sw.). Altar, vantoloni: the place where natives offer their

sadaka of corn, etc., to the Deity. Amusement, wopamwaha.

6 SUBST .ANTI VES.

Ancestors, atata. Angel, mnepa; pl. minepa. Angle, nikumbanya. Animal, inama. Anklets: of iron, makwinJiri; of brass, makori. Answer, wakula ; pl. makulo. Ants: enenele nchere, white ants; italalcu, travelling

ants; malomalcele, aumbichi. Ape, lcole ; pl. alcole. Apostle, lcarumia ; pl. alcm·umia. Appearance, upiawawe. Arab, Mwarabu. Arabic, yiarabu. Arbitrator, mwiraniha. Arithmetic, walakera. Subtraction, yohala. Arm, mono; miono. Under the arm, mlcapwani. Armpit, ikapwani. Arrangements, alcinerania (?). Arrival, nihopia. Arrogance, mahiye. Arrow, muupa; pl. miupa. Artery, vein or nerve, mtitari; pl. mititari. Ashes, itura. Ass, pum; pl. apuru. Assembly, ulcumana; pl. malcumano. Asthma, ipumu. Astonishment, pireliaia. Aunt, mshiwanialca; pl. ashiwanialca. Authority, ileum, machiri (Yao). Axe, ipacho ; pl. ipacho.

Baby, mwanghima, mwamkani. ' Back, mthana ; pl. mithana. Badness, unanara ; pl. mananaro. Bag, mhulco; pl. mihulco. Matting bag, itutu; pl.

itutu : nikanda ; pl. makanda.

SUBSTANTIVES.

Baggage, ichombo ; pl. ichombo. Bait, inyambo; pl. inyambo. Baking-place, vepaherone; pl. mapaherone. Baldness, ntari ; pl. matari. Ball, mpira ; pl. mipira. Bamboo, mthale; pl. mithale. Bananas, inika ; pl. inika. -- the tree, mwiri o inika. -- a bunch of, mkonka o inika. Band (stripe), nchoko; pl. macho leo. Bandage, ntapwata; pl. matapwata.

7

Bank: of earth, etc., mtuto nomhava; of a river, mchereshere. The opposite bank, ulwpelele; pl. malwpelele.

Baobab, mlapa; pl. milapa. Bargain, ulehana; pl. malehano. Bark : hard, nikula; pl. makula : soft, nalwto; pl.

analwto. Barrel, nipipa; pl. mapipa. Basin, ibalmli; pl. mabalculi (?). A small basin, lcibaba. Basket, chilcapu; nilcaia; pl. makaia. A sifting

basket, ithelo; pl. ithelo. A covered basket, niuku; pl. maulcu.

Bat, mlema; pl. amlema (a large kind). Namtutu (a small kind).

Bachelor, mtu rntupa; ohitela. Battle, ilcoto umenyana. Beach, umaka. Beads, mlwwa; pl. mikowa. A small light blue kind,

mlcululco. A small dull red kind, kapwe. A small black kind, mapipi. A small white kind, mkowa wotela, mlcatama, mueno.

Beak (of a bird), iyano ; pl. iyano. Beam, mgomba; pl. migomba. Beans, nachope; pl. anachope: koloko (Sw. chiroko ),

namara (Sw.fiwe ), ipwiri (Sw. baazi), itaa (Sw. njugu mawe), mtesha (Sw. njugu nyassa).

8 SUBSTANTIVES.

Beard, erori. Beast., inama ; pl. inama. Beauty, urera; pl. marero. Bed (for planting potatoes, etc.), ntuto; pl. matuto. Bedstead, ulili. --legs of, ipata cho mk01·i. -- side pieces of, mikung'kuti chaia. -- head of, wowesha muru. Bee, inui; pl. inui. Beehive, mchinga; pl. michinga. Beggar, mtu ola mela uvekela. Begging, uvekela; pl. mavekelo. Beginning, mpacho ;' pl. mi'pacho. Behaviour, mweto; pl. mieto. Good behaviour, wira

rata. Ill behaviour, wira chonanara. Bell, ikengele ; pl. ikengele. Bellows, mrupa ; pl. mirupa. Belly, marupo. Bend, upinda. Betel leaf, tambun. Bhang, ishuruma. Bier, mtembo; pl. mitembo. Bile, yamwe. Bill (chopper), imbopo ; pl. imbopo. Bird, shanuni; pl. ashanuni. The young of birds,

makanda. A small dove, kaula. A crane, chiun­kuru; pl. achiunkuru. A green dove, ilcumngu. A Java sparrow, impera. An owl, echichi.

Birth, uyaria ; pl. mayario, Bitterness, uwawa. Blacksmith, nohana; pl. ohana (?). Blackwood, ummiko (?). Bladder, itoto hiro. Blade (of grass), inyashi. Blanket, nikapa; pl. malcapa. Blindness, olwna.

SUBSTANTIVES.

Blindness of one eye, opwea nito. Blood, ipome ; pl. ipome. Blood-vessel, mtitari; pl. mititari. Blue vitriol, mtrutu. Boards, mapatankwa. Boat, mashua (Sw.). Body, irutu; pl. irutu. Boil, nalipwe ; pl. analipwe. Bone, nikuva ; pl. makuva. Book, napwipwi; pl. anapwipwi. Bother, uthia (Sw.). Bottle, ichorochoro ; pl. ichoroclw1·o. Bottom, vathi. Bough, mwaurita; pl. mirita. Boundary, mwinano; pl. minano. Bow, mura; pl. miura. Bowl (wooden), nipawa; pl. rnapawa. Box, ikasha; pl. ikasha. A small box for lime, mtete ;

pl. mitete. Boy, mirao; pl. mirao. Bracelet: of ivory, nikosha; pl. makosha: of brass,

nia ; pl. mania. Brains, ukoko. Bran, nankanka; pl. anankanka. Branch, mwaurita ; pl. mirita. Brass, achikungu. Bra very, ohova, ochacha. Brawler, namrokotole. Bread, mkate; pl. mikate (Sw.). Breakfast, yolia yo hihiu. Breast, vamirimani ; breasts, mapele. Breath, ipnmu; pl. ipumu. Brink, mchereshere; pl. mchereshere. &ook, mwamoloko ; pl. ashimioloko. Broom, mvelo; pl. mivelo. Brother, mwamunaka mwamlopwana.

10 SUBSTANTIVES.

Brother-in-law, mlamu; pl. amlamu. Wife's brother, aroko1·o atwa. Husband's brother, arukaraka.

Bubble, niporu; pl. maporu. Buckler, ichikopa; pl. ichilcopa. Buffalo, inari; pl. inari. Bug, ikukuni. Building, uthelca; pl. mathelco. Bull, ing' ope. Bullet, ipololo. Bunch, ikonyo; pl. ikonyo. Bundle, mrindi ; pl. rniYindi. Burial-place, vanuvithia. Business, mtheko ; pl. mitheko. Butterfly, ichipepeta; pl. ichipepeta. Buttocks, makutu. Buyer, othuma; pl. othuma.

Caffre corn, meli. Cake, mkate; pl. mikate. -- of tobacco, ing'uri. Calabash, mtumba wa mlapa. Calabash tree, mlapa; pl. milapa. -- pumpkin shell used for water, iku; pl. iku. Calf, mwang' ope mwamkani. Call, uwihana, mahano; a cry, unyalcula. Camel, ngamiYa. Cannabis Indica, ishuruma. Cannon, mchinga; pl. michinga. Canoe, ikalawa ; pl. ikalawa. Cap, ikopio; pl. ikopio. --of a gun, fataki (Sw.). Capacity, kadri (Sw.). Caravan, urendo. Caravan porter, baharia (Sw.). Carcase, mrutu ; pl. mirutu. Care, ushunga; pl. mashungo, Caution, uwelte1·era;

pl. maweherero.

SUBSTANTIVES.

Carpenter, uhemachetu; pl. mahemachetu. Cashew nut, ilcachu; pl. ilcachu. Cask, nipipa ; pl. mapipa. Casket, ipache chikani. Cassava, manangwa. Castor oil, malcum oparilca. -- plant, iparilca; pl. iparilca. Cat, palca; pl. apalca. Cattle, ing'ope. -- fold, inupa ing' ope. Cause, niolco; pl. maiolco. Cave, nilculcu ; pl. malculcu. Caterpillar, mwamunku; pl. ashimiunlcu. Centipede, nanrere ; pl. ananrere. Chaff, nanlcanlca; pl. ananlcanlca. Chain, nyororo, nlculu. Chair, ihiche; pl. ihiche. Chameleon, nriya; pl. ananriya. Charcoal, malcala. Charm, ingirishi ; pl. ingirishi. Chatter, uhilolca. Chatterbox, iyano ; pl. iyano. Cheat, upenya; pl. upenya. Check, nrama;. pl. marama. Chest, vamirimani. Chicken, mwalalcu; pl. achilaku. Chief, amwene ; pl. mamwene. Chiefship, umwene. Child, mwamhima; pl. achihima. Childhood, unamwene. Choice, utanla; pl. matanlo. Cinders, malcala. Circumstances, nonetu.

11

Civet cat, itulco; pl. itulco. Another kind, nrwani; pl. anrwani.

Civilization, unethi.

12 SUBSTANTIVES.

Clap (of thunder), itari. Claw, ihatha; pl. ihatha. Clay, itaia (?). Clearness, otela. Cleverness, nnema. Cloth, ikuo. Blue calico, namuri. A cloth with a

coloured border, ichikoi. A turban cloth, irewani. Clothes, ikuo. Cloud, nihute ; pl. mahute. A rain cloud, nihute no

pula. Coals, makala. Coast, umaka. Language of the coast, imaka. Cob (of Indian corn), nalcuo; pl. anakuo. Cock, mthupi; pl. mithupi. Cock's comb, ichunfuru yo mthupi. Cockroach, nivepe; pl. mavepe. Cocoanut, mkole; pl. milcole. -- the leaf of, miritehaia. Cold, ipio. A cold in the head, mamila. Colour, rangi. Comb, ivachero; pl. ivachero. Commission, nleho; pl. maleho. Companion, mkwao; pl. akwao. Company, uloko. Completeness, ukumi. Concealment, rnavitho. Conclusion, urnaleloaia; pl. marnaleloaia. Concubine, ahano; pl. manyahano. Confidence, makuluvelo. Conscience, mrirna ; pl. mirima. Conspiracy, mapatano. Continuance, ukumi. Contract, makano. Cook, notereka ; pl. anotereka. Cooked grain, mrama ; pl. mimma. Cooking-pot (earthen), iopwe; pl. iopwe. Frying-

SUBSTANTIVES. 13

pan, -mivali; pl. mavali. Stones to set a cooking­pot on, matua.

Copal, mkumbi. Copper, achikungu. Cork, itielelo ; pl. itielelo. Corn (Indian), nakuo; pl. analcno. Millet, meli. Corner, mnyaka; pl. manyaka. Corpse, mrutu ; pl. mirutu. Corpulence, uritimala. Corruption, younta. Cotton, ntoche. Couch, mko1·i; pl. milcori. Cough, nikotokoto. Council, vatato. Counsel, mashau1·i. Country, iwani. Courage, uchacha. Courtesy, umanya. Courtyard, nikm·e; pl. mal ure. Covenant, makano. Cover (of a dish), iolmnela. Cow, ing'ope yo mtiana. Coward, owova. Crab, inkala; pl. inlcala. Crack, mnyate; pl. minyate. Credentials, ichuwelelo: the axe, knife, sword or stick

sent by a chief to signify that he is the sender of the message accompanying it.

Crocodile, ilwnya; pl. ikonya. Crossways, ipi'I'O cho mwalano. Crossing place, volapua. Crow, nikuku; pl. anakuku. Crowd, uhimane. Cry, ikuto; pl. ikuto. Cucumber, ntanga; pl. matanga, mshirimaka. Cubit, mwono; pl. miono.

14 SUBSTA~TIVES.

Cultivation, ichirimo. Cultivator, rntu o lirna. Cup, rndurnu; pl. rnidt~rnu. Curry, rnhuji; pl. rnihuji. Cushion, rnsharniro; pl. rnisharniro.

Dance, utwela; pl. rnatwelo. Names of various Makua dances : rnasewe, ipalawala, nilcwererna, rnalcuware, nigurnbuli, nilcwata.

Danger, wopia. Darkness, ipipi. Dawn, wichichuru. Day, nihuh~; pl. rnahulcu. Time of daylight, uthana.

All day, rnchua piro. Daylight, uthana. Death, ulcwa. Deceit, rnothacho. Deep waters, vowisha. Defect, uwulcuwo. Derision, uheulacha; pl. rnaheulacho. Design, rnwaini; pl. rniaini. Descent, nlcuruo; pl. rnalcuruo. Desert, uthalco ; pl. rnathalco. Destruction, uhononea ; pl. rnahononeo. Devil, rninepa. Dew, ulcarne; pl. rnalcarne. Dialect, rnolurnacho. Dinner, yolia yo thana. Direction, wituchiha; pl. rnetuchiho. Dirt, ilcolcola. Disease, werea; pl. rnawereo. Disgust, rnanana1·elo. Dish, ilcarelcare. Disgrace, rncheche ; pl. rnicheche. Dissipation, warnarna; pl. rnarnamo. Distress, uhuva ; pl. rnahuvo.

SUBSTANTIVES.

Disturbance, wapa ; pl. mapo. Dog, mwalapwa; pl. achilapwa. Dollar, indarama. Dominion, imwene ; pl. imwene. Donkey, puru; pl. apuru. Door, mlako; pl. milako.

15

Dove, nchia; pl. machia. Pigeon, ikunda; pl. ikunda. Dream, uloha ; pl. maloho. Dregs, ishenga; pl. ishenga. Dripping, makura o inama. Drop, itotwa; pl. itotwa. Drum, ikoma ; pl. ilcoma. --when used to call to war, nalcwala; pl. anakwala. Drunkard, ohapalia ; pl. ohapalia. Duck, nrata; pl. marata. Dust, matukuruku. Dye, rangi. Dwarf, mtu okuvia. Dysentery, mirimani mol;;uma ipome.

Eagle, nrepo ; pl. marepo. Ear, nyaru ; pl. maru. Earth, ilapo. Earthen pots, iopwe; pl. iopwe. For cooking pombe

(very large), mtereko ; pl. mitereko. For cooking ugali (small), ikariko ; pl. ikariko.

East, uno kuma nchua. Ebony, miko; pl. nimiko. Echo, namalowe ; pl. anamalowe. Egg, nyoche; pl. moche. White of egg, yotela yo

moche. Yolk of egg, yokwila yo moche. Egg-shell, makotope o moche.

Elbow, ikokuno; pl. ikolcuno. Elder, ashulupali; pl. ashulupali : owuluwala. Elephant, itepo; pl. itepo. Emetic, urapia ; pl. marapio.

16 SUBSTANTIVES.

Employment, mtelco; pl. mitelw. Encampment, vorula; pl. momla. Enclosure, nikure ; pl. makure. Ntenje ; pl. matenJe. Enemy, onioko alca. Entrails, marupo. Entrance, ukela; pl. malcelo. Error, uwonya; pl. mawonyo. Esteem, utuna ; pl. matltno. Europe, Ulaya. European, Mshungu ; pl. Ashungu. Evening, uchochilo; pl. machochilo. Excrement, mavi. Eye, mitho; pl. metho. Eyebrow, nikwilcwi; pl. ma

lcwilcwi. Eyelid, imboni.

l'ace, ilwwe ; pl. ilcowe. Faggot, itathu. I<'alsehood, wotha; maothacho. Familiarity, malemalelo. Family, ulolco; pl. maloko. Famine, ithala; pl. ithala. F ,m, ichepepeta; pl. ichepepeta. Fat, malcura. Father, athithi; pl. athithi. Fatigue, w·ushia ; pl. mantshio. Fault, uwonya ; pl. mawonyo. Favourite, ichipendo; pl. ichipendo. Fear, uchukula; pl. machukulo . .Feather, nipururu; pl. mapu1·uru. A wing, nipupa;

pl. mapupa. Fence, mtathi; pl. mitathi. Ferry, volapua va msheloni. Fierceness, uchacha ; pl. machacho. :Fight, mashinano. File, tupa ; pl. atupa. ]'ilth, unyala ; pl. manyalo.

SUBSTA~TIVES.

Fineness, m·era. Finger, nilwko; pl. malcoko. Fire, mo1·o ; pl. mioro.

17

Firewood, ikuni; a piece of firewood half burnt, nilti­yalala.

Fireplace, ihu1·i; three stones to set a pot upon, over the fire, matuo.

Firefly, nianyimanyi. Fish, ihopa; pl. ihopa. Mikopo, a river fish with

large flattened head, in shape slightly resembling a gurnet, full of bones, and very plentiful in most rivers. Mulca, an eel, the same in appearance and taste as the common eel of English rivers. Kam­pango, a fish found in large rivers, and said to be the size of a shark. Nilcupa, a short thick fish of oval shape, with sharp spikes all over its body, and of a white hue. Tapatire: namwalo.

Fisherman, mmen,ji; pl. mnenfi. Fist, ilcwipi ; pl. ikwipi. Flag·, ibendem ; pl. ibendem. Flatterer, mlapi. Flattery, ulapa. Flavour, uchiva. Flea, ntiti1·i ; pl. matitil·i. Flesh, inama. Fleshiness, ithayi. Flint gun, lcapwiti ingume. Floor, vathi. Chunammed floor, vopa patiya. Upper

floor (roof), nivatho, pl. mavatho. Flower, ituva; pl: ituva. Fly, ipepele; pl. ipepele. Foam, nipm·u, pl. mapont. Fog, ulcame; pl. malcame. Fold, upinda; pl. mapindo. Foliage, mathahwu. Follower, mta1·i; pl. atari.

c

18 SUBSTANTIVES.

Folly, ulochua; pl. malochuo. Food, yolia; pl. cholia. Food saved from an evening

meal and eaten in the morning, mivithe. Fool, mlochoa, pl. alochoa. Foot, nyao; pl. manyao. Force, ikur~t; rnachi1·i. Ford, volapua ; pl. molapna. Forehead, iuji. Foreigner, mleto; pl. aleto. Forest, mwithupi. Forking of a tree, ipata; pl. ipata. :Form, upia. Fortune, impumi. Foundation, mihwio. Fowl, ilaku; pl. ilaku. Fox, nikule (?) ; pl. makule. Fraud, mathepiu. Freedom, nethi. Friend, mwathithi; pl. achimwathithi. Fright, ~tchukula; pl. maclmlwlo. Fringe, mm·ocho. Frog, mampi; pl. mm·api. Fruit, chowima; pl. chowima. Kache1·e, a fruit the

size of a cherry, and of similar hue. Nakopo, the size of an apple, and red. Itema, dark purple, round, and about the size of a medlar. Ithapa: naningave : wepa: tamarinds. Mope : rawa : mpira, the fruit of the indian-rubber, much appreciated and largely consumed.

Frying-pan, nivali; pl. mavali. Fun, uthuela ; pl. mathuelo. Furnace, tukuta ; pl. atulcuta.

Gain, fayida (Sw.). Game, malupato. Gate, mlako; mchele.

SUBSTA)!TIVES.

Gazelle, nacho1·o; pl. anachm·o. Gentleman, nethi; pl. anethi. Gentleness, ulolca; pl. maloko. Ghee, ismmtli. Giddiness, nm·ium; pl. anm·izmt. Ginger, ichilcazu. Giraffe, itata. Girdle, ilculnla. Girl, mirao; pl. amimo. Gizzard, ivisinyingi. Gladness, utelia; pl. matelio. Glance, uvela; pl. rnavelo.

19

Glass, lcari1·ole; pl. cdcm·irole. Drinking glass, mdumu.

Gum, inonohi1·o. Glutton, milt ndulct; pl. atzt milula. Goat, epw·i; pl. epuri. God, Mlulm. Golcl, indarmna. Goodness, urem; pl. marm·o. Goods, ichipanji; pl. ichipanji. Goose, w·ata Mesungu. Grain, cleaned: sorghum, mchoro wo mele; rice,

mchm·o wo mu.lca. Grandchild, nuvanjn ; njultt. Grandfather, amuna: pl. wnuna. Grass, manyashi. Grave, nihie; pl. nwhie. Greatness, ulupale. Greediness, rnlula ; pl. milula. Grey hairs, ipwii. Grief, uchulcttla ; pl. machukulo. Ground, iwani; pl. iwan·i. Ground nuts, mtesha; pl. mitesha. Gruel, nikolco. Guest, mleto; pl. aleto.

20 SUBSTANTIVES.

Guide, mholeli ; pl. aholeli. Guinea fowl, ilcaka; ikololo. Gum: birdlime, ulipo; of the teeth, uhinini. Gum copal, mkumbi; pl. mikumbi. Gun, lcapwiti; pl. akapwiti. The barrel, mthuthu; lJl.

1nithuthu. The lock, 1m·m·e; pl. mirerc. A cannon, mchinga; pl. michinga.

Gunpowder, uka. Gut, mm·irnani; pl. 11w1·imani.

Habits, malemalelilw. Hair, ilcamri: of the beard, irori; straight hair,

ilcam1·i cho1·apa; woolly hair, ilcm·ari chalca. Half, nussu (Sw.). Hammer, inuto; pl. inuto. Hand, mthatha; pl. mathatlw. Handkerchief, nlesho ; pl. maleslw. Handle, 1nini; pl. 1nivini. Happiness, utelia; pl. matelio. Hardness, ulipa. Hare, lmlcula; pl. ahulmla. Harvest, mathilcilo. Haste, walcuva. Hat, ilwpio. Hatchet, ipacho; pl. ipaclto. Hatred, mananm·elo. Hawk, mnangweve; pl. anmnangwevc. Head, mum; pl. miru. Healing things, mawoniho. Health, ukumi. Heap, nchala; pl. machalct. A raised bed for plants,

ntuto ; pl. matuto. Heart, mrima; pl. mi1·ima. Heat, moro; pl. mioro. Heaven, i1·imu. Heaviness, ulemela; pl. nzalemelo.

SU!lSTA:l<TIVES.

Heaviness of soul, ltclml.:ztla. Heel, ikotolcoto. Heir, makelanupa. Help, nlwviherem.

21

Hen, -ilakn. A full grown hen that has not yet laid, ndembe. A laying hen, namkutlt.

Herdsman, mslmnga; pl. aslmnga. Hiccough, nathelcume ; pl. anathelcttme. Hidden things, matielelo. Hide, m·apala ; pl. mampala. Hill, mwalco ; pl. mialco. A rocky hill, J;ucctla; pl.

miala. Hilt, ivihi. Hindrance, anolcitielela. Hippopotamus, ipitu; pl. ipitn. History, itele. Hoarseness, nlala nlovc. Hoe, iltipa ; pl. iltipa. Hole, mwitltc; nihulm. Hollow of a tree, ipao. Home, ttwanuhu. Honey, w·ao wo inui. Honour, nwina. Hook, nime1~jo. Hope, malatluvelo. Hordeolum, ipammela. Horn, mnyalca; pl. nwnyalca.

pet, nipenga; pl. mapenga: pata.

Hostility, oniolco. House, inttpa ; pl. inupa. Hump (of an ox), i1Juthu. Hunger, ithala. Hunter, mlupct; pl. alztpa. Hurry, walwvacha.

'When used as a trum­nipalapata, pl. mapala-

Husband, mlopwana; pl. alopwana.

22 SUBSTANTIVES.

Husk, mctlcova. -- of rice, 11Wlcaclw. Hymna, lwjupa; pl. akl\jupa.

Idleness, twushia; 1)1. mantshio. Ignorance, ttjinga (Sw. ). Imprecation, ulapa. Incense, ntbani (Sw.). Indian-rubber, mpim (Sw.). Indian corn, nakuo; pl. analcuo. Inheritance, malcelanupa. Inheritor, nokela inupa. Insect, mwamwetu; pl. acltinnveilt. Instruction, metz~iho. Insult, nw1·uano. Intellect, intslw. Intention, imweni. Intestines, mampo. Interruption, matielelo (?). Intoxication, uhapalia. Invalid, 1m·eta : pl. m·etct. Iron, iyuma. Island, ntinji ; pl. matinji. Itch, twele. Ivory, nyalca notepo.

Jackal, mwiclti; pl. michi. Jar, 1mtno ; pl. mino. Jaw, nte1·e; pl. matere. Jealousy, iltache. Joke, ttbislzi. Journey, urendo. Joy, utelia; pl. maielio. Judgment, walcanyulanilw. Juice, maslti. Justice, elcelcai.

SUBSTANTIVES.

Kernel, ilcm·osho. Key, mpunguriro; pl. mipungu1·iro. Kidney, ipio. Kindness, urera (?). Kindred, achihimaga. King, mwene; pl. mamwene. Kingdom, imwene. Kitchen, ttnoterilcia, tviwm·ini. Kite, namangweve; pl. anamangweve. Knee, nilcutha; pl. malctttha. Knife, mwalo ; pl. mialo. Knot, nluto; pl. maluto. Knowingness, urim·ia.

Labour, mthelw; pl. mitheko. Ladder, nivata; pl. mavata. Lake, ntia ; pl. mafia. Land, iwani. Language, malove. Laugh, matheo. Lead, ichumbu. Leader, oholela; pl. oholela. Leaf, ntakuru ; pl. matalcunt. Lean-to, nipiroti; pl. nwpiroti. Leather, nrapala. · Left-handedness, emushi. Legend, itheli. Length, utaliva. Leopard, havara; pl. altavam. Liar, mwothi. Licentiousness, ulavalava. Lid, yokunela; pl. clwlmnela. Lie, watha. Life, ulcumi. Lights (of an animal), mapawela. Lime, ishoalcam.

23

24 SUBSTA~TIVES.

Limit, mwinano; pl. minano. Lion, lcararnu. Lip, iyano. Lip-ring, mthathi; pl. rnithathi. Liver, hapa; pl. ahapa. Lizard, impara : lc~tmbulu. A large water lizard, ing-

'oto. Load, rnrindi; pl. mi1·indi. Loaf, mlcate; pl. milcate (Sw.). Loan, mashimo. Locust, ichm·ope. Log, mlwlulu; pl. milmlulu. Loins, i~tmt. Looking-glass, lcarirore; pl. al•arirm·e. Loss, uulcua. Luck, impumi. Lungs, mapawela.

Magic, ttlcwiri ; pl. malcwi1·i. Maggot, ilcune ; pl. ilcune. Malice, uthalcala; pl. rnathalwlo. Man, mtu; pl. atu. A male, mwamlopwana. l\fangouste, mthulu; pl. amthtdtt. Mangrove, ingapa. Manners, mwirelo; pl. mi1·elo. Good manners, ute1·i-

hela. Mark, alarna (Sw.). Tribal mark, inepo. Market, usholconi. Marrow, rnthuthu. Mast, rnringote ; pl. miringote. Master, puria. Mat (coarse matting), ntato; pl. matato. Matter : What is the matter? w·ini? Mattress, ninguna; pl. manguna. Meal, yolia ; pl. cholia. Meaning, malurnbo.

}feat, inama. Meatiness, ithai.

SUBSTA~TIVES. 25

1\ledicine, 1m·ete; pl. mirete. J\fedical kno·wleclge, mng' aka ; pl. ang' aka.

l\Ieekness, wnala. Melancholy, mchinjiri. 1\:ferchant, mtn notlmmetlm. :Messenger, karmnia. J\Iiddle, irim·i. Midnight, nhiyn iria1·i. Milk, mapele. Mill, h·iawe. Millipede, monkolo; pl. mionkolo. Millet, mele. --, the stalks of, mithathi. Mind, mrima; pl. mi?·ima. J\Iisery, ulmva. ]\fist, ulcame. Mistake, mvonya. lVfodesty, ishoni. Money, indarwna. Monkey, mshapwe; pl. mashapwe. An ape, !.;ole. A

small black monkey, tztpili. J\fou th, mweri ; mie?"t. :Nforning, tdchisltu. Morsel, mlwni. Mosque, ?Jwsikitini. J\fosquito, ichenjema. l\fother, manyi. Mould, icltipara (?). Mound of earth, inta. -- of stones, ichengo. )fountain, mwalco; pl. mialco. J\fouth, iyano. l\fucus, nanikatalco. Mud, ipepe.

213 SUBSTANTIVES.

l\Iulo, inynpn (?). l\Iultitude, mahimano. Music, ikoma. A plate of copper sounded by beating.

nipaslw.

Nail, of a finger, ilwtlw. -- of iron, ikonw. N arne, nchinct; pl. macltina. Nape of the neck, ishiko. Napkin, ntabwata; pl. 1natabtrata. Nation, nikoslw; pl. malcoslw. Navel, 1ntelm; pl. mitelcn. Necessaries, mpn11u". Neck, ishilco. Need, utnna; pl. matuno. Needle, singano. Neighbour, ulolco; pl. maloko. Nest, ipnnt; pl. ipm·1t. Net, ntavi; pl. matavi. For fish, nikoko. Another

kind, ikupe. Fish net fixed with bamboos, mthololo. A large kind of a round shape, ithltmbi.

News, 1m·eteli ; pl. mh·eteli. Night, uhiu. Nipple, vekani vo nipele. Nobody, lea mtu. Noise, nlowe. -- of voices, unyalcula. Nonsense, upwapwa. Noon, nchna et1mt1·u. Noose, ithululela; pl. itltnlulela. Nose, ipnla. Nostril, ipao yo pula. Nurse, yaya. Nut, iko1·oslw; pl. ilcoroslw.

Oath, ulupela; pl. malupelo.

SUBSTANTIVES. 27

Obedience, umhela. Occupation, mthelco; pl. mithelco. Offering, ipepa. Oil, rnalcum. Castor oil, rnalcum pa1'ilca. Semsem oil,

rnalcm·a nang'halcwa. Old age, ashulu vale. Old man, uulu vale. Opportunity, nipu1·o. Ornament, wipapa. Owner, rnwenene. Ox, ing' ope. Oyster, ng'ornbe (?).

Pad, of grass, used to carry a load upon, on the head, generally ring-shaped, ilcam.

Pain, uwe1'ia. Paint, pepe. Palm, nihau no nthata. Pap, rnapele. Papaw, npapai; pl. mapapai. Paper, rnlcaratha. Parable, ulilcaniha ; pl. rnalilcanilw. Part, nilcupata ; pl. rnalcupatct. Partnership, ulcaviltana. Partridge, ilcwali. Path, ipiro. Patience, uvilela; pl. rnavilelo. Pay, rnbote; pl. rnbote. Peace, nrimanrirna. Peel, nilcothope ; pl. malwthope. People, atu. Pepper, lonlco ornalca. Red, lonlco rnanlcani. Person, rntu; pl. atu. Perspiration, mtulcutct; pl. rnatztlcuta. Phantom, inmgu. Physic, mrete; pl. rnirete.

28 SUBSTANTIVES.

Physician, mng'al~;a; pl. .ang'alca. Pice, nipesha ; pl. mapesha. Pig, ilwluwe ; pl. ikuluwe. Pigeon, ncltia; pl. machia. Pillar, mlwrio; pl. milcurio. Pillow, rnsltamil·o; pl. mishami1·o. Pimple, iyulm. Pincers, ipano. Pine apple, inilca ; pl. inilca. Pipe (for tobacco), inyuhvct. Pistol, namkoyo; pl. anamlcoyo. Pit, nliti; pl. maliti. Pity, ikiriri. Plain, im·iwathi. Plank, nipatamkwa; pl. mapatamlcwa. Plant, irnbeytt. A plant with a head of red :flowers,

ithali. The blue water-lily, ilcogoa. Plantains, inika. Plantation, imata. Plate, ikareka1·e. Pleasure, utelia. Plenty, winchiva. Pocket, mhulco; pl. rnihuko. Point, wikani; pl. wikani. . Poison, ttchungu. Fish poison ; mtutu. Pole, mwir-i; pl. miri. For carrying burdens on,

ilcololcopilco. Politeness, urnanya. Pool, ntia; pl. rnatia. Porcupine, naskimtktt; pl. anasltinulcu. Porridge, ishirna. Porter, mbaharia. Possessions, rnhaku; pl. mihalm. Possessor, rnwenene. Post, mwh·i. Posterity, wnyam·e.

SUBSTANTIVES.

Potato, lw?·alca. Potsherd, nivali; pl. mavali. Potter, anopa miapu. Poultry, ilalw. Poverty, ohuva. Powder, ipepa. Gunpowclcr, ulca. Power, ihwu. Practice, malemalelilw. Prayer, uvekela. Precepts, mett\filw. Pregnancy, imlwlu. Present, mittwo. Prey, malupato. Pride, tthilolca. Privy, witupini. Progeny, amanalmmu. Prohibition, makotiho. Property, mhalm; pl. mihalczt. Provisions, cholia.

29

Pumpkin, nchulctt ; pl. maclmlcu. When used to carry liquids in, mtumba; pl. mitmnba. The large kind, shinti; pl. shinti.

Purgative, m·ete wo vyalua. Purpose, mwaini. Python, ilatlca.

Quarrel, nmm·ulcotoli ; pl. anamntlcotol-i. Question, malcohano. Quietness, umal~.

Rabbit, hulcula; pl. almlcula. Race, ulcotolano ; pl. ?nalcotolano. Rain, ipula. Rainy season, mlala. The lesser rains,

ipula yo yaka. Rainbow, nilcwi; pl. nwlcwi. Rammer (for beating roofs), mpapato; pl. 1nipapato.

30

Ransom, nopo. Rash, uvele.

SUBSTANTIVES.

Rat, nileztle; pl. malcule. A very large kind, nivala; pl. mavala.

Rawness, ulcitlti. Razor, nimeto; pl. mameto. Reason, rnlatu; pl. rnilatu. Redeemer, rnoopoli. Reed, rnthale ; pl. mithale. Refuge, matiazvelo. Rejoicing, utelia. Relations, ulolco. Relish, rnathapa. Remainder, mahaliho. Remission, malcurnihero. Repentance, utarua. Reproaches, rnolurnelo. Reptile. A large lizard, ing' oto. Another lizard,

ivili. A python, ilculca. Rest, metuuo. Resting-place, rnando. Resurrection, uhihirnwa. Return, maholcolio. Reverence, urnala (?). Reviling, rnm·elo. Rheumatism, ichilcweni. Rhinoceros, pela; pl. apela. Rice, molca. --, when cleaned from the husk, mchom; pl. rni­

ehm·o. --, various kinds of, ngwindimba ; ebungala; ilea ;

singano. Riches, rnhalcu ; pl. rnihaku. Rich man, rntu ovanga. Ridicule, uhehulacha. Right, ilcelcai.

SUBSTANTIVES.

Rind, makothope. River, mololco; pl. miololco. Road, epil'o; pl. epi1·o. Hoar, w·itirna; pl. rnaritimo. Robber, owiict; pl. owiia. Rock, mwalco ; pl. miako.

31

Roof, nivatlto; pl. mcwatho. The roof over a watching-place in the fields, itala.

Room (space), nip1tro. --(apartment), imtpa yo rnhina. Rope, mkoi ; pl. rnilcoi. How (line), rntetltelct; pl. mitethela. liow (noise), unyalwla; pl. manyalatlo. Hubbish, ilcolcola. Huins, mauluo. Rust, rnrenji; mirenJi.

Sacrifice, ipepa ; pl. ipepa. Safety, upial'ata. Sail, ntanga; pl. matanga. Sailor, bahal'ia. Saliva, eshenc. Salt, rnalca. Salute, michinga, cholco ltachi(}. Salver, nipasho; pl. mapasho. Sand, rnhava ; pl. rnihava. Sandals, ilcokwata. Sap, mashi o rnwi1·i. Saucepan, rnwapo o ymna. Scab, niholco; pl. maholco. Scabbard, nigonelo; pl. rnagonelo. Scales (of a fish), makahapapa. Scar, niholco ; pl. rnaholco. Scorn, uherihat!t. Scorpion, namrere ; pl. ananwere. Scraps (after eating), makombo.

32 SUBSTANTIVES.

Scratch, nlcwaramm·elo; pl. rnilcwm·amorelo_ Scull, nilcuTulcucha ; pl. malmmlwclw. Scum, nipont. Sea, maslwmalca. Seam, mtoto ; pl. mitoto. Season, makati. Seat, ihiche. Secret, wapa. Seed, mbeyu. Self, mrima. Semsem, namlwlcwa; pl. anamlwlma. Sense, kam1·usho. Servant, lcaTumia; pl. alcm·umia. Service, 1tpota. Shade, mtuchi. Shadow, inmgu. Shame: disgrace, ulwnonea; modesty, islwni. Share, umlmlcu. Sharing, ulcavihana. Shark, paapa. Sharpness, uchacha. Sheaf, iulcu. · Sheath, nigonelo; magonelo. Shed, nigongwe; pl. magongzce. Sheep, ilcondoTo ;· pl. ilwndm·o. Shells, shwalcam. Shepherd, mshunga. Shield, ichilcopa. Shin, nilcuva no mpacha. Ship, nwTilcebu. Dhow, iclwmbo. Shirt, malaya. Shivering, mathunkomelo. Shock, uthuthua. Shop, ndulca ; pl. nwdulca. Shot (small), ithathu. Shoulder, nikatha; pl. malcatha.

SUBSTANTIVES.

S!1out, unyalwla; pl. ?Jwnyalculo. Shower, 1nevela. Shrewdness, openya. Sick person, 1m·eta; pl. m·eta. Sickness, ~weta; pl. ma1·eto.

33

Side, ntlzela; pl. mathela. Of the body, iparm·i; pl. ipamri. Other side of the river, etc., ulcopelele.

Sieve, nipite ; pl. mapite. Sign, uvela; pl. mavelo. Silence, unwla; pl. mamalo. Silk, ltcu-iri (Sw. ). Silver, ndarama. · Silversmith, mhani wo ndcw-mna. Simpleton, m;"inga; pl. ajingct (Sw.). Sin, uwonya. (This word only signifies mistake: all

kinds of sin, such as theft, cursing, adultery, murder, slander, are expressed by uchawi when it is intended to speak of them as wrong doings.)

Sister, ~w-olcora. Sister-in-law, mlmnu. Size, nchusha ; pl. machusha. Skilled workman, pundi; pl. apundi. Skin, m·apala; 111. mampala. Sky, nilmte; pl. malmte. Slander, wothm·ia. Slaughter house, vamaltiteloni. Slave, ipota; pl. ipota. Slave girl, mwanthiana; pl.

achithiani. Fellow slave, mlolcwalca; pl. alolcwakct. Slavery, upota. Sleep, ilcove. Sleeping-place, vo1·upa; vamm·oponi. Sleeve, mono ; pl. miono. Slipperiness, uthethe1·ia. Sloth, m·ushia. Smallness, uyeva. Small-pox, induvi.

D

34 SUBSTANTIVES.

Smith, mhani; pl. ahani. Smoke, mwishi; pl. miishi. Snail, ilc01·opa ; pl. ilco1·opa. Snake, inoa; pl. inoa. Snare, ithapa; pl. ithapct. Sneezing, witiam~wi. Snoring, ~mg' ong' a. Snuff, shoni o nulcia. Soap, shabuni. Soldier, amimwo. Sole, inyao; pl. inyao. Soli tude, ~welca. Somebody, mtu; pl. atu. Son, mwana; pl.' ashana. Son-in-law, aulcohi; pl. aulcohi. Song, nchipo; pl. machipo. Sore, nilcwata; pl. 1nalcwata; imbeclta. Sorrow, uchulcula; pl. maclmlmlo. Repentance, uia-

ntwa. Soul, m1·ima; pl. mi1·ima. Sound, nlove ; pl. malove. Soundness, ulcumi. Sovereign, mwenene iwani. Space, nipuro; pl. mapuro. Spade, ihipa ye Ishung~t. Speaking, ulumacha. Spear, nivalca; pl. mavalca. Spider, mndashi; pl. w·andashi. Spirits, masholca: minepa. Spittle, ishene. Splinter, nipalapatu. Spoon, milcori. Sport, uthuela. Spring (of water), impamwe ; pl. imparawe. Spy, ohotela; pl. ohotela. Squint, utenderua mitho.

SUBSTA~TIVES.

Staff, ilcopo; pl. ikopo. Stairs: upstairs, vachuht; downstairs, vathi. Stalks (of mtama ), mtlwthi; pl. mithatha. Stammering, ichimene. Stars, itotwa; pl. itotwa. Start, uthuthua. Stealing, wiya. Steel,pua (Sw.). Stem, mwiri; pl. miiri. Step-father, atlmmanct oum pwanya. Step-mother, commwana Olen pwan.1Ja. Steward, mwelwrm·i; pl. awehereri. Stick, ilcopo ; pl. ikopo. Stillness, mnala. Stomach, i1·ulcnllt ; pl. irulwln. Stone, nl!tlw ; pl. mal!dc~t. Stone house, hmpa yo malltk!t. Stones (of fruit), ikm·osho; pl. ikoroslw. Stooping, winmna, W01'01JW.

Stop (encl), ulcoma. Stopper, itiyelelo; pl. itiyelelo. Store, 1tyeshe1·a. Story, itheli; pl. itheli. Stoutness, uritimala. Strainer, mhukulo; pl. mihulatlo. Straits, ulmva; pl. malwvo. Strands (of a cord), wikani wo mlcoi. Stranger, mleto; pl. aleto. Strength, ilcuru: machil·i. Stream, mwamwoloko; pl. ashimiololco. String, ntoche; pl. matoclw. Stumble, malcwakwatlmo. Stump, ilcolcolo. Sty (in the eye), ishoshera. Subtraction, uhala. Sugar, islmkal'i.

35

36 SUBSTANTIVES.

Sugar cane, mhalu; pl. mihalzt. Sulphate of copper, m1·ututu. Sultanship, imwene. Sum, jumula. Summit, vachulumwako; pl. vacltulumwalco. Sun, nclmwa; pl. machuwa. Sunset, uchechilo. Supper, yolia yo chochilo. Sweat, nihiTo; pl. mahiTo. Sweetheart, atwalca; pl. atwalca. Sweet lime, ndimtt chochiva. Sweetness, yochiva. Sweet potato, lcamlca; pl. alcamlca. Swindler, mttt owo thotha. . Swing, mlcumrumbwalelo; pl. milcnmntmbwalelo. Swine, ilcttl!twe; pl. ilcuhtwe. Sword, upanga. Syrup, umo; pl. mama.

Tail, mwila; pl. mila. 'failor, mtoti; pl. atoti. Taking away, malcumihe1·o. Tale, itheli; pl. itheli. 'l'alk, mapa mwaha. 'l'alker, mulumachi; pl. mulurnachi. Tamarind, wepa ; pl. awepa. --, the tree, mwepa; pl. miwepa. Tartar (on the teeth), nahavala. Taster, mlawihi; pl. alawilti. Teaching, metuchiho. 'I' ear, mitho1·i; pl. rnitho1·i. 'fen, lcumi ; pl. malcumi. Testimony, uoneshesha. Theft, wiya. Thickness, ttTitimala. Thief, owiya; pl. owiya.

SUBSTANTIVES.

Thieving, wiyrt. 'l'hing, itu; pl. itu. 'l'hirst, ntona ; pl. matona. Thorn, mwiwa ; pl. rniiwa. 'l'horny shrub, m·ipwi; pl. rnm·ipwi. Thought, wupnwela; pl. rnaupuwelo. 'l'hread, ntoiche; pl. rnatoiche. 'l'hreat, wopopilw. Throat, ishiko; pl. ishilco. 'l'hnmb, nikolco nulupale. Thunder, itha1·i. 'l'ickling, uthikinyct. Timber, miri.

37

'l'ime, makati; leisure, malcati owitlma; midnight, lthiyu; morning, wichishau; mid-day, nchuwa 1;a mum; evening, ltchecltilo.

Tobacco, shone. To-day, lela. 'l'oe, rnalcolco o mnyani. Tomb, nihiye; pl. mahiye. To-morrow, melo. -----the day after, 1m·oto.

----- after that, nilcucha.

'l'ongs, ipano. Tongue, nlimi; pl. mali mi. Tooth, nino ; pl. mino. Top, mclmlu. Tortoise, lcapct ; pl. alcapa. Track, inyao ; pL inyao. Trade, 1naronda. 'l'rader, mpanga maronda. 'l'rap, ithapa; pl. itlzapa. 'l'raveller, mwetalcachi. 'l'reasure, utlwlcwnaniha. 'l'rec, mwil·i; pl. miiri.

after that, rnthela.

38 SUBSTANTIVES.

Tribe, nilcoslw; pl. makoslw. Trot, ilcito. Trouble, ttlmva. 'l'rowsers, ma?'api. Trumpet, nipenga; pl. mapenga. Nipampata ; rl.

maparapctta. Trunk, mwi1·i. 'l'ruth, ilcelcai. •.rruth-teller, mltimyct ilcelcai. Tub, nipipa; pl. mapipa. Turban, mleslw; pl. 1naleslw. Turmeric, mbirichim. 'l'urtle, nipetlw, nilcolcwa. Turtle dove, nchiya ; pl. machiya. Twin, nacatct ; pl. mavata.

Udder, wilcani teo nipele. Ulcers, nikwatct; pl. nwkwata. U m brclla, islwmbure1·c. Uncleanness, unyala. Uncle, atltatha. Understanding, i1'uslw. Unity, mnolca. Universe, ilapo. Uproar, manyalwlo. Urine, m·uclta. Utensils, meapo.

Valley, nrapo; pl. mampo. Value, ilcwelo. Vegetables, macltulco. Vegetable marrow, macltulco. Vial, icho1·ochol'O. Vice, unanara. Victuals, cholia. Violence, wilipia.

SUBSTAXTIVES.

Voice, nlove ; pl. malove. Vow, ulnpela; pl. malupelo. Voyage, mlcwaha; pl. mikwaha. Vulture, 1wepo; marepo.

1V ages, imbote. 1Vailing, wunla. Waistcoat, ipithao; pl. ipithao. 1Valk, weta. To go for a walk, w·oa weta lcacha. Wall, ishiri. 1V ar, ikoto. ·warmth, moro; pl. 1nioro. 1V art, ipammela. "\V aste, w·ialcaclw. ·wa8ter, 1m·ihalcaclti; pl. ariltalwclti. "\Vater, mashi. Fresh water, mashi o chiva. "\Vater-jar, 1rmno; pl. mino. Way, ipiro; pl. ipiro. \Vealth, mhalw mwinchi. "\Veapon, nivalca; pl. mavaka. Weaver, mtavi; pl. atavi. \Veeds, manyashi. Well, iltimi iluslti. "\V eeping, wnnla. 1Vest, uchechilo. Whirlwind, iynpzmt. Whistling, mthn1·i. "White ants, ~tclteshe. White of egg, yotela yo nyoche. "\Vhiteness, yotela. "\Vidow, nmnkweli; pl. anamlcwcli. Width, witivctla. 1Vife, mthiana; pl. atltiana. Wilderness, wnthakoni. Wild animals, inmna cho mwitnpini. "\Vill, mrima; pl. mirima.

30

40

Wind, ipeo. "Winding, w·ulcu1·em. Wine, nipa.

SUBSTANTIVES.

Wing, nipttpa; pl. mapupa. Wink, ~tpila. Witch, mkwh·i; pl. alcwiri. Witchcraft, ulcwh·i. Wizard, mlcwiri; pl. alcwi1·i. Woe, uhuva. Woman, mthiana; pl. athiana. Young woman, ?mra-

nati. vVomb, intlc~tla. vVonder, matilcinaclw. Word, nlove ; pl. malove. Bad words, mamano. Work, mthelco; pl. mithelco. Workman, pundi; pl. apundi. World, ilapo. Worm, nrithi; pl. mi1·ithi. Wound, nlcwata; pl. malcwata. ·wrath, uwe1·ia 1m·ima. vV rist, nrecha no mono.

Yam, nipeta; mapeta. Yard, unilcu1·eni. Yawn, wi1·ia moria. Year, yalca. Last year, mwechana. The year before

last, mwejuni. Yesterday, rnjana. The day before yesterday,

mchu1·i. Yolk of an egg, yolcwila yo nyoche. Youth, uyeva.

Zanzibar, Unguja. Zeal, uthuathua. Jealousy, ilzacld. Zebra, ip~tta; ipttta.

( 41 )

ADJECTIVES.

MAKUA adjectives are few in number, their places being for the most part supplied by the use of verbs, substantives and adverbs preceded by the particle -o, or by verbs denoting the possession of such and such qualities.

The regular adjective -lcani (small), varies accord­ing to the different class of nouns, as follows:-

I. Mttb mwamlcani, a small person ; atn acltikani, small people.

II. Mshamiro mlcani, a small pillow ; mishamiro chilcani, small pillows.

III. Nalcno nilcani, a small cob of Indian corn; analcuo achilcani, small cobs of Indian corn.

IV. Ntin:ji nikani, a small island; ?natinji malcani, small islands.

V. Uthalcala ulcani, a small evil; mathalcalo ovalcani, small evils.

VI. Mwanmnhb mwamlcani, a· small caterpillar; ashimiunlcn acltikani, small caterpillars.

VII. Dwtha ilcani, a small claw; iltatha ilcani, small claws.

VIII. Yolia ilcani, a little food; cltolia cltikani, little food.

IX. Vachitlb velcani, a small place; mchitu mwilcani, small places.

The irregular adjectives, verbal and others, are

42 ADJECTIVES.

made to agree with their substantives in the different classes as follows :-

0 1·e1·a, beautiful. I. Sing., o rera, Plural, 0 1"C1"Cl.

II. "

wo 1·e1·a, "

clw 1·era. III.

" o 1·era,

" o 1·era.

IV. "

no 1·e1·a, , o 1·e1·a. v.

" wo 1·era,

" o 1·e1·a.

VI. "

o rm·a, "

o nra. VII.

" yo rera,

" clto 1"C1"Cl.

VIII. "

yo 1·era, "

cho 1·era. IX.

" vo re1·a,

" 1110 1·era.

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.

The comparative degree may be expressed by merely coupling the things to be compared by putting ni (with) between them. 'l'he more common way of expressing comparison is by the use of the word upwaha, to exceed.

Ule mtule mulupale vo wapwahale, that man there is bigger than that; lit., 'l'hat big man there exceeds that one.

The superlative is expressed by the usc of the adjective in an absolute sense.

Mtn ula mulupale, this is the great man, i.e. This is the greatest man.

ADJECTIVES.

LIST OF ADJECTIVES.

Able, noria. Alike, sawasawa (Sw.). All, -onkea. Ancient, kalai. A wake, 1trimitho.

Bad, -nanm·a. Bare, -ituru. Beautiful, -rem. Best, bom (Sw.). Bitter, -owawa. Black, -oripa. Blind, -ohona. Blunt, -ohivia. Bold, -ohova. Broad, 1trnnku.

Cheap, -ohilipa. Chief, ulupale. Choice, uthalia. Civilized, -nethi. Clean, -m·era. Clever, -m·uslw. Clumsy, -olemela. Common, chichale. Covetous, nlula.

43

44

Cross, uchacha. Cunning, -o upenya.

Deaf, -o uhiva.

ADJECTIVES.

Dear, -o ulipa. Deformed, -o ztlemala. Different, -ilcina. Distinct, kililcane. Double, veli. Dry, uurna. Dull, ztmchia (?).

Easy, ztvezta. Elder, yztlztpale. Empty, itu1·u. Equal, sawasawa (Sw.). Every, vavireztle.

Fat, -o neneva. Feeble, sholcoya. Female, tltiana. A she hymna, kuchupa omthiana. A

lioness, lcaramu omthiana. Few (to be few), ttyieva. The people who followed

me were few, atu ya lcitandn ya hoyeva. Fierce, uchaclza. A fierce man, mtu o chacha. Filthy, -o unyala. Fine, -o 1·era. Foolish, -olochoa. Foreign, -leta. Former, -o upacha. Free, -nethi. Fresh, -kithi. Fresh water, mashi oriria. Full, -o ucham. The water is up to the top, mashi

yahocham.

Generous, -o uvaha. Good, -o 1·erct.

Greedy, -a mlula. Great, mulupale. Gratis, yochicho.

Happy, ~vichivela. Hard, -olipa.

ADJECTIVES. 45

Having, with, being with, -mwencnc; a strong man, mtn mwenene ilcunt.

Healthy, -lwmi; a healthy house, inupa ilwmi; a healthy man, mttt mkumi.

Heavy, -a ulemela. High, -otaliva. Hollow, -o pao. Hot, -o mora.

Idle, -a 1·ushia. Ignorant, -jinga (Sw.). Insignificant, -a uvea. Irrational, -a himanya.

Jealous, -a hache. Just, elcelcai.

Large, yttlttpale. Lean, -a wota. Left (hand, etc.), wimushi. Light: not dark, -otela; not heavy, uveua. Like, chim·e. Little, -lcani; a little water, maslti valwni. Living, -shima, -kumi. Long, -otaliva. Low, -a ttlcuvea.

Mad, ihalahala. Male, mlopwana. Many, chinji. Moist, yotapwatapwa.

46

Naked, wikaletu. Narrow, uhechevala. New, yonanano.

ADJECTIVES.

Old : of things, -o lcalai; of persons, -ulupale. Only, yovelca. Other, -kina.

Patient, -uvilela. Perfect, -chelcai. Pleasant, -ochiva. Poor, -ohuva. Possible, -woria.

Quarrelsome, nanrolcotoli. Quick, tweua. Quiet, -rnala.

Raw, -lcitl!i. Red, -kwila, -oshem (?). Regular, -1·atamta. Remote, utaliva. Rich, anene mhalco. Right (hand, etc.), mlopwana. Ripe, utolwta. Righteous, -ekelcai. Rotten, unta. Round, uvililcea.

Sad, ?tpwela. Savage, ttchacha. Secret, uv-itha. Sharp, wivya. Short, -kuvea. Sick, -1·eta, Silent, -mala.

Slim (see Narrow). Smooth, -wercryana. Soft, woloa. Some, alcinalcina. Sour, ~tnyunya. Spotted, manepa. Stout, witivala. Strange, -leta. Strong, -olipa. Stupid, -lochoa. Sweet, -ochiva.

Tall, utal-iva. Thick, -witivala. Thievish, 1tsltiia. Thin, uchechevala. True, -lcelcai.

Uneven, nltililcana. Unwashed, unyala.

Various, ilcinalcina.

ADJECTIVES.

Wasteful, 1m·ihakachi. "'\V arm, -mtukuta. Weak, usholcoya. Well done (i.e. well cooked), utolcota. Wet, ~ttapwatapwa. White, -otela. Whole, -7mmi. Wide, -umnlcu.

Young, -lcana. Younger, -himalca.

47

( 48 )

THE NUMERALS.

1, inwka. 2, pili. 3, taru. 4, cheshe. 5, thanu. 6, thanu na imoka. 7, , pili. 8, , taru • . 9, , cheshe.

10, kumi. 11, kumi na imoka. 12, , pili. 13, , taru. 14, , cheshe. 15, , thanu. 16, kurni wathiru thanu 1w imoka. 1 7, " , , pili. 18, , , , taru. 19, , , , cheshe. 20, malcmni rneli. 30, , rnararu. 40, , rnacheslte. 50, , rnathamt. 60, " , 70, " , 80, , , 90, , , 100, , rnakurni.

na nirnoka. , rneli. , mararu. , macheshe.

THE NUMERALS. 49

The changes undergone by the numerals when in agreement with substantives in the nine classes are as follows :-

I. Atu eli, two ; araru, three ; acheshe, four ; athanu na araru, eight.

II. Mishamiro mili, two ; miraru, three ; micheshe, four; mithanu na miraru, eight.

III. Anakuo eli, two ; araru, three ; acheshe, four ; athanu na araru, eight.

IV. Matin:ji meU, two; mararu, three; macheshe, four; mathanu na mararu, eight.

V. Mathakalo meli, two; mararu, three; macheshe, four ; mathanu na mararu, eight.

VI. Ashimiunku eli, two ; araru, three ; acheshe, four; athanu na arw·u, eight.

VII. Ihatha pili, two ; tam, three ; cheshe, four ; thanu na taru, eight.

VIII. Cholia pili, two ; taru, three ; cheshe, four ; thanu na taru, eight.

IX. Vachitu veli, two ; vararu, three; vacheshe, four; vathanu na vararu, eight.

Once, twice, etc., are expressed by prefixing va or by changing the first syllable into va:-

Once, vamoka. Twice, veli. Thrice, vararu. Four times, vacheshe. Five times, vathanu. Six times, vathanu na vamoka. Seven times, , veli. Eight times, , vararu. Nine times, , vacheshe. Ten times, nil£umi.

E

50 THE NUMERALS.

Second, etc., are denoted by prefixing the particle o- with its appropriate initial letter for the different classes of substantives, and by prefixing to the numeral the syllable ne, or by modifying the first syllable into ne. The word denoting first is irre­gular.

Mtu o pacha, the first man. , naeli, the second man . • , neraru, the third man. , necheshe, the fourth man. , nethanu, the fifth man.

PRONOUNS.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

THE full forms of the personal pronouns are-

I, mi, minyano. Thou, uwe, weyu. He or she, yoyo.

We, hi yo, hiyano. You, nyenyu, nyuo. They, yayo, ayo.

It and they, when referring to nouns of other than the first class, are expressed by the demonstrative pronouns.

The second and third persons plural are always used in addressing or speaking of an equal or a superior. The second and third persons singular are only used in speaking of or to inferiors, as to slaves and children. The personal prefixes to the verbs referring to nouns of the first class are-

Subjective. Objective. I ki- Me -ki-Thou u- 'l'hee -u-He or she (a-) Him m· her -m-We n- Us -ni-You 'm-, mw- You -u-'l'hey a,- ya- Them -a-

The subjective prefix of the third person singular is frequently omitted.

Apparently no objective prefixes are used for

52 PRONOUNS.

nouns of the other classes : it and them, when re­ferring to nouns of other than the first class, must be expressed by the demonstrative pronouns. The following examples will show how the subjective prefixes appropriate to the various classes are em­ployed in connection with the word -horoa, the past tense of uroa, to go :-

I. Mtu aho1·oa; atu yahoroa. II. Mshamiro uhoroa; mishamiro chihoroa.

III. Nakuo haroa; anakuo ahoroa. IV. Ntinji nihoroa; matinji ahoroa. V. Uthakala uhoroa; mathakalo ahoroa.

VI. Mwamunku horoa ; ashimiunku ahoroa. VII. Ihatha ihoroa; ihatha chihoroa.

VIII. Yolia ihoroa; cholia chihoroa. IX. Vachitu vahoroa; mchitu mhoroa.-1

The following examples will show the use of the subjective and objective prefixes, referring to per­sons:-

Ki-ho-u-himeria U-ho-m-himeria A -ho-ki-himeria N i-ho-himeriani N-h( o )-a, hime1·ia A -ho-ni-himeria

I have thee told. thou hast him told. he has me told. we have told you. you have them told. they have us told.

PossESSIVE PRONOUNS.

The initial letters of the possessive pronouns vary according to the class of the thing possessed. The invariable parts are-

My, -aka. Thy, -ao. His, her, or its, -awe.

Our, -ihu. Your, -inyu. Their, -aya.

PRONOUNS. 53

A longer form is as commonly used by prefixing aw- before aka, ao, awe, etc.

The changes of the initial letters of -awaka, my, will show the necessary forms throughout.

I. Mtu awaka ; atu awaka. II. Mshamiro wawaka; mishamiro chawalca.

III. Nakuo awalca; analcuo awalca. IV. Ntinji nawalca; matinji awaka. V. Uthalcala wawaka ; mathalcalo awaka.

VI. Mwamunku awaka; ashimiunlcu awalca. VII. Ihatha yawalca ; ihatha chawaka.

VIII. Yolia yawalca; cholia chawalca. IX. V achitu vawalca; mchitu mawalca.

My own, his own, etc., are expressed by adding the word -ene, with its personal prefix, to the pos­sessive pronouns alca, awe, etc.

My own, awalca lcimwene. Thine own, awao umwene. His, her, or its own, awawe mwenene.

Our own, awih1t nanene. Your own, awinyu mwanene. Their own, awaya anene.

REFLECTIVE PRONOUNS.

The Makua verb is made reflective by inserting i as an objective prefix-

Utuna to love. Wituna to love myself.

Self may be expressed by mrima, heart. Where self is employed chiefly to give emphasis

to the personal pronoun, it is expressed by the personal pronoun followed by the word -ene, with its appropriate prefix-

54 PRONOUNS.

I myself Thou thyself He himself We ourselves You yourselves They themselves

minyano kimwenene. weyu umwenene. yoyo mwenene. hiyano nanene. nyenyu mwanene. yayo anene.

By myself, ourselves, etc., are expressed by velc-prefixed to the possessive pronouns.

By myself vekaka. By ourselves By thyself vekao. By yourselves By himself vekawe. By themselves

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

vekehu. velcenyu. vekaya.

There are four demonstrative pronouns: 1. This, denoting objects near at hand. 2. That, objects at a. distance. 3. More directly specific, This or that one here.

1. 2. 3. I. Mtu ula ule yole.

Atu ala ale yayo (?). II. Mshamiro ula ule yole.

Mishamiro chila chile chechile. III. Nakuo ula ule yole.

Anakuo ala ale yale. IV. Ntinji nna nne nnene.

Matinji ala ale yale. V. Uthakala uu ule wowe.

Mathakalo ala ale yale. VI. Mwamunku ula ule yole.

Ashiminuku ala ale yale. VII. Ihatha ila ile yele.

Ihatha chila chile chechile. VIII. Yolia ila ile yele.

Cholia chila chile chechile. IX. Vachitu vaa vale vavale.

Mchitu muu mule momule.

PRONOUNS. 55

The fourth form is made by a sort of double demonstrative before and after the noun-

I. Yole mtule; yale atu ale. II. Yole mshami1·o ole; chechile mishamiro chile.

III. Yole nakuole; yale anakuo ale. IV. Nene ntinji ne; yale matinji yale. V. Wowule uthakala wule; yale mathalcalo ale.

VI. Yole mwamunku ule; yale ashimiunku ale. VII. Yele ihathele ; chechile ihatha chile.

VIII. Yele yoliele; chechile cholia chile. IX. Vawale vachitu vale ; momule mchitu m1tle.

The demonstrative pronouns are very frequently doubled; as, yoleyole, chechilechechile, aleale, etc.

The usual place of a demonstrative is after the noun; as, Mtu ula, this man; but it may be put before the noun, and then the last syllable is repeated after it-Ula mtu la.

The general demonstratives, here and the1·e, are t·a and uo.

There is a sort of demonstrative with the meaning, 'l'his is the one, It is this, Here is the place, etc. Its form for the several classes is as follows-

!. Thiola, piayo. II. Puyola, pichechi.

IIJ. Thiola, piyala. IV. Pinena, piyala. V. Puwowu, piyala.

VI. Thiyola, piyala. VII. Piyela, pichechi.

VIII. Piyela, pichechi. IX. Pivava, pumomu.

Vavao, here is the place. Wowo, there is the place.

56 PRONOUNS.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

There are no relative pronouns in use. The re­lative, when the subject of the verb, is expressed by the direct sentence. When the time is either past or future, a particular tense form is used. The past tense form has the termination -ele or -ile, and the future (equivalent to the -taka- tense in Swahili) is noloha.

When the relative is the object of the verb, these tense forms are again always used, while its subject (if a pronoun) is in the possessive form, and placed after it with the past or present tense, before it with the future.

The man who went The food tha.t went The man whom we sent The man who is going The man whom I saw The man whom thou sawest The man whom he saw The man whom we saw The man who will go The man whom he will see The food which we saw The man who sees me The man who saw us Where I am sleeping Where he is sleeping Where I shall sleep Where he will sleep

mtu aruele. cholia chiruele. mtu urnelernle hu. rntu n01·oa. rntu arnonile alca. mtu arnonile ao. mtu arnonile awe. mtu amonile hu. mtu noloh.oroa. mtu nolohawernwona. yolia yonile hu. mtu nolcona. mtu anonile. vanorupaka. vanorupawe. vanlohakurupa. vanlohaweurupa.

When joined with the verb "to be," the relative is expressed by -ri, with the appropriate prefixes.

I. Uri, ari II. Uri, chiri

which is, which are.

" "

PRONOUNS.

III. Ori, ari which is, which are. IV. Niri, ari

" " v. U1·i, ari " VI. Uri, ari

" VII. Iri, chiri " VIII. I1·i, chiri " " IX. Vari, mri " "

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

Who? What? What is the matter? What thing? What man? What food? When? Which? Where? Where is he? Where are they? Here (inside) By (by the side of) Where do you come from ? How?

upani ? apani ? shiani? urishiani? itu shiani? mtu shiani? cholia shiani ? yakani? shiani? uvi? vai? uri vai? ari vai? mmo. hapo. mnokuma vai ? chani?

57

How many? I. Achani. IV. Machani. VII. Mchani. II. Michani. V. Machani. VIII. Mchani.

III. Achani. VI. Achani. How often? vachani ? Whoever I. Uri othe, ari othe.

II. Uri nothe, chiri chothe. III. Uri othe, ari othe. IV. Niri nothe, ari othe. V. Uri wothe, ari othe.

VI. Uri othe, ari othe. VII. Iri othe, chiri chothe.

VIII. Iri othe, chiri chothe. IX. Vari vothe, mri mothe.

IX. Mchani.

( 58 )

VERBS.

MAKUA verbs always end in a in their simplest form. The simplest form standing alone is the singular of the imperative, as in English-

Panga! do ! Boa! go away! The person and tense are most commonly denoted

by varying prefixes. There is a negative as well as an affirmative conjugation.

In using or construing Makua verbs, the plural of the second and third persons is always employed instead of the singular, where no special inferiority in the person addressed or spoken of is meant to be implied.

INFINITivE MooD. The Infinitive is made by prefixing · u to the

simplest form of the verb-Upanga, to do ; uroa, to go away. Wata, to beat (the u becoming w before the

vowel). The infinitive may always be used as a substan­

tive, like the English verbal substantive in -ing-Upanga, doing.

The infinitive may be prefixed to other parts of the verb to intensify its meaning-

Utuna kinotuna, loving, I love, i.e. I love ex­ceedingly.

VERBS. 59

INDICATIVE Moon. Present Tense.

The Present tense, which is also used as a future, is formed by prefixing no to the simplest form of the verb:-

a, u, a, ni, u, a, a, i, va ·· he goes or will go. :i J ~~h~~ 0~o::i1 o~~ilt go.

. no-roa .11 m we go or w1 go. m you go or will go.

ya, chi, a, a, a, a, chi, chi, m they go or will go.

Present Imperfect. The Present Imperfect tense answers to our tense

with am: I am going, I am loving, etc. It is formed by suffixing the syllable -lea to the form of the present:-

!i j (~h~r: !r0ti~~ing. a, u, a, ni, u, a, a, i, va . k he is going. . no-1oa- a . m we are gomg

m you are going. ya, chi, a, a, a, a, chi, chi, m they are going.

Second Fttture. There is a kind of Second Future formed with the

auxiliary verb to be, and used in the sense of-I shall be doing, loving, going,. etc. :-

ki u

a, u, a, .ni, u, a, a, } ~. va

ni m

ya, chi, a, a, a, a, } chi, chi, m

nolcela m·oa

I shall be going. thou wilt be going.

he will be going.

we shall be going. you will be going.

they will be going.

60 VERBS.

Present Perfect. The Present Perfect answering to the English

tense made with have, is formed by prefixing -ho- to the simplest form of the verb:-

k~ } {~~~v~a~~~~ne. a, u, a, ni, u_, a, a, i, va ho-roa he has gone.

m we have gone. m you have gone.

ya, chi, a, a, a, a, chi, chi, m they have gone.

Past Perfect. The Past Perfect is formed from the present per­

fect by merely inserting -a- between the personal prefix and the verb. The -i- of the first persons sin­gular and plural is dropped before the sign of the past perfect.

! ) {!h:~n.!.entest. a, w, a, n, w, a, a, y, v a-ho-roa he went.

n we went. mw you went.

ya, ch, a, a, a, a, ch, ch, mw they went.

Relative Past. A kind of Relative Past tense is formed by adding

the termination -ele to the root of the verb:-

~ } (!h::~h;~~ntest. a, u, a, ni, u, a, a, i, va l he who went.

ni ro-e e we who went. m you who went.

ya, chi, a, a, a, a, chi, chi, m they who went. A Future Relative is also formed by prefixing

noloha or nloha to the simplest form of the verb: kino­lohm·oa, I who will go, etc., etc.

VERBS. 61

Past Imperfect.

The Past Imperfect is formed from the present tense by inserting a between the personal prefix and the verb:-

k w

a, w, a, n, w, a, a, y, va n

mw ya,ch,a,a,a,a, ch,ch,}

mw

a-no-roa

I was going. thou wast going. he was going. we were going. you were going.

they were going.

IMPERATIVE MooD. The Imperative Singular is the simplest form of

the verb:-Panga! do ! Roa! go away !

The Plural is made by adding -ni to the singular, and is much more commonly employed even m speaking to a single person.

Pangani! do! Roani! go away!

SuBJUNCTIVE MooD. The Subjunctive, which is also used as an impera­

tive, is formed by changing the final vowel into -e, and prefixing the signs of the person :-

ki u

a, n, a, ni, u, a, a, i, va ni m

ya, chi, a, a, a, a, chi, chi, m

that I may go, or, let me go.

that thou mayest go 1·oe that he may go.

that we may go. that you may go. that they may go

62 VERBS.

That, when it denotes an object or intention, and and, when in English it is used to connect an action with some preceding action which leads to it, are expressed by the use of the subjunctive:-

Awiye al~;alie, let him come and sit down.

Conditional.

There is a tense made by prefixing the syllable - ga- to the present perfect form, which is used to express a contingency :-

N,gahoroa, I should go or have gone. Ukahoroa, thou shouldest go or have gone. A, u, a, ni, u, a, a, i, va, -lcahoroa, he should go

or have gone. Ningahoroa, we should go or have gone. Mkahoroa, you should go or have gone. Ya, chi, a, a, a, a, chi, chi, ni, -ngahoroa, they

should go or have gone.

The being in a state, or in the act, of doing any­thing is expressed by the adverb va placed before the verb, the verb being followed by the possessive pronoun.

Vanlohaweolumacha Variayairuaka Vanoliawe Valileyaka Vakilumileawe

when he shall speak. when they were going. when he is eating. when I ate. when he was hurting me.

NEGATIVE TENSES.

Negative Present.

The Negative Present is formed by prefixing ka-,

VERBS. 63

followed by the sign of the person, to the present tense. The first person, however, is irregular:-

aki I do not go or am not going.

ku thou art not going. lea, ku, lea, ka, ku, ka, } noroa h · t .

ki, ki, kava e IS no gomg. kan kam

lea, kachi, ka, ka, ka, } lea, kachi, kachi, kam

we are not going. you are not going.

they are not going.

Negative Future. The Negative Future is formed by prefixing lc-,

followed by the sign of the person, to the simplest form of the verb:-

aki ku

ka, ku,ka, ka, ku, ka,} ki, ki, kava

I will not go. thou wilt not go.

he will not go.

kani roa we will not go. kam you will not go.

ka, kachi, ka, ka, ka, } h ·n t ka, kachi, kachi, kam t ey WI no go.

Negative Past. The Negative Past is formed by prefixing k-, fol­

lowed by the sign of the person, to the ele tense. aki I have not gone. ku thou hast not gone.

ka, ku,ka, ka, ku, ka,} ki, ki, kava

kani kam

ka, kachi, ka, ka, ka, } lea, kachi, kachi, kam

roele he has not gone.

we have not gone. you have not gone.

they have not gone.

VERBS.

Negative Subjunctive. The Negative of the Subjunctive is formed by

inserting between the personal prefix and the form of the present subjunctive, the syllable hi:-

lei that I may not go. u that thou mayest not. go.

a, u, a, "!i, u, a, } a, ~, va

ni m

ya, chi, a, a, a, a, } chi, chi, m

hi-roe that. he may not go.

that we may not go. that you may not go.

that they may not go.

A form of negative with the sense of not yet is formed by the insertion of -na- between the negative and personal prefixes, and the present subjunctive of the verb :-

a lei

ku

ka, ku, lea, lea, ku, ki, ki, kava

kani

kam

lea, kachi, ka, lea, ka, ka, } kachi, kachi, kam

na-1·oe

I have not yet gone.

thou hast not yet gone.

he has not yet gone.

we have not yet gone.

you have not yet gone.

they have not yet gone.

THE PASSIVE VOICE.

The Passive is formed from the active by inserting -i- before the final vowel. It is in all other respects like the active.

Utuna, to love ; utunia, to be loved.

VERBS. 65

THE VERB "TO BE."

The verb ulcala, to be, is somewhat irregular. In the present tense the personal signs are used

alone, to represent is or are. Is (and are) not is expressed by ngati or lea.

Present Perfect. lciri I have been. uri thou hast been.

a, u, a, ni, u, a, a, i, va, -1·i he has been. niri we have been. nu·i you have been.

ya, chi, a, a, a, a, chi, chi, m, -mri they have been.

Past Perfect. The Past Perfect is formed from the present per­

fect by prefixing -a- to the final -ri :-kari I was or had been. wari thou wast or hadst been.

a, u, a, ni, u, a, a, i, va, -ari he was or had been. na1·i we were or had been.

mwa1·i you were or had been. ya, ch, a, a, a, a, ch, ch, mw, -ari they were or had been.

Past Impm-(ect. The Past Imperfect, was or was being, used also

like the Swahili nilciwa, ulciwa, alciwa, etc., is formed regularly from the root of the verb, by prefixing -a- to it, and by suffixing lea:-

; J {!h::s:a~;~;ing. a, u, a, ni, u, a, a, i, va k z l he ·was being.

n a a a ca we we1e being. mw you were being.

ya, ch, a, a, a, a, ch, ch, mw they were being. F

66 VERBS.

Future.

The Future, shall or will be, is formed regularly, by prefixing -no- to the _root of the verb.

a, u, a, ni, :~ a, a, i, va } nokala (f~~!lt~r~~e. n we shall be. m you shall be.

ya, ch, a, a, a, a, ch, ch, mw they shall be.

Subjunctive.

The Subjunctive, that - may be or let - be, is formed regularly from the root by changing a into e, and prefixing the personal signs.

·~ J {!~:~ ~h::~~;~st be. a, u, a, ni, u, a, a, i, va k l that he may be.

ni a e that we may be. m that you may be.

ya, ch, a, a, a, a, ch, ch, mw that they may be.

THE VERB "TO HAVE."

The verb" to have" is expressed by ukala, followecl by na, i.e. "to be with."

DERIVATIVE VERBS.

From any simple verb others may be formed by a. change in its termination.

I. By changing the final a into ela or era the effect is the same as that of adding a preposition in English. The termination era is used when the

VERBS. 67

consonant of the preceding syllable is h or y. Era and ela cannot be interchanged or used as though r and l were the same letter. In Makua it is most important to distinguish r from l.

To make, upanga; to make for, upangela. To bring, uwiha; to bring for, uwihera. To be sorry, uchulcula; to be sorry for, uchu­

kulela. To fall down, uwuluwa; to fall down to,

uwuluwela. To perplex, utapaniha; to perplex for, utapa-

nihera. To miss, uwonya; to miss for, uwonyera. 'l'o climb, uwela; to climb for, uwelela. To buy, uthuma; to buy for, uthumela.

The passive of this form refers to the person, etc., to, for, from, with, etc., which the action is done; and means, to have such a thing done to, for, with, etc., the person, etc.

II. The verb is made causative by changing the final a into iha. If the termination of the simple verb be ua, the causative sometimes makes ula, and sometimes usha :-

'l'o increase, uthepa ; to make to increase, uthepiha.

To grow less, uvulcua ; to make to grow less, uvulcula.

To be angry, uthanala; to make angry, utha-naliha.

To climb, uwela; to make to climb, uweliha. To go out, ulcuma; to make to go out, ulcumiha. To go down, ulcurua; to make to go aown,

ulcurusha. 'l'o change, !tnthmu.a; to make to change,

urukunusha.

68 VERn3.

III. A passive or qua&i-gerundive form is made by the use of the termir.ation ea in place of the final a.

To cheat, wothotha; to be cheated, wothothea. To cut, uthilcila; to be cut, uthilcilea. To find, wona; io 1c to be found, wonea. 'l'o hear, uwiwa; to be to be heard, uwiwanea. To increase, woncherera ; to be increased,

wonchererea.

IV. 'l'he verb is made reciprocal by changing the final a into ana.

To hear, uwiwa ; to hear one another, uwiwa­nana.

To love, watha; to love one another, wathana. To fight, wata; to fight one another, watana.

VF..RBS. 69

LIS'l' OF VERBS.

IN the Makua language there is no ku- prefix as in Swahili, Yao, Shambala, Nyamwezi, etc., to signify the "to" of the infinitive mood. Most Makua verbs begin with the letter u. Thus, " to do " in Makua is upanga.

Abhor, unanarela. Abide, ukalathi. Able, To be, woria: urochiha. Abound with, ufara. Abstain from, uhapua. Abuse, uruana. Accept, utuna; to receive, wukeZa. Accompany, utukanloka. Accomplish, umalia. Accuse, ukihimya. Accustom, ulemaleliha ; to become used to, ulemalela. Ache, uweria ; my head is aching, muru unoweria. Acquit, uhia. Act, upanga. Add to, uoncherera. Admire, utuna. Admit, ugeliha. Adorn, uwarara. Adultery, To commit, ulura. Advance (money, etc.), ulwpiha.

70

Advise, uvaha mashauri. Adze, uthokola. Afflict, uhuviha. Afraid, To be, wova. Agree, wirana. Aim, To take, ttlika.

VERBS.

Alarm, wopopiha; to be alarmed, ulcelia ulata. Alienated, 'l'o be, uhiana. Alter, urulcunusha (neut.). Amazed, To be, uthikina. Angry, To be, uthunala; to make angry, utlmnalilla. Annoy, uhuviha. Answer, wakula. Appear, wonelela. Approach, watama. Approve, utuna. Arise, uroa. Arrange, urehereriha. Arrive, upiya; to make to arrive, upiha; to reach a

person, ukipwanya. Ascend, uwela. Ascertain, uchuhelesha. Ashamed, To be, ulia muru; to make ashamed, umhela

mcheche. Ask, ukoha; to ask for, uvelcela; to make enquiries

on behalf of, umkohera; to ask in marriage, uveka. Assemble, wokela; woke lana ( neut. ). Astonish, umtikinachiha; to be astonished, uthikinacha. Attack, ushenga. Attempt, ulika. Attend, ulita (i.e. wait upon). Audible, To be, wiwanana. A vail, uloka. A void, uhapua. Awake, wuwa; to waken, umusha (act.). A ware, To become, ushurimuka.

VERBS.

Backbite, wotheria. Bake, wosha; to bake pottery, upaha. Banish, womola. Bar, utea. Bark, unla. Bask in the sun, wotela nchua. Bathe, urapa. Be, ukala.

71

Bear (fruit, children, etc.), uyara; carry, ukusha; tolerate, uvilela; bear witness, wonechesha.

Beat, wata; beat to pieces, uwota; beat a roof, upa-pata; beat a drum, wopa.

Beckon, uvela. Beg, uvekela. Beget, uyara. Begin, upachera. Behave, upanga. Belch, ukanana. Bend, upinda ; to bend down, uromiha. Benumb, ukwita. Beware, uwechechesya. Bewitch, uloha. Bind, utuka. Bite, uluma. Bitter, To be, uwawa. Blaze, uparela. Bleed, ukuma ikomi. Blind, To be, upweya. Blossom, ukala ituwa. Blow, as the wind, uruma; to blow with the mouth,

uchelela ; to blow the nose, uutha mamila. Boast, wihimeacha. Boil (bubble np ), uvilua; to cook by boiling, wapea;

to be cooked by boiling, utokota. Border, weshana mwinano. Born, To be, uyaria.

72

Borrow, washimia. Bother, uhuviha.

VERBS.

Bow, woromiha (act.), woroma (neut.). Box the ears, umwata ninthatha. Break, upwesha (act.), upwea ( neut.); to break through,

utemula. Breathe, umumula. Breed, uyara. Brilliant, To be, wonela. Bring, uwiha ; to bring to or for, uwihera ; to bring

up, ulela. Bruise, uvyonola ; to be bruised, uvyonyoa. Brush, ukukuta. Bud, upua. Build, utheka. Burden, To be a, .ulemela. Burn, uparela; to set on fire, uparehela. Burst, uparua. Bury, uvitha. Buy, uthuma; to buy for, uthumela; to buy back,

wopola. Buzz, urithima.

Cackle, utetera : urotolca. Call, wihana. Calm, 'l'o be, umala; to make calm, umaliha. Can (to be able), woria; I cannot, akinoria; I can,

kinooria. Care (take care of), uweha; to take care, uwehechecha;

to consider, upwela; I don't care, pahi. Carry, ukusha; to carry for, ulcushera; to carry (a

baby on the back), umyara; to carry off as spoil, uvara.

Cast, uriha; to cast at, urihela. Catch, ukapula; to catch in a trap, urea; to catch

fish, umenja iltnpa.

VERBS. 73

Cease, ukoma ; to make to cease, ukomiha ; to cease (talking, etc.), umala.

Change, urukunusha (act.) ; urukunua ( neut. ). Charge, ulehera. Chase, ulupata; to chase away, womola. Chastise, utarusha. Cheat, wothotha; to be cheated, wothothea. Chew, ukum. Chirrup, uchonya. Choke, wama. Choose, uthanla. Chop up, uthakacha. Circulate (news, etc.), uwanheliha. Circumcise, winela. Clap the hands, ukwata. Claw, uwarakula. Cleap, ureriha. Clear (to make plain), umhimeresha; to clear (ground

in . .a forest, etc.), uvera; to clear a path by laying aside the grass, uhata.

Cleave, upamla; to cleave to, uvarechesya. Climb, uwela. Close : the eyes, etc., upithiha; the fist, uhurua; a

book, ulcunela. Clothe, wariha; to put on clothes, uwara. Cold, To be, uriria; to feel cold, wona uriria. Collect, ukela (act.), ulcelana ( neut. ). Comb, uvacha. Come, ua; to come to, uwela; to come out, uroa; to

come in, ukela; to come upon (meet with), up­wanya; to come near, watama; to come to life again, uhihimwa ; to come to an end, ulwma ; to arrive, upiya.

Comfort, umaliha ; to be comforted, umalihea. Command, ulamula. Complete, wiraniha; to be complete, wiranihea.

74 VERBS.

Comprehend, uchuwela. Conceal, uvitha ; to be concealed, uvithia. Confident, To be, ukuluvela. Confound, utakaniha. Connect, uparana. Conquer, uvelaveliha, uvelaveliltia (pass.). Consent, utuna. Consider, wupuwela. Console, umaliha. Construct, utheka. Consult, upanga mashauri. Consume, upaha. Continue, upicha; to make to continue, upichiha. Contract, ukula; to shorten, ulcuveha. Contradict, uvaniha. Control, utielela. Convert, urukunusha; to turn, urukunua. Cook, wapea; to cook with fat, warika; to bake.

wosha; to become cooked properly, utokota. Corrupt, uhononacha, uhononea (neut.); to go bad,

untwa. Cough, ukothomola. Count, walakela, walakelea (neut.). Cover, ukunela. Crack, upanga mnyate. Crawl, wapacha. Create, wupa. Cross, ulapua. Crow, wipa. Crumble, utikita. Crush, uwota ; to crush up, uhekaheka. Cry, wunla; to cry about, wunlela. Cultivate, ulima. Cure, uwoniha, uwona. Curse, umlapa; to be cursed, ulapea. Cut, uthikila; to be cut, uthikilea; to cut for, uthi­

kilela; to cut up, uparula.

Destroy, ul!ononacha. Dance, utwela. Dare, woria.

VERBS.

Daub, ul!ika; to daub on, uhikela. Dawn, upacl!osl!a.

75

Deceive, wotl!otl!a; to be deceived, wotl!othea (neut.). Decide, uthikila malove. Decrease, uwukula (act.), uwulcua ( neut. ) .. Defend, ulita. Delay, upicha (neut.). Deliver, wapula; to be delivered, wapulea. Demand, utuna (?). Deny, ukota; to deny to a person, uthuwia. Depart, uroa. Deride, uthea. Descend, ukuruwa. Describe, ulepa. Desert, uhia. Desire, utuna. Despise,· uveha. Detain, upichiha. Die, ukwa; to make to die, umwit•a; to lose by death,

ukwelia. Dig, uthipa. Dignify, ulemiliha; to become dignified, ulemela. Dip, uruwea. Direct, ulehera. Disagree, uwana. Disembowel, upula. Disgrace, umhela mcheche. Disgust, unanarela. Dish up, uva1da. Disquiet, ulml'iha; to be disquieted, uhuva. Disobey, uhirumia. Disorder, uthipula; to be in disorder, uthipulia. Distort, unyopotola ; to be distorted, unyopotoa.

76

Distribute, umeaniha. Drive, unela. Divide, umeaniha.

VERBS.

Do, upanga; to be done, upangea (neut.). Doubt, uhuva; there is no doubt, kavo uhuva. Doze, uhichiva; to wake up suddenly from a doze,

uthuthua. Drag, upurula. Draw (water), urilca; tE~ draw near, watama; to

draw a line, upanga mlhethela; to draw breath, uhihhneria; to draw up the earth round plants, ukunJerera; to draw the end of the loin cloth between the legs and tuck it in, uwara mgonda.

Dread, wova. Dream, umela. Dress, uwara ikuo; to dress up, wipapa. Drink, uria. Drip, utonya. Drive (to lead, conduct), uholehiha; to drive as a.

shepherd, ushunga; to drive away, womola. Drop, uwuluwa (neut.), uwulusha (act.). Drop into, uwuluwela. Drunken, To be, uhapaliha. Dry, wuma (neut.), wumiha (act..); to put out to

dry, wanea. Dust, ukukuta mtulcuruku. Dwell, ukala.

Earn, upata. Ease one's self, unya. Eat, ulia; to eat for, ulielia; t&~ be eaten or eatable,

ulea; to over-eat one's self, wipelia. Educate, wituchiha. Embark, uwela. Employ, uruma. Empty out, uriha.

Enable, woriha. Encamp, urula. End, umala (neut.). Endure, upicha. Enervate, ushokoiha. Enjoy, utelia.

VERBS.

Enlarge, wonjerera. Enough, To be, uthoslw. Enquire, ukoha. Enslave, uhelia mu potani. Enter, ukela. Entreat, uvekela. Entrust, weshera. Equalize, ulikaniha. Err, uwonia. Escape, wapua. Exalt, winula. Exceed, uvira. Exchange, walcalcaniha. Excuse, uhia. Exercise, ulemela. Exhort, woniha. Expect, walita. Expel, womola. Explain, uthapula. Extend, wokola (act.). Extinguish, utipiha; to go out, utipea. Extol, ushipa.

77

Fade, uma ; to grow weak and thin, usltolcoia wulcua. Faint, ulwmoa. Fall, ulua; to fall into, uluwela ; to let fall into,

uluweliha; to fall in, upomoa; to fall sick, uwereia. Fan, upepetela. Fast, utuka. Fasten, utuka,

78 VERBS.

Fatten, uneneva (neut.). Fatigue, wocheha; to be fatigued, wochea. Fear, wova. Feed, uliha. Feel, wona. Feign, wipanga. Fell, uthekila. Ferment, uchasha. Ferry, ulapusha. ]'etch, uwiha. Fight, umanana. Fill, uchariha; to become full, 1tchara; to be full, to

have had enough, umpala. Find, wona; to be to be found, wonea. Finish, umaliha (act.), umala (neut.); to finish off,

urehereria; to finish a journey, upia. Fire (to set on fire), uhela moro; to apply fire in any

way, upaha. Fish, umenJa ihopa. Fit, uloka. Fix, uparelela. Flame, upara. Flash (to lighten), uverunya. Flay, ukava. Flee, utiawa. Flexible, To be, uhongomana. Float, urapela. Flinch, wova. Flourish, ukonda. Flow, uvira. Flower, ukuma ithuthu. Fly, uvava. Fold, upinda. Follow, utara. Forbid, ulumela. Force, uhela iku1·u.

Forge, uhana yuma. Forget, uliyala. Forgive, uhiera. Forsake, uhia.

VERBS.

Free, uhia unethi. Frighten, woviha. Frown, uwiha mahinyari. Fry, werika. Fulfil, umaliha.

Gain, upata impumi. Gape, wiria muria. Gather, urukula; to gather together, wukela.

79

Get, upata; to get better, uwona; to get drunk, uhapalia; to get dry, wuma; to get for, upatela; to get goods oil credit, ukopa; to get into, ukela; to get out, ukuma; to get ripe, utokota; to get through, upwaha; to get up, uroa; to get upon, uwela.

Give (a thing), ukumiha; to give to a person, uvaha; to give back, uhokoleshera; to give trouble, uhu­viha.

Glide, uthereria. Glitter, utela. Glorify, ushipa. Glow, ung'ala. Go, wetha; to go for, wethela; to go ashore, ukochera;

to go away, uroa; to go away from, uhia; to go back, uhokolea ; to go bad, wunta ; to go before, uholela; to go by, uvi1·a; to go crooked, urukureria; to go into, ukela; to go on board, uwela; to go over, ulapua; to go running, wetha uwakuvacha.

Govern, ukeli inupa. Grasp, uvara. Greedy_, To be, ulcalia milili. Grieve, umchulculiha (act.), umchukula (neut.).

80

Grin, ushenya mino. Grind, ushila. Groan, wipulela.

VERBS.

Grow, uloha; to become large, unua; of plants, umea; to become full grown, ukomala; to grow fat, uneneva; to grow thin, wota; to grow less, ukua; to make to grow up, unuwiha.

Grumble, utokuta. Guard, ushunga. Guess, wanihera. Guide, uthonya.

Halt, urula; to go lame, utembela. Hammer, ulcomela. Hang, wanea; to be suspended, utulcelela; to hang

up, uthomea; to strangle, unyopotola. Harass, uhuviha; to be embarrassed, uhuva. Harm, upwerera. Hasten, walcuviha (act.), wakuva (neut.). Hatch, utlzatha; to break the egg, uthothola. Hate, unanarela. Have, ukala na. Heal, uwoniha; to be healed, wiwanea. Hear, wiwa; to hear one another, wiwanana ; to be

to be heard, wiwanea. Hearken, wiwelela. Heat (get hot), upata mtukuta. Help, ukaviha. Hesitate, wuma uwanoni. Hide, uvitha. Hinder, utiyelela. Hit, wata. Hoarse, To be, ulala nlowe. Hoe, ulima; to hoc up, wesha matuto. Hoist, uthomea. Hold, uvara.

Hollow out, uwuhula. Honour, ulemeliha. Hope, ukuZ.uvela.

VERBS.

Humble one's self, wiyeviha. Humble, uyeviha. Hunger, wolia ithala. Hunt, ulupata. Hurt, uluma, uweria (act.). Husk (of Indian corn, etc.), ulcalcata.

Ill, or unwell, To be, uwereia. Imitate, utara. Immerse, uruwea. Imprecate against, ulapiha. Imprison, utuka. Incline, woroma ( neut. ), woromiha (act.). Increase, woncherera (act.), wonchere1·ea ( neut. ). Indebted, To be, wulumihia. Indulge in, ulemaleliha. Ingratiate one's self, wipwaneliha. Inhabit, ukalathi. Inquire, wavia. Instruct, wetujiha. Insult, uruwana. Inter, uvitha.

81

Intoxicate, uhapaliha; to become intoxicated, ulla· palia.

Invite, wihana; to invite to come in, uwihanela. Itch, unena.

Jam, ukoromela. Jest, uhewulacha. Join, uluta (act.); ulutana (neut.). Judge, wakanyulaniha. Jump, uvava.

G

82 VERBS,

Keep, wesha ; to take care of, ushunga ; to hold, uwara ; to keep (animals), uhuwa; to keep from, uhapuwiha.

Kick, wata ninyao. Kill, wiva ; to kill for food, uhitha. Kind, To be, upanga cho urera. Knead, uwota. Kneel, ukoroma. Knock, watakela. Know, uchuela; I know where he is, kihochuela uri­

awe; I know how to speak the language of Zan­zibar, kihochuela ulmnacha imaka; I can do black­smith's ·work, kihochuela uhana; to recognize, uchuela ; to be knowable, uchuelachia; to make to know, uchueliha ; to become known, uwanela.

Lace (the rope of a bedstead), uranda. Lacerate, wahula. Lame, To be, uturnbela. Last, ulipa. Laugh, uthea. Lay, uhela; to lay down, wathalela; to lay eggs,

urela moche; to lay open, ukunula. Lazy, To be, ulcalo1·ushia. Lead, wolcola; to lead astray, wonyiha. Leak, uwuva. Lean upon, witholcochira. --, 'l'o be, wota. Learn, wituchiha. Leave, uhia; to leave to, uhiyem; to be left, ul1ala;

to take leave of, uleha; to leave one another, ulehana.

Leaven, uchulcumala. Lend, washima. Lessen, uwukula. Level, urehereria.

Liberate, uthapula. Lick, ulatha.

VERBS. 83

Lie : to tell falsehoods, wotha; to lie down, uyatha­lela; to lie heavy on, ulemela; to lie in wait for, ulohera.

Lift, winula. Light, unena. Like, utuna. Liken, ulataniha. I"inger, upicha. Listen, wiwelela. Live (stay, or, be), ukalala; to be alive, ukala

mkumi. Load, umlcuchiha; to load a gun, uhelela. Long for, umirieria ukwilu. Look, uweha; to look out, or look carefully, uwehe­

rera; to look for, uwavia; to look after, uthoko­reria.

Loose, uthapula. Lose (to be lost to), urimela; I have lost my knife,

mwalo uholcirihia. · Lov~, utuna.

Magnify, ushipa. Make, upanga; to create, wupa; to make for, upa­

ngela ; to make sorry, uchukuliha ; to make to agree, wiraniha; to make to enter, ukeliha.

1\Iark, uhela alama. Marry : of the husband, uthela; of the wife, uthelia ;

of the couple, uthelana; of the parents, utheliha. To ask in marriage, uvelca..

Mean, umwayina. Measure, upima. Mediate, wakanyulaniha. l\feet, wonana; to meet with, upwanya. Melt, uthothoa (neut.), uthothosha (act.).

84 VERBS.

Mend, upangacha; to sew up, utotelela. Mention, u1·omola. Milk, wama. Mind (take care of), utholcoreria. Mingle, uthakaniha; to be mingled, uthakanihea. Miss, uwonya. Mislead, u1·iha. Mock, utara. Molest, upacha. Mount, uwela. Mourn, ukala mariro. Move, uchusherera ( neut. ), uchusheriha (act.); to

shake, utilcinya; to change the place of dwelling, uthama; to cause to remove, uthamiha.

Multiply, uthepiha. Murder, wiva. Murmur, utolcuta.

N arne, uromola. Need, utuna. Neglect, uhiyerera. Nod (doze), uhichila. Noise, To make a, unyalcula. Nourish, uliha. Nurse, ulela. Nudge, ukaka.

Obey, urumela. Object to, uhituna. Obstruct, ukotiha. Offend, uthunaliha. Offer to, ukumihera. Old (to grow), wuluwala. Omit, uhia. Open, ukunula (act.). Opposite, To be, watamela.

VERBS.

Oppress, upacha. . Order, ulehem; to put in order, u1·ehereria. Over-eat one's self, wipelia. Overfeed, wipeliha. Overflow, uminea. Oversee, wemelela.

85

Overturn, urukunusha; to be overturned, urukunua. Owe, wulumihia.

Pain, uwerea. Pardon, uhiem. Pass, uvim ; to make to pass, uviriha; to pass

through, upwaha; to pass over (of a river), ulapulia; to be passable, wetea.

Pasture, ushunga. Patient, uvelela. Pay, uliva; to pay to, ulivela. Peel, ukakata. Peep, uthurumela. Pelt, uwonyera. Perfect, wimniha; to be perfected, wiranea. Perforate, utemlacha. Perplex, utapaniha. Persecute, womola. Perspire, ulcuma mtul.uta. Persuade, uthepia. Pick, urukula; to pick out, uthanla; to pick up,

urolwta. Pinch, uthina. Place, wesha. Plait, utava. Plant, wala. Plaster, umara. Play, uthwela; to play upon an instrument, wopa. Please, upwanela ; to be pleased, upwanelia. Pluck (feathers, etc.), unyochola.

86

Plug up, utiyela. Plunder, uvara. Point, uthokola. Polish, ukuta. Possess, uva1·ia.

VERBS

Possible, To be, worea. Pottery, To make, wupa. Pound, wotawota; to clean corn by pounding, uthitha. Pour, umina; to pour away, uriha. Practise, wilimaliliha. Praise, ushipa. -- one's self, wishipa. Pray, uvekela. Precede, uholela. Precipitous, To be, uthokolea. Pregnant, To be, ukala nm·ukulu. Prepare, wesha lcalairu. Press, utinyeri1·iha; to press out, wama; to press

heavily upon, ulemela; to press against one another, uthukurnala.

Pretend tci be, wipanga. Prevent, utielela. Proclaim, uwaneliha. Prohibit, wulomela. Profit, upata impumi. Prop up, withokocheriha. Provoke, uthunaliha. Puff (to be puffed up), uthamalea. Pull, upurula; to pull out, upela; to be pulled out,

upelia. Punish, utarusha. Purify, u1·eriha. Pursue, utara. Push, ukaka. Put, uhela; to put across, ulapusha; to put a pot on

the fire, wapea; to put down, urula; to put on

VERBS. 87

(clothes), uwara; to put out (fire, etc.), utipiha; to put to rights, urehereria; to put through, upwahiha.

Putrify, unta.

Quake, uthulcumela. Quarrel, wana. Quiet, umaaliha. Quench, uthipiha.

Race, ukotholana. Rain, urupa. Raise, uthesha. Ransom, wopola. Raw, To be made, uthunyua. Reach (arrive at), upia; to reach a person, upiela;

to cause to reach, upiha. Read, ushoma ; to teach to read, ushomiha. Reap, uthikila. Rear, ulela. Rebel, umrela. Rebuke, wulumela. Receive, wakela ; to accept, utuna ; to receive for

some one else, wakelela. Reckon, walakela. Recline, wiyokola. Recognize, uchuela; to be recognizable, uchuonea. Recollect, wupuwela. Heconcile, wiraniha. He:flect, upuwela. Refuse, ukota; to refuse to, uthua. Regret, uchukula. Reign, ukela inupa. Reject, ukota. Rejoice, utelia (neut.), uteliha (act.). Release, uhia.

88 VERBS.

Remain, ukala ; to be left, uhala. Remember, wupuwela. Remind, wupuweliha. Remove, w·ochiha. Rend, warakula; to be rent to pieces, uthalachatha•

lacha. Repent, utarua. Reply, wakula. Repay, uliva. Reproach, urela. Rescue, wapula. Resemble, ulikana; to make to resemble, ulilcaniha. Rest, witua ( neut. ), wituwiha (act.). Restore, urolcolosha. Resuscitate, uhihimwiha. Return, uhokolea. Reveal, ukunula. Reverse, u1·ukunusha. Revive, ulama. Ride upon, uwela. Ridicule, uhemulacha. Ripen, utholcota. Rise (ascend), uwela; to get up, uroa; to rise to (i.e.·

out of respect to), uroela. Roar, wipa. Roast, wosha. Rob, uiera; take by force, uchomola. Roll, upikirisha (act.). upikiria ( neut. ). Rot, unta. Round, To be, uvilikea. Rouse, wusha. Rub, ukuta; to rub to pieces, utikita; to rub m

ointment, etc., uhika. Ruin, urihiha. Rule, ukela inupa. Ruminate, uchukula.

VERBS. 89

Run, uthyawa; to make to run away, uthyawiha; to run away (from a master, etc.), utoroka; to run down with blood, ukurna iporne.

Rush along, wakuwacha. Rust, uvara rnrenje (neut.).

Satisfy (with food), u1·upaliha; to be satisfied, twu-pala ; to be enough, uthosha.

Save, uwapula; to be saved, wapua. Say, wulurnacha; to say to, ulela. Scald, upwaha ; to be scalded, uvia. Scare, wornolela. Scatter, uTihakacha; to be scattered, urihalcea. Scold, wulurnela. Scorn, uveha. Scour, ukuta. Scrape, wakula. Scratch one's self, wichuna. Search for, wavya. See, wona ; to be seen, wonea. Seek, utuna; to seek advice, utuna ushauri. Seize, uvm·a. Select, uthanla. Sell, uthurna. Send, uvelela; to send to, uvelelela; to send away,

uruchiha; to send back, uhokolosha; to send upon business, ururna.

Separate, urneaniha; to leave one another, uhiyana; to alienate, uhianiha; to become alienated, uhiana.

Serve, ururnela; to be a servant, u1·urnea. Set, wesha; of the sun, wila; to set a trap, urea; to

set in order, upaka (?) ; to set out on a journey, weta rnkwaha.

Settle (to settle an affair), uthilcila. Sew, utota. Shade, uhela rntuchi.

90 VERBS.

Shake, utikinya (act.). Shame, uhela mcheche ; to be put to shame, uhelea

mcheche. Shape, wupa. Share, umeaniha; to be partners in, ukavihana. Sharpen, unona. Shave, wowula. Shell, ukakata. Shine, wonela. Shiver, utetemela (neut.). Shoot, umopa kapwiti; as a plant, upua. Shorten, ukuveha. Shout, ukua. Show, woniha; to show a light, umwalea; to show

one's teeth, ushenya mino. Shrink, uyeva. Shrivel up, unyala. Shrug one's shoulders, winula makatha. Shun, uhapua. Shut, utea; to fasten, utuka; to close, upithiha. Sick, To be, uwerea. Sift, uvem. Sigh, wiha. Silence, umaliha; to become silent, umala. Sin, uwonya. Sing, wipa. Sink, uneliha (act.), unela (neut.). Sit, ukalathi ; like a hen, uramela. Skin, ukava. Slander, wotheria. Slap, wathantha. Slaughter, uhitha. Sleep, urupa; to doze, uhichila. Slide, uthereria. Slit, uparula. Slope, woroma.

VERBS,

Smart, unena; to make to smart, uneniha. Smear on, uhika. Smell, unuka (neut.). Smile, uthea.

91

Smoke, ukuma mwishi; to smoke tobacco, umlia shoni. Smooth, urureria. Snare, urea. Snarl, ushenya mino. Snatch, uchomola. Sneeze, wichamuria. Snore, ung' ong' a, Soak, uruea. Soothe, umaliha. Sorry, To be, uchukula. Sound (i.e. to sound depths, etc.), upima. Sow (seeds), wala. Sparkle, wonela. Speak, ulumacha; to speak to, ulumachela ; to speak

against, wapa. Spend, ulia; to spend time, wopamwaha. Spill, uriha; to be spilt, urihea. Spin, upota. Spit, ushua isheni. Splash, umicha (act.). Splice, uruta. Split, uparula. Spoil, uhununacha. Spoil, uhononea ( neut. ). Spout out, uthupa. Sprain, uthuthusha mtitari. Spread, wanela ( neut. ), waneliha (act.); to spread a

bed, etc., etc., wathala, Sprinkle, unyunyera. tlprout, umela. tlpy out, uhotela. Squabble, wana.

VERBS.

Squeeze, wama; to squeeze together, unyopotola. Stain, uhela manepanepa. Stammer, ukalana ichimene. Stand, wemela, to make to stand, wemeliha ; to stand

by, wemelela. Start : to be startled, uthuthua; to set out, wuua. Startle, uthuthttsha. 1

Starve, ukwa ithala (neut.), ulcwiha ithala (act.). Stay, ukalathi; to loiter, upicha; to stop, utierela (act.). Steal, wiya; to steal from, wiyela. Stick, uvara (neut.). Stick fast, To, upotwera (?). Sting, uluma. Stink, unuka. Stir, wothoa; to stir up, urua; to stir up (fire, etc.).

uthetheria. Stoop, woroma. Stop (to make to cease), uvelaveliha, wemela ( neut.); to

stop up, utiela. Straighten, wokola. Strangle, unyopotola. Strain (a liquid), uhukula. Stray, U?"imela. Strengthen, uhela ikuru. Stretch, wokola. Strew, umicha. Strike, wata ; to strike the foot, ukwalwathua. String, uhulela. Strip off, ukakata. Strive with, ukotolana. Stroke, wapapela. Suck, wamwa. Suckle, wamwiha. Suffer, uhuvihia. Suffice, uthosha. Suit, uloka.

Superintend, wemelela. Support, withokocheriha. Surpass, uvira. Surround, u.rukureria. Sway about, uthetherua.

VERBS,

Swear, ulupela; to swear at, ulupeliha (?). Sweat, ukuma mtul~uta. Sweep, ukwecha. Swell, wipa. Swim (of a man), urapela. Swing, urukureria.

93

Take, ukusha; to receive, wakela; to take to, uvele­lela; to take something from a dish, umea; to take a walk, wetakacha ; to take across, ulapusha ; to take by force, uchomola; to take care of, utho­koreria; to take leave of, uleha; to take off, urula; to take out of the pot, uvaula.

Talk, ulumacha; to talk about, ulumachela; to talk through the nose, ulumachela mpulani.

'!'angle, uthapaniha. Taste, ulawiha. Teach, wetuchiha. 'fear, wahulacha; to be torn, wahua. Tease, upacha. Tell, uhimeria. Tempt, ulilca. 'l'end, ushunga. Terrify, wopopiha. 'l'hatch, utunela. 'l'hink, wupuwela; to think one's self, wiona. Thirst, wona ntona. Threaten, wopopiha. 'l'hresh, weteta. Thrive, ukonda. Throw, uriha; to throw down, uwul1tsha.

94 VERBS.

Tickle, uthekinya. Tie, utuka. Tighten, ulipiha. Tipsy, To be, uhapalia. Tire, W<Jchehiha ; to be tired, wochea. Toast, upaha. Torment, utarusha. Totter : tremble, utetemela; to be shaken, uveverua. Touch, ukwakwanya ; to touch up, urehereria. Track, utara inyao. Trade, uthuma maronda. Train up, ulela. Trample, unyikala. Transform, walcakaniha. Trap, urea. Travel, weta mlcwaha. Treat, upangela. Tremble, utetemela. Trouble, uhuviha; to be troubled, uhuva. Trust in, ukuluvela. Try, ulika. Tumble, uwuluwa; to tumble into, uwuluwela. 'l'urn, urukunusha (neut.), u1·ukunua. Turn aside (neut.), unyopotoa. Twist (a rope, etc.), uritha.

Unclose, ukunula. Uncomfortable, To be, uhuva. Uncover, ukunula. Understand, uchuela. Undo, uthapula; to ruin, urihiha. Unite, uluta. Upset, urulcunusha. Urge, ukaka. Urinate, urucha. Use (accustom), ulemalcliha ; to become accustomed

to, ulemalela.

Vanish, urihea. Vex, uthunaliha. Visible, To be, wonea.

VERBS.

Vomit, urapea; to make to vomit, urapeha.

Wait, ulita; to wait for, ulitelela.

95

Wake, uwuwa (neut.), uwusha (act.); to be awake ukala mitho; to wake up suddenly with a start, uthuthua.

Walk, weta; to walk about, weta; to walk lame, utumbela.

'Wander, urukueria. Want (need), utuna. Ward off, uteleria. Warm up, ukutiha. Wash, uhapiha; to wash clothes, upuputa; to wash

one's self, unyawa; to wash one's hands, unyawa miono.

Waste, uhononacha. Watch, wipithela. Water, uhela mashi. Waylay, ulohera. Weaken, ushokoyiha ; to become weak, ushokoya. Wear, uwara; to wear away, uwukuwa. Weep, wunla. Weigh, upima; to weigh down, ulemela. Whet, unona. Will, utuna. Wink, wupila. Wipe, uvula. Wither, unyala. Withhold from, uthua. Witness bear, wonechesya. Wonder, uthikinacha. Work, upanga mitheko. Worry, uhuviha.

96

'\Vound, umwereha. '\Vrap, upinda. Wring, wama. Wrinkle, ukwitha. Write, wandika.

Yawn, wariamuria.

VERBS.

( 97 )

LIST OF ADVERBS, PREPOSITIONS, AND CONJUNCTIONS.

About (near), watama. Above (adv.), mchulu. --(prep.), vachulu va. Abundantly, chinene. After ( adv. ), utuli. Afterwards, utuli wawe. Again, thoni. Against, vachulu va (?). Ago (long ago), kalai. Alone (by himself), vekawe. Along with, utukanloko omoka. Already, miholo. Also, na. Always, makulw onkea. Amidst, i1·iare yo. Among, iriare. And, na. Anywhere, vari vothe. Apart, utai. As, kuno; like, thoko. At, u- ; at first, kalai; at home, u-; at night, ultiyu.

Back, utltuli. Because, umlatu wo. Before, miholo (adv.), miholo mo (prep.). Behind, uthuli. Below, vathi; uvathi vo (prep.). Between, iriare ya. Both of them, onkea o pili. But, namcho. By (after a passive verb), ni.

98 ADVERBS, PREPOSITIONS, AND CONJUNCTIONS,

Down, vathi. Directly, nana no vava.

Early, mapikosha. Even, anakala. Ever, mahoko ene.

Far, utai. First, kalai. Forth, vathe. Forward, uholu.

Gently, mrimamrima. Gratis, uchicho ..

Hastily, wakuva. Here, va ; he is here, ukala va; I am here, mi va. Hither, anakala va; hither and thither, uno na uno. Hitherto, anakala leo. How? cha? How often? va chani?

If, kuno. In, m, mu-. In tbe middle, iriare; in the middle of, iriare yo. Inside, mhina.

Like, thoko. Little, vakani.

Merely, tu. Moreover, thoni.

Near, watama ; near to, watama ni. Neither-nor, anakala-anakala. Next, o nayeli. No, kiimo. Not, akihiwe. Not yet, kanayo. . Now, manana; now directly, manana vava.

.ADVERBS, PREPOSITIONS, .AND CONJUNCTIONS. 99

Of, -o, with a first letter varying according to the class of the preceding word; that is, of the thing possessed.

On, vachulo vo ; on both sides, malcopela o meli ; on every side, wothewothe ; on foot, wo meto ; on pur­pose, mwayini.

Only, veka. Orderly, mtarata. Out, vathe. Outwardly, wo vathe. Over, vachulu vo.

Perhaps, nokalathoko. Properly, rata.

Quickly, wakuva. Quietly, mrirnamrima.

Slowly, mrimamrima. So, chicho. Sometimes, nanano. Soon, manano va,va. Still, thoni. Strongly, vo kuru.

That (how that), wira. Then (then it was), pivavao. There, vale, uo, ule. Therefore, pumlato (?). Thus, cho. Till, mpika. To, before a verb where it expresses the purpose or

the object arrived at, is expressed by the use of the subjunctive. .As the sign of the infinitive, it is expressed by u-.

Together, vamoka. Truly, ikekai.

100 ADVERBS, PREPOSITIONS, AND CONJUNCTIONS.

Under, vathe vo. Until, mpika. Up, mchulu.

Vainly, yo chicho. Very, maromaro.

Well, rata. What? shiyani ? What do you want? unotuna

ishyani? What tree is it? mwiri shiyani ula"' What man? mtu thuvi?

When ? yakani ? When (if, as soon as), anakala. Where? vai? I don't know where he is, akichueuli

va uriawe; I don't know where I am going, aki­chueuli va nokelaka; where the tree is, va mwi1'ini.

Wherever, vare vothe; wherever I go, unokela ka wothe; wherever I enter, nlohaka ukela mothe ; wherever I am, variaka vothe.

Whether-or, anakala-anakala. Why? vowira chani ? With, ni; with me, naminyo; with thee, nowe; with

him, nula; with us, nahena; with you, nanyenyo; with them, naala.

Within, mhina. Without, vathe. --, vahi; without seeing him, ahimone.

Yearly, yaka pi yaka. Yes, eyo, chicho, urera. Yonder, uo, uoooo.

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