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Transatlantic tunel. Future of the tunneling

A transatlantic tunnelis a theoretical tunnelthat would span the Atlantic OceanbetweenNorth

AmericaandEuropepossibly for such purposes asmass transit. Some proposals envision technologically

advanced trains reaching speeds of 500 to 8000 !ilometres per hour "#$0 to 5000 mph%. &ost

conceptions of the tunnel envision it between the'nited Statesand the 'nited (ingdom or more

specifically betweenNew )or! *ityand+ondon. ,he main barriers to constructing such a tunnel are cost

with estimates of between -$5 billion to -$/ trillion as well as the limits of current materials science.

Eisting ma1or tunnels such as the *hannel ,unneland Sei!an ,unnel despite using less epensive

technology than any yet proposed for the transatlantic tunnel struggle financially.

A transatlantic tunnel would be 88 times longer than the 2otthard 3ase ,unneland #4 times longer than

the elaware A6ueduct. 7n /00# the iscovery *hannels showExtreme Engineeringaired a program

entitled 9,ransatlantic ,unnel9 which discussed the proposed tunnel concept in detail.

A $:40s proposal has a #$00 miles "5000 !m%;long near;vacuumtube withvactrainsa theoretical type

of maglevtrain which could travel at speeds up to 5000 miles per hour "8000 !mecently advancedimaging technology has been available to scan the inside of the earth by computing how sound wavestravel through the ground. ,his new tool provides an accurate snapshot of a tunnels potentialenvironment showing roc! and soil types as well as geologic anomalies such as faults and fissures.

?hile such technology promises to improve tunnel planning other advances will epedite ecavation andground support. ,he net generation of tunnel;boring machines will be able to cut $400 tons of muc! perhour. Engineers are also eperimenting with other roc!;cutting methods that ta!e advantage of high;

pressurewater 1etslasersor ultrasonics. And chemical engineers are wor!ing on new types of concretethat harden faster because they use resins and other polymers instead of cement.

?ith new technologies and techni6ues tunnels that seemed impossible even $0 years ago suddenly seemdoable. One such tunnel is a proposed ,ransatlantic ,unnel connecting New )or! with +ondon. ,he

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_transithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_transithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seikan_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seikan_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthard_Base_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthard_Base_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthard_Base_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Aqueducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vactrainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vactrainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vactrainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglev_(transport)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglev_(transport)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submerged_floating_tunnelhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/question553.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/question553.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/laser.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/laser.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_transithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seikan_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthard_Base_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Aqueducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vactrainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglev_(transport)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submerged_floating_tunnelhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/question553.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/laser.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel

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#$00;mile;long tunnel would house a magnetically;levitated traintraveling 5000 miles per hour. ,heestimated trip time is 5= minutes ;; almost seven hours shorter than an average transatlantic flight.

Vocabulary:

tunnel; A passagethroughorunder some obstacle"tunel%

cable; An assembly of two or more wires used for electrical power or data circuits "cablu%

pressure-lock doors; door that are closed under preasure "u i @nchise sub presiune%

snapshot; A glimpseof something a portrayal of something at a moment in time "imagine instantanee%

muck; slimy mud"noroi%

Specialized verbs:

to propose a tunnel concept; a propune un proiect concept de tunel

to improve tunnel planning; a deBvolta proiectarea tunelurilor

to excavate the earth- a @nlCtura pCm@ntul a deBgropa

to anchor cables to the sea floor; a ancora cablurile de fundul mCrii

Summery

A transatlantic tunnelis a theoretical tunnelthat would span the Atlantic OceanbetweenNorth

AmericaandEuropepossibly for such purposes asmass transit. Some proposals envision technologically

advanced trains reaching speeds of 500 to 8000 !ilometres per hour "#$0 to 5000 mph%. &ost

conceptions of the tunnel envision it between the'nited Statesand the 'nited (ingdom or more

specifically betweenNew )or! *ityand +ondon.

A transatlantic tunnel would be 88 times longer than the 2otthard 3ase ,unneland #4 times longer than

the elaware A6ueduct.

As their tools improve engineers continue to build longer and bigger tunnels. >ecently advancedimaging technology has been available to scan the inside of the earth by computing how sound wavestravel through the ground. ,his new tool provides an accurate snapshot of a tunnels potentialenvironment showing roc! and soil types as well as geologic anomalies such as faults and fissures.

?hile such technology promises to improve tunnel planning other advances will epedite ecavation andground support. ,he net generation of tunnel;boring machines will be able to cut $400 tons of muc! perhour. Engineers are also eperimenting with other roc!;cutting methods that ta!e advantage of high;

pressurewater 1etslasersor ultrasonics. And chemical engineers are wor!ing on new types of concretethat harden faster because they use resins and other polymers instead of cement.

http://www.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/maglev-train.htmhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/throughhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/underhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/obstaclehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glimpsehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_transithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_transithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthard_Base_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthard_Base_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthard_Base_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Aqueducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Aqueducthttp://www.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/question553.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/question553.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/laser.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/laser.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/maglev-train.htmhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/throughhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/underhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/obstaclehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glimpsehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_transithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthard_Base_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Aqueducthttp://www.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/question553.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/laser.htm

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?ith new technologies and techni6ues tunnels that seemed impossible even $0 years ago suddenly seemdoable. One such tunnel is a proposed ,ransatlantic ,unnel connecting New )or! with +ondon. ,he#$00;mile;long tunnel would house a magnetically;levitated traintraveling 5000 miles per hour. ,heestimated trip time is 5= minutes ;; almost seven hours shorter than an average transatlantic flight.

'niversitatea ,ehnicC a &oldovei

ortofoliu

http://www.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/maglev-train.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/maglev-train.htm

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