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The lPSl BgD Transactions onAdvanced R.esearch

lMulti-, lnter-, and Trans-disciplinary lssues in Computer Science and Engineering

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Special lssue on the Research with Elements ofMultidisciplinary, lnterdisciplinary, and Transdisciplinary:

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Table of Contents:

An M+l+T++ Research Approach to Network-Based Mobile Education (NBME) and Teaching-Studying-Learning Processes: Towards a Global Metamodel

Polyscopic Topic Maps-Based Flexible and Exploratory Learning

Neurobiological and Transformational Learni ngJanik,Daniel; Bills, Margaret.; Saito, Hisako; and Widjaja, Christina......... ......................19The Management of Personnel Collaboration for the lmprovernent of Multidisciplinary Projects

A Quantitative Evaluation of Singing through Electromyography

Validation and Usability Analysis of lntelligent Systems: An lntegrated ApproachMosqueira-Rey, Eduardo; and MorelBonillo, Vicente ............................37Telemedicine lntelligent Learning. Ontology for Agent TechnologyFerrer-Roca, A. O.; Figueredo, K.; Franco, A.; and C6rdenas, B,^............ .....................46Online Fundraising for Nonprofit Organizations

From Art to lndustry: Development of Biomedical SimulatorsKofranek, Jiri; Andrlik, Michal; Kripner, Tomas; and Stodulka, Pe1r................ ................62Performance of a Parallel Technique for Solving Stiff ODEs Using a Block-diagonal lmplicit Runge-KuttaMethodKartawidjaja, M. A., Suhartanto, H., and Basaruddin, T..................... .............................58An Analysis of Student Satisfaction in Higher Education Courses Delivered Online and in the Live Classroom

Sustainability and Safety: The Complex System Properties

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Sustainability and Safety:The Complex System Properties

Afgan, H., Naim; and Carvalho G., Maria

Abstract- /n the assessment of long term behaviorof the complex system we introduce the notion ofsustainability as the measure for the quality of thesystem. lt is defined as a new quality which ismeasuring the ability of our society to secure andnot compromise the ability of future generation tohave quality of the life at least the same as ourgeneration. This definitian is a new approach tothe definition of the comlex system property.The safety property of complex system tsimmanent to any system. lt reflects guantitativemerit for degradation of the sysfem. AIso, itincludes rate af changes for any process leadingto degradation of the sysfern. Environmentaldegradation is among the most pressing globali ss ues confronti n g modern soc i ety.Sustainability and safety are linked with the similaressenfia/ idea to prevent degradation of the qualityof the system. The sustainability is defined as theaggregation function of physical, soeial,technological, environmental and resourcesparameters. The safety is time derivative of thesustainability index. lt was shown referenceexample of application of the multi-criteriaevaluation with Sustainability and Safety Indexesof complex system. ln conclusion, the evaluationof complex system is involved in the sustainabledevelopment research with associated unceftainty.

Key words-cornp/ex sysfem economic,environmental, technological and social indicator,indexes, multi-criteria eval uation, resou rce, safety,sustainability

1. INTRODUCTION

The paper is an attempt to introduce thesustainability definition in the evaluation of ihecomplex systems. By the introduction ofsustainability notion as the proprety of thecomplex system a new approach is developedand applied in the selection ana assessment ofdifferent systems.

The vulnerability of modern world is animportant issue to our humanity. For this reasonit is of great importance to understand the stateof system which may lead to the hazardousdegeneration of any life support systems [1]. Wenow live in the world with treats that most of our

Mauusclipt received April 5 - 2005. This wort was suppofted iltpat by the Eu'opean Conmissior Contract

Naim H. Afgan, Mechanical Engineering Departnent. TechrricalUniversity of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais,1049 Lisbon Portugal(corresponding author) (e-mail: nafgan@navier.ist.utl.pt).

Mana de Graca Carualho. Mechmical EngineeringDepefiament,Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049. Lisbon- Ponugal

sophisticated man made systems may becomesource of the hazardous species which mayeffect human lives. Fundamental safetyconsciousness is a challenge for understandingihe need for the development of appropriatemethodology for the assessment and evaluationof potential standard for safety. We arewitnessing everyday that the safety notion is akey issue in human life. lt has effects withindividual and collective consequences in longterm and short term span of time.

The development of sustainability science hasbecome ultimaie goal of modern society [2]. Likeany other knowledge the safety science iscumulative resource of human history. Number ofhazardous events is increasing which may bejustified as consequence of the need for thebetter understanding individual events as muchas the notion of collective properties of lifesupport systems. lt is immanent to any lifesupport system to be described with therespective properties representing collective setof individual indicators. Relation between thesafety properties of complex system and anyother property of complex system is thefundamental quality indicator of the system..

ln the assessment of long term behavior ofthe system we have to introduce notion of thesustainability as the measure for the quality of thesystem.[3,4] lt is defined as the quality which ismeasuring the ability of our society to secure andnot compromise the ability of future generation tohave quality of the life at least the same as ourgeneration. This measurement is aimed tofacilitate control of the steady state of oursystems. The safety of any system is closelylinked to the change of quality of the system. lt isknown in thermodynamics that any change of theentropy of the system is directed to its maximum.lf we look at the global scale of complex systemsthe maximum entropy will mean the death of thesystem. lf we consider complex system definedwith sustainability as the indicator of its quality, itis logical to assume that the time change ofsustainability of the system may be used as themeasure for the potential changes of safety ofthe system. Even it was accepted that presentscience is not in position to allow us to explain ormodel the complex system in the world, in thepast number of years the attention was focusedto study phenomena that seemed to begoverning the spontaneous appearance of novelstructure and their adoption to the changingenvironment [5]. Most of the life suppod systems

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are convoluting to the formation of the newstructure and require a new approach in theevaluation of the system. The complexity of thesystems is increasing in current decade.. Thereare many reasons. Among those are: ontologicalchanges, epistemological changes and changesin the nature of decision making.. Sustainabilitydevelopment requires integrating economic,social, cultural, political and ecological factors.From the scientific viewpoint there are two basictask: one is the identification and understandingof the most important is the linkages betweendifferent factors and different scales that originatethe possible changes in one component of thesystem into other parts of the system. The othertask understands the dynamic of the system.

Environmental degradation [6] are among themost pressing global issues confronting modernsociety. lnvestigation of the potential capacity ofthe complex system to cause envrronmentaldegradation is an important goal of modernscience. The study of these problems hasimposed the demand for the assessment ofsafety properties of complex system [7] In thisrespect definition of the safety property of thesystem is the essential parameter which definethe adaptability of the system to its surrounding.Since sustainability of the complex system is byitself its property of the system, it is acceptable totake the sustainability change as the propertyindicator for the safety of the system.

Sustainability and safety are linked with thesimilar essential idea to prevent degradation ofthe quality of the system. As sustainability isdefined as the aggregation function of thephysical, social, technological, environmentaland resources parameters it can be defined thatthe safety is time derivative of the sustainabilityindicators. Abrupt change of the sustainability willlead to the disastrous degradation of the system.Similarly, it can be taken that any adversechange rn the sustainability indicator as therespective measure for the safety degradation ofthe system.

2 SUSTAINABILITY

Sustainability comprise complex systemapproach in the evaluation of the system state.By its definition sustainability include definition ofquality merits without compromising amongdifferent aspect of system complexity, lt is ofparamount importance for any system as thecomplex system to quantify elements ofcomplexity taking into a consideration variousdegree of complexity. As regards complexityelements of the system it can be codified as thespecific structure reflecting differentcharacteristics of the system.

Any process is characterized by the entropyproduction as the measure of the irreversibility ofthe processes within the system.. So, thecomplexity element of the system is reflecting

internal parameter interaction can be defined bythe entropy production in the system. ln thecomplexity definition of system one of theelement is entropy generation on the system orenergy losses in process [8]

Complexity elements of the economicindicators are structured in different levels areintrlnsic to the specific levels and are measuredin different scale. ln the classical evaluation ofsystem the economic merits are of primaryinterest. Since the economic quality is reflectingoptimization function imposing minimum finaleproduct cost , there are a number of parameterswhich are of interest to be taken into aconsideration in the mathematical model for thedetermination of the optimized values of requiredfor its evaluation .

Mutual interaction between the system and itssurrounding is immanent for any life supportsystem. As it is known the system is takingmaterial resources from the surrounding anddisposing residual to the environment. Amongthose residuals are the most important thosewhich are in gaseous form and are dissipated tothe environment. Also, most of the energy systemis disposing low entropy heat to the environment

The social element of complexity of thesystem is property of the complex system.. ln the.social aspect of the system is included risk ofenvironmental changes, health and nuclearhazards and may have to deal with acompounding of complexity at different level.Also, under social constrain reflecting socialaspect of complexity of energy system areadded values which improve the quality of thehumanlife.

Fig. 1 Sustainability lndex StructureThe technology quality of the system is the

element of the complexity of the system. lt maybe defined and qualified as the potentialupgrading of the individual part of the system andalso as the interrelation among the elements. lnthe language of complex system this propertycan be understood as the inherent creativity ofspontaneous appearance of novel structure..Thermodynamically, information introduced in thesystem is the negentropy as the result of the

t30

change in the structure of system leading to thebetter performance .

Fig.1 shows graphical presentation ofmultidrmensional Sustainability Index which isexpressed as the additive function of theindicators multiplied by the respective weightittgcoefficients.

3. SAFETY

ln the decade from 199'1-2000, naturaldisasters killed a reported 665,598 people,probably an underestimate. And every year over211,000 people are affected by natural disasters- two-thirds of them from floods. The number ofweather-related disasters (droughts, floods andstorms, for example) has doubled since 1996while the number of geophysical disasters (e.9.earlhquakes and volcanic eruptions) hasremained steady over the last decade. And whilefloods cause the most damage, earthquakes runa close second, causing nearly US$270 billion ofdamage in the decade from 1991-2000.

The risk of natural disasters is often knownand some preventive measures can be taken toprotect human life, Lrsing selected maierials andpractices for building, avoiding flood-prone areas,etc. But it is often impossible to protect historicmonuments from damage. Local authoritiesmight also draw up a disasier action plan thatcould include briefing emergency services onhow to limit the damage.

The safety of complex system property isimmanent to any system. lt reflects quantitativemerit for the degradation of the system. Also, itinclr-rdes rate of changes for any process leadingto degradatron of the system. lt may be seen asthe potential property predicting total degradationof the system. . lt is commonly known that anydegradation of the system precede with thechanges of the main properties of the system.Since sustainability is a complex property of anysystem the description of the sustainabilitychange in time scale will lead to the possibility todefine those rates of charrges which may havedifferent consequences. There are differentdisasters which are reflection of the specificcauses. [9].

Taking into a consideration the change ofindividual elements of complexity we can designquantities which are of importance for definitionof the potential states leading to the degradationof the system. ln this respect we can analyze allelements of the conrplexity of the system andtheir change in the time scale.

Any process in the system is characterizedwith the entropy prodLrction as the measure ofthe irreversibility of the processes within thesystem.. The stationary state of the process ischaracterized by the constant entropyproduction[15] Non linearity of any process leadsto the very fast degradation of the system.Typical example of this type of process isexplosion. So, the rate of changes of entropy

production in the system can be taken as thecharacteristic quality of the system whichdescribe safety of the system.

The change of economic elements of indicatoris intrinsic to the specific characteristic to bemeasured in the time scale. The time change ofthe economic indicators is common to theclassical evaluation of system.. Any crises of theeconomic system is preceded with correspondingchanges in the economic indicator of the system.Qualitative measurement of these indicatorchanges may lead to the forecast of theeconomic crises which is only one element of thepotential disastrous changes of the systemeffecting its safety. Fig. 3, shows schematicpresentaiion of Safety lndex.

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Fig. 2 Schematic presentation of Safety lndex

The mutual interaction between the systemand its surrounding is immanent for any system.The changes in the interaction rate will effect thesafety of the system... lf this processes are insteady state it can be considered that the systemsafe.. As good example for this type of changesof indicators is the interaction of the system andits surrounding in the case of radioactive leaksfrom the nuclear facilities, which may lead to thehazardous consequences.

The change of social element of complexity ofthe system is property of the complex system..The social aspect of the system includes the riskof environmental changes, health and nuclearhazards and may have to deal with acompounding of complexity at different level. lt isof interest to notice that some of the socialchanges are an inherent characteristic of thesystem. As example we can take any strikewhich is result of the economic changes of thesystem. Similar example can be seen if there issudden change in the environment which willlead to the social disturbance .

4. MULTI-CRITERIA EVALUATION OFSUSIA/I\/48/ LI TY AN D SAF ETY

The complex system requires specialrnethodology for the evaluation. Since complexityof the system is closely related to the multi-dimensional space with different scale, themethodology has to bear multi-criteria procedurein evaluation of the complex system.

The method for multi-criteria evaluation and

8i

assessment of complex system has proved to bepromising tool for the determination of quality ofthe system. Even it was shown that there aresome deficiencies in the presenied method , it isa new route in tracing future analysis of complexsystem.

Sustainability comprise complex systemapproach in the evaluation of the system state.By its definition, sustainability include definition ofquality merits [10,11]. lt is important for theassessment of any complex system to quantifyelements of complexity taking into aconsideration various degree of complexity. Thecomplexity elements of the system can becodified as the specific structure reflectingdifferent characteristics of the system 112,121. llshould include description of the interaction ofinternal parameters of the system and the systeminteraction with the different aspect of socio-economic-environment of ecosystem. Theadoption of system to its surrounding leads to thephysical, social and environmental interactionbetween the systern and its surrounding. lf thereare nunrber of different systems to be comparedtaking into a consideration potential behavior ofindividual system in the same surrounding theremust be potential option which will give quantifiedquality priority among the sysietn underconsideration.

ln order to define quantities which are used asmeasuring pararureters in evaluation of thesystems a following definition of qualities areadapted [14]:

1. Resource quality2. Environment quality3. Technological quality4. Social quality

4.1 Resource Quality

Complex system is composed of number ofelements which are connected with the aim toperform specific function,. The organization of thesystem elements is reflecting optimized structureof the system following specific pattern. Thematerial conversion characterization isthermodynamically justified process with optimalinternal parameters of the system. ln this respectthe quantification of thermodynamic quality of thesystem is reflecting number of parameters whichare defining the design of the system..Otherwise, it can be stated that the complexityelement of internal processes in the system canbe defined as the quality of material conversionmeasured by the thermodynamic efficiency of thesystem or any other parameter including integralparameters of thermodynamic system [15j. Thematerial conversion process is characterized bythe entropy production as the measure of theirreversibility of ihe processes within the system.So, the complexity element of the systemreflecting jnternal parameter change and can bedefined by the entropy production in the system[16]. Lately it is becoming popular to make

energy analysis of the system as the tool for thequality assessment of the system as whole andalso determine energy losses in individualeiements of the system [8]. ln this case thecomplexity element is entropy generation on thesystem or energy losses in conversion process.

4.2 Economic Quality

Any complex system evaluation has to includeeconomic validation of the product and it has tobe the basic building block of the assessmentprocedure [17]. Also, it is indispensable elementof the complex system. The quality of complexsystem has to comprise the economic validationof the system. as the element of complexity. Themain characteristic of the economic quality of thesystem is defined by the parameters comprisingindividual sub-elements of compiexity reflectingeconomics of the system product. lt is usuallyaccepted to determine the economic indicator asthe i"eflection of those sub-elements ofcomplexity which are in the different scale. Forthis reason formation of luzzy set of indicators forthe consideration of energy system options is notirivial and has to reflect different conception ofthe system. Complexity elements of theeconornic indicators are structured in differentlevels are intrinsic to the specific levels and aremeasured in different scale. Since the economicquality is reflecting the optimization functionimposing minimum finale product cost , there is anumber of parameters which are of interest to betaken into a consideration in the mathematicalmodel for the determination of the optimizedvalues required for its evaluation [18].

4. 3 Envi ronment Qu ality

Mutual interaction between the complexsystem and its surrounding is immanent for anylife support system [1 9j. For the complex systemthere are number of interaction which are definedby the respective parameters. On the first place,these interactions are the effects of system onthe environment. As it is known that everysystem is taking material resources from thesurrounding and disposing residual to theenvironment. Among those residuals are themost important those which are in gaseous formand are dissipated to the environment. Also,most of the cornplex systems are disposing lowentropy heat to the environment. So theinteraction between the system and environmentis defined by the amount of material and energytransferred. The assessment of theseinteractions between the system andenvironment leads to recognition of the newelement of complexity of the system. The basiccomponents of environmental complexityelement will be used in the assessment of thequality of individual system among the number ofoptions under consideration. Every complexsystem is entity with the strong interaction with

82

environment. There are ontological changes iehuman-induced changes in the natureproceeding at unprecedented rate and scale andiesulting in grooving connectedness and interdependency. Molecules of carbon dioxideproduced in the energy system leads to theglobal climate changes and adding new elementto the complexity of energy system.

4.4 Technological QualitY

The complex system structure organization issubject to the constant development in order toimprove its functionality and performancequality.[20]. The adoption of the system to thenew

-rlqJirement is complementary to- theorganization changes as the property of theco-mplex system. The assessment oftechnological development implies adaptability ofcomplex system to its evaluation lnformationtechnology has demonstrated that its applicationto any system can lead to the intelligent systemwith seli controlling ability. The potentiality forfurther improvement can be seen as thepotentiality for self-organizaiion of the system'This can be achieved with the use of informationknowledge, organization and also introduction ofnew proi"stei. lt may be defined and qualifiedas the potential of the individual part of thesystem and also as the interrelation among theeiements. ln the language of complex system thisproperty can be understood as the inherentcreativiiy of spontaneous appearance of novelstructure. Thermodynamically, informationintroduced in the system is the negentropy as theresult of the change in the structure of systemleading to the better per-formance [22].

4.5 Social Quality

Social aspect of the complex system is

important factor to define the quality of thesystem. Beside the adverse effect of the systemoh the environment, there may be another drivingforce for the social changes in the region [21] ltcan bring new jobs, new investment, newinfrastructure and many other advantages in theregion. This quality of the system must bedelined as the elements of the complexity of thesystem. The interactions of the system withsociety are properties of the whole, arising fromthe interactions relationship among the systemand surrounding. With a number of options underconsideration the social element of complexity ofthe system will comprise integral parameters andtheir evaluation. The social aspect of the systemincludes risk of environmental changes, healthand nuclear hazards and may have to deal with acompounding of complexity at different level'Also, under social constrain reflecting socialaspect of complexity of system are added valueswhich improve the quality of the human life .

5. /|/D/CATORS

ln order to develop appropriate tool for thequality presentation of complex system, it is ofinterest to introduce the notion of the indicatorswhich are measuring parameters of therespective quality [22]. Before, we will introduceindividual indicators the agglomeration procedureis described.

5.1 Hierarchical Concept of lndicators

As it was shown different complexity elementsare expressed as the integral property of thesystem. For the determination of these elementsrespective model are used based on themaihematical description of the processes withinthe system.

Recently it has become necessary to makeassessment of any system taking into aconsideration the multiple attributes decisionmaking method. lt has been exercised in thenumber of cases the evolution of systems withcriteria reflecting resource, economic,environment, technology and social aspect [23,24, 251 A complex (multi-attribute, multi-dimensional, multivariate, eic.) system is thesystem, whose quality (resources, economics,environment, technology and social) underinvestigation are determined by many initialindices (indicators, parameters, variables,features, characteristics, attribuies, etc.). Anyinitial indicator is treated as the quality's,corresponding to respective criteria. lt issupposed that these indices are necessary andsufficient for the systems' quality estimation [26]'

An example of graph-representation of a 2-heightpyramidal hierarchy of indices is pictured on theFig.4.

Fig.3 Graphical presentation of the algorithm forthe sustainability evaluation of complex systems.

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5.2 Safety lndex

lf it assumed that the sustainability indicator istime dependent function, we can take predefinetime increment and determine Sustainabilitylndex at the beginning and the end of the timeincrement. In Fig.5 is shown the block diagram ofSafety Index

complex systemdefinition of the sustainability index asthe e conomrc, en vironmenttechnological and social quality is verifledas the property ofthe systemthe time change of t sustainable index tsverified as the potential tool for the safetyindex for the system under evaluation

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making sustainabi ity operational, 2001, Ecosystems andSustainable Development . Ed: Y.WEsteve, A.Brebbia,Wessex lnst. of Tech, UK, WIT Press

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Tool for Susta nabi ity : Lessens for Complex SystemTheory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,879, pp.344-367,1 999

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[13] [4ax Plank, Treatise on Thermodynamjcs, DovesPublications lnc, 1 926.

I14l N.Nakicenovc, P.V. Gitti. R. Kruz, Regjonal and GlobalExergy and Energy Efficiency, Energy, 1 996,21,(3)pp 223-237

l15l Progogine I Evaluation Criteria, Variational propertiesand Fluctuatons Non-equlrbrium ThermoclynamicsVariational Techniques and Stability, Ed.R.J Donnely,R Herman, Lprigogine, The Unrversitv ofC"rcago P'ess Chicago.'966

l16l l. Prigogine, D. Kondepudi, Modern Thermodynamics:From Heat Engine to Dissipative processes, John Wileyand son, Chichester, 1998

l17l K-H. Robert, J. Holrnber, U. Lundquist, LCA from aSusta nability Perspective, lnt. Journal LCA, (2)pp.68172.2a0A

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[19] Knowledge for SLlstarnable Developrf ent An lnsight lr.ttoThe ENCYCLaPEDTA OF L|FE SU??ORT SySIEMSVolumes l,ll,lll,UNESCO Publishing-EOLSS pubiishers,Oxford, UK ,2002

[20] M. Binwanger, Technological progress and SustainableDevelopment, Ecoiogical Economics, 36, pp 119-132,2401

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T;I KiILtttl I J Ill

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Fig.4 Block Diagram for Safety lndex

ln this respect we can form respective databases reflecting individual values of theindicators for the specific time.. Following thesame procedure for the Sustainability lndexIncrement for tlre specific time increment we willobtain change in the Sustainability Index asmeasure of the Safety lndex. lf this procedure willbe applied for the different time increments theresults obtained will give us possibility to justifySafety index as the property of the complexsystem. lntroduction of block diagram is aimed toshow the procedure for the definition anddetermination of the safety index. As it can benoticed the first step in this procedure is to definean increment of time for the collection of thebasic data to be used in determination indicators.The safety in complex systems is an openquestion. We have described one approach toachieving this goal that has been demonstratedon several real systems, including :energyenvironment and water systems 128] Safety,however, is not something that is simplyassessed after the fact but must be built into asystem. By identifying safety-relatedrequirements and design constraints early in thedevelopment process, special desiqn andanalysis techniques can be used throughout thesystem life cycle to guide safe softwaredevelopment and evolution.

COlVCtUS/OtuAs the conclusion of this paper it can beemphasized following :- it was shown that the sustainability index

is the relevant property of the complexsystem to be used in evaluation of

?:xis6-15;1

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