INTRODUCTION ALL ABOUT WASTEWaste has been a major environmental issue everywhere since the industrial revolution. Besides the waste we create at home, school and other public places, there are also those from hospitals, industries, farms and other sources. Humans rely so much on material things and they all (almost) end up as waste. And hey where does the waste end up?Waste are items we (individuals, offices, schools, industries, hospitals) dont need and discard. Sometimes there are things we have that the law requires us to discard because they can be harmful. Waste comes in infinite sizessome can be as small as an old toothbrush, or as large as the body of a school bus.

Everyone creates waste, although some people are very environmentally conscious and create very little. Likewise, some countries do a very good job creating less waste and managing the rest. Others are pretty horrible and have created huge environmental problems for the people and animals living there.All over the world, communities handle their waste or trash differently. Some common methods of managing the waste.Generally, waste could be liquid or solid waste. Both of them could be hazardous. Liquid and solid waste types can also be grouped into organic, re-usable and recyclable waste.TRADE WASTEWHAT IS TRADE WASTE?Trade waste is wastewater produced from the operations of industry and commercial businesses, which is discharged to the sewerage system. More contaminated than normal domestic sewage, trade waste can contain chemicals, metals, high organic loads, fats, greases or detergents and therefore need to be managed carefully.TYPES OF WASTESolid wastes: domestic, commercial and industrial wastes especially common as co-disposal of wastes Solid waste means any garbage, refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded materials including solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material, resulting from industrial, commercial, mining and agricultural operations, and from community activities, but does not include solid or dissolved materials in domestic sewage, or solid or dissolved materials in irrigation return flows or industrial discharges In Simple Words- Solid wastes are any discarded or abandoned materials. Solid wastes can be solid, liquid, semi-solid or containerized gaseous material.Examples of solid wastes include the following materials when discarded:

waste tires septage scrap metal latex paints furniture and toys garbage appliances and vehicles oil and anti-freeze empty aerosol cans, paint cans and compressed gas cylinders construction and demolition debris, asbestos some more examples are: plastics, styrofoam containers, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trashLiquid Wastes: wastes in liquid formExamples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds, manufacturing industries and other sources.

Waste can come in non-solid form. Some solid waste can also be converted to a liquid waste form for disposal. It includes point source and non-point source discharges such as storm water and wastewater. Examples of liquid waste include wash water from homes, liquids used for cleaning in industries and waste detergents.Solid type:Solid waste predominantly, is any garbage, refuse or rubbish that we make in our homes and other places. These include old car tires, old newspapers, broken furniture and even food waste. They may include any waste that is non-liquid. Hazardous type:Hazardous or harmful waste is those that potentially threaten public health or the environment. Such waste could be inflammable(can easily catch fire),reactive(can easily explode),corrosive(can easily eat through metal) ortoxic(poisonous to human and animals). In many countries, it is required by law to involve the appropriate authority to supervise the disposal of such hazardous waste. Examples include fire extinguishers, old propane tanks, pesticides, mercury-containing equipment (e.g, thermostats) and lamps (e.g. fluorescent bulbs) and batteries.

Organic type:Organic waste comes from plants or animals sources. Commonly, they include food waste, fruit and vegetable peels, flower trimmings and even dog poop can be classified as organic waste. They are biodegradable (this means they are easily broken down by other organisms over time and turned into manure). Many people turn their organic waste intocompostand use them in their gardens. Recyclable type:Recycling is processing used materials (waste) into new, useful products. This is done to reduce the use of raw materials that would have been used. Waste that can be potentially recycled is termed "Recyclable waste". Aluminum products (like soda, milk and tomato cans), Plastics (grocery shopping bags, plastic bottles), Glass products (like wine and beer bottles, broken glass), Paper products (used envelopes, newspapers and magazines, cardboard boxes) can be recycled and fall into this category.Waste includes land filling, recycling and composting. Other communities strongly embark on waste reduction and litter prevention/control aimed at reducing the production of waste in the first place. Some communities also engage in waste-to-energy plants and hazardous waste disposal programs.Classification of Wastes according to their PropertiesBio-degradableCan be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)Non-biodegradableCannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, styrofoam containers and others)Classification of Wastes according to their Effects on Human Health and the EnvironmentHazardous wastesSubstances unsafe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically that are shipped, transported to or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal in, or in transit through, any part of the territory of the PhilippinesNon-hazardousSubstances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically that are shipped, transported to or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal in, or in transit through, any part of the territory of the Philippines

SOURCES OF WASTESThere are various sources of wate which are as follows:

Municipal sources of waste:This includes trash or garbage from households, schools, offices, market places, restaurants and other public places.They include everyday items like food debris, used plastic bags, soda cans and plastic water bottles, broken furniture, grass clippings, product packaging, broken home appliances and clothing.

Medical/Clinical sources of waste:

Medical/clinical waste, normally refers to waste produced from health care facilities, such as hospitals, clinics, surgical theaters, veterinary hospitals and labs. They tend to be classified as hazard waste rather than general waste.

Items in this group include surgical items, pharmaceuticals, blood, body parts, wound dressing materials, needles and syringes Agricultural sources of waste:Typically, this is waste generated by agricultural activities. These include horticulture, fruit growing, seed growing, livestock breeding, market gardens and seedling nurseries.Waste items in this group include empty pesticide containers, old silage wrap, out of date medicines and wormers, used tires, surplus milk, cocoa pods and corn husks.

End-of-life Automobiles:

When cars are all old and not working again, where do they end up? Many people just leave them to rust in the fields, but there is a better way to deal with them. In many cities, these vehicles are sent to the plant, where all the removable parts are taken out for recycling. The rest is flattened up and shredded into peices for recycling. The last bits that cannot be used again is sent to a landfill.

Industrial sources of waste:

Since the industrial revolution, the rise in the number of industries manufacturing glass, leather, textile, food, electronics, plastic and metal products has significantly contributed to waste production. Take a look at the things in your home, every item there was probably manufactured and possibly, waste was produced as a result.

Construction/demolition sources of waste:

Construction waste is that resulting from the construction of roads and building. Sometimes old buildings and structures are pulled down (demolished) to make space for new ones. This is particularly common in old cities that are modernizing. This is called demolition waste.Waste items include concrete debris, wood, earth, huge package boxes and plastics from the building materials and the like. Electronic sources of waste:

This is waste from electronic and electrical devices. Think of DVD and music players, TV, Telephones, computers, vacuum cleaners and all the other electrical stuff in your home. These are also called e-waste, e-scrap, or waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)Some e-waste (like TV) contains lead, mercury, cadmium, and brominated flame retardants. These are harmful to humans and the environment. It is therefore important that the right authorities ensure the proper disposal of such waste.

HouseholdsCommerce and Industry

Agriculture

Fisheries Waste Generation by Country(Global Waste Survey Final Report Published by IMO 1995)*CountriesAmount /year

Japan395 M tonnes/year

Germany104 M tonnes/year

Netherlands6.1 M tonnes/year

Hungary102 M tonnes/year

Poland130 M tonnes/year

Romania607 M tonnes/year

Bahrain92,000 tonnes/year

China6 B tonnes/year

Philippines1.3 M tonnes/year

EFFECTS OF WASTE IF NOT MANAGED WISELY Affects our health Affects our socio-economic conditions Affects our coastal and marine environment Affects our climateAccording to NAS: GHGs are accumulating in Earths atmosphere as a result of human activities, causing global mean surface air temperature and subsurface ocean temperature to rise. Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea levels and change precipitation and other local climate conditions. Changing regional climates could alter forests, crop yields, and water supplies. This could also affect human health, animals, and many types of ecosystems. Deserts might expand into existing rangelands, and features of some of our national parks might be permanently altered. Some countries are expected to become warmer, although sulfates might limit warming in some areas. Scientists are unable to determine which parts of those countries will become wetter or drier, but there is likely to be an overall trend toward increased precipitation and evaporation, more intense rainstorms, and drier soils. Whether rainfall increases or decreases cannot be reliably projected for specific areas.Activities that have altered the chemical composition of the atmosphere: Buildup of GHGs primarily carbon dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N20). C02 is released to the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels, wood and wood products, and solid waste. CH4 is emitted from the decomposition of organic wastes in landfills, the raising of livestock, and the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. N02 is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as well as during combustion of solid waste and fossil fuels. In 1977, the US emitted about one-fifth of total global GHGs.WHAT SHOULD BE DONE Reduce Waste- Reduce office paper waste by implementing a formal policy to duplex all draft reports and by making training manuals and personnel information available electronically.- Improve product design to use less materials.- Redesign packaging to eliminate excess material while maintaining strength.- Work with customers to design and implement a packaging return program.- Switch to reusable transport containers.- Purchase products in bulk.Reuse- Reuse corrugated moving boxes internally.- Reuse office furniture and supplies, such as interoffice envelopes, file folders, and paper.- Use durable towels, tablecloths, napkins, dishes, cups, and glasses.- Use incoming packaging materials for outgoing shipments.- Encourage employees to reuse office materials rather than purchase new ones.Donate/Exchange- Old books- Old clothes- Old computers- Excess building materials- old equipment to local organizationsEmployee Education- Develop an office recycling procedures packet.- Send out recycling reminders to all employees including environmental articles.- Train employees on recycling practices prior to implementing recycling programs.- Conduct an ongoing training process as new technologies are introduced and new employees join the institution. Education campaign on waste management that includes an extensive internal web site, quarterly newsletters, daily bulletins, promotional signs and helpful reference labels within the campus of an institution.Preventing Waste- Packaging waste reductions and changes in the manufacturing process- use biodegradable materialsConduct outreach program adopting an ecologically sound waste management system which includes: waste reduction segregation at source composting recycling and re-use more efficient collection more environmentally sound disposalResidents are organized into small groups to carry out the following:1. construction of backyard compost pit

2. construction of storage bins where recyclable and reusable materials are stored by each household3. construction of storage centers where recyclable and reusable materials collected by the street sweepers are stored prior to selling to junk dealers4. maintenance of cleanliness in yards and streets5. greening of their respective areas6. encouraging others to join

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMWhat is an EMS?An EMS is a formal set of policies and procedures that define how an organization will evaluate, manage, and track its environmental impact. It follows the basic model:Plan > Do > Check > ActThis facilitates cost-effective environmental performance by defining and continuously improving the process and actions that an organization undertakes to meet its environmental goals. A Policy Statement that communicates an organizations environmental priorities to employees. Managerial endorsement of the policy statement demonstrates the organizations commitment to the effort and willingness to allocate resources for implementation.Once a policy statement is in place, the organization implements it following the modelStages in the Implementation of EMS1. PlanIdentify all environmental aspects: any environmental or health and safety impacts resulting from activities and services. The organization then evaluates each aspect according to a variety of criteria: understanding of eco-ethics environmental and health effects economic impacts liabilitiesAfter establishing a complete list of significant aspects, the organization sets environmental goals and develops a plan to achieve those goals.2. DoThe do-phase of the model involves implementation of the environmental plan through employee training and establishment of operation controls.3. CheckEvaluates progress toward meeting program goals through ongoing monitoring and measuring and periodic EMS audits.4. ActInvolves taking corrective action to update and improve the environmental plan. For example, if an organization makes significant progress on one environmental aspect, another environmental aspect will replace it on the priority list.EMS Certification EPA encourages organizations to use recognized EMS frameworks to improve compliance, pollution prevention, and other measures of environmental performance.Third-party certification can also add credibility to an organizations EMS.Several organizations which offer certification programs: American Chemistry Council American Forest and Paper Association International Chamber of Commerce Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies International Organization for Standardization (ISO) developed the most widely recognized EMS standardWhy manage waste Waste degrades water, soil, and air quality; does environmental and ecological harm. Waste does harm to human health. Waste is a symptom of inefficiency; wastes money. Waste is unpleasant aesthetically.Ways to manage wasteThree components of waste management:1. Source reduction, or reducing the amount of waste entering the waste stream, is best.2. Recovery (recycling and composting) is next best.3. Disposal is the least desired option.Trade Waste collectionObjective To provide a trade waste collection service that removes commercial or industrial solid waste in a convenient, competitive and economic manner whilst generating a reasonable return to the Council.Strategic Considerations and Planned Variation Council currently operates this service in a competitive market and is able to continue to offer a competitive service for businesses requiring multiple bins and multiple services. Council service is based on a rear loading truck whilst the competition uses front lift vehicles. The front lift has an advantage in that the operation can be performed in a faster manner and possibly with less risk with respect to OH&S considerations. Council is currently phasing out the rear-loading vehicle for trade collections and implementing a front lift vehicle in its place. A rear loading vehicle may remain in the fleet to also be a back up for the front lift service provided the dual lifting method is retained for the bins. These vehicles are the best type for cleaning up in and after emergency events and therefore are very flexible. This transition is expected to take place in the 2003/04 financial year. Adequate maintenance allowance has been included in the budget for repair, replacement and retrofitting of the current trade waste bins.

Municipal solid wastePaper is the biggest component of municipal solid waste in the United States.

Waste generation in developing countries

People used to scavenge from this dump in the Philippines, which was closed after an avalanche of trash killed peopleWaste to energy Many incinerators now generate electricity from waste combustion. Waste to energy (WTE) facilities use heat from furnaces to boil water. Steam turns turbines and generators. WTE is efficient and effective, but income from power is low and expense is high, so it takes many years to recoup the investment.

WTE INCINERATIONEnergy from landfillsLandfills can harness energy, too. Bacterial decomposition inside landfills produces methane, the main component of natural gas. By collecting landfill gas: Landfills can make extra money Fuel is made available Greenhouse gas methane is prevented from reaching atmosphere

Reduction is better than disposal Source reduction or preventing waste in the first place, is a better option than disposal. Personal/consumer behavior: Use fewer items Buy less-packaged and longer-lived goods Reuse items Manufacturer behavior: Make goods with less packaging Make longer-lived goods Adopt more-efficient production methodsREUSE Reusing items is a powerful way to reduce ones waste.There are simple ways to do this: Buy used clothing, and donate used clothing Bring your own cloth bags to grocery stores Bring your own coffee mug to coffee shopsCOMPOSTING The conversion of organic waste into mulch or humus by encouraging natural processes of decomposition Reduces a homes waste stream Produces great soil for gardeningMany communities now have municipally run composting programsRECYCLINGRecyclingis a process to change (waste) materials into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduceenergyusage, reduce air pollution (fromincineration) and water pollution (fromlandfilling) by reducing the need for "conventional" waste disposal, and lowergreenhouse gasemissions as compared to plastic production.Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the "Reduce,Reuseand Recycle"waste hierarchy.Consists three steps

For recycling to work, consumers must buy goods made from recycled materials:Many paper productsMany glass and metal productsSome plastic productsGlassphalt for pavingCity park benches, etc.Pages of our textbookGROWTH OF RECYCLING

RECYCLING RATES

Forces driving recycling Businesses see opportunities to save money. Entrepreneurs see opportunities for new businesses. Municipalities desire to reduce waste. People feel satisfaction in recycling responsibly.In many cases the latter two are driving recycling, and many programs today are run at an economic lossIndustrial solid waste Each year U.S. industries generate 7.6 billion tons of total waste. 97% of this is wastewater Industrial solid waste = roughly equivalent to amount of municipal solid waste Regulatory schemes are different: Federal government regulates municipal State or local government regulates industrial Waste is generated at several points in the life cycle of products. At each stage there are opportunities for efficiency improvements, source reduction, and recycling.

Waste and efficiency The less waste produced per item manufactured, the more efficient the process is, from a physical standpoint. But it may not mean it is economically efficient. It may be cheaper to waste materials than not to waste them. This mismatch is why there is so much industrial waste.It is because market prices do not include external costs.Industrial ecology Involves modifying techniques of processing and manufacturing, and finding new uses for materials previously considered waste Seeks to redesign industrial systems to maximize:Physical efficiencyANDEconomic efficiency Tries to make sure all by-products produced are used, either in the same process or a different processIndustrial ecology approaches Life-cycle analysis: find weak spots Find areas where waste products from one process can be used for another process Eliminate and find replacements for products that are environmentally damaging Government regulation of industry may be good for society, but industrial ecology is good for society AND industry.

HAZARDOUS WASTEHazardous waste is the waste that poses a potential danger to human health or it can be defined as:A substance, such as nuclear waste or an industrial byproduct, that is potentially damaging to the environment and harmful to humans and other living organisms.Four criteria: Ignitability: substances catch fire Corrosivity: substances corrode metals Reactivity: substances are chemically unstable and react with other chemicals in dangerous ways Toxicity: substances are known to be harmful to human healthThere are many types of hazardous waste. Two are worst because they persist for a long time without breaking down: Heavy metals (mercury, lead, chromium, arsenic, cadmium, tin, copper from industry, mining, consumer products) Organic compounds(synthetic pesticides, petroleum products, rubber, solvents, preservatives Listed Wastes: Wastes that EPA has determined are hazardous. The lists include the F-list (wastes from common manufacturing and industrial processes), K-list (wastes from specific industries), and P- and U-lists (wastes from commercial chemical products). Characteristic Wastes: Wastes that do not meet any of the listings above but that exhibit ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity. Universal Wastes: Batteries, pesticides, mercury-containing equipment (e.g., thermostats) and lamps (e.g., fluorescent bulbs). Mixed Wastes: Waste that contains both radioactive and hazardous waste components. Waste Identification Process: Details about the process for identifying, characterizing, listing, and delisting hazardous wastes.

Household hazardous waste

We all have many hazardous substances in our homes and everyday lives. Many communities organize pickups or collection centers for this waste. Backyard Composter Drum: Bacteria Convert Kitchen Waste into CompostHousehold Hazardous Waste (HHW) (also referred to as domestic hazardous waste or home generated special materials) is waste that is generated from residential households. HHW only applies to wastes that are the result of the use of materials that are labeled for and sold for "home use". Wastes generated by a company or at an industrial setting are not HHW.The following list includes categories often applied to HHW. It is important to note that many of these categories overlap and that many household wastes can fall into multiple categories: Paintsandsolvents Automotive wastes (usedmotor oil,antifreeze, etc.) Pesticides (insecticides,herbicides,fungicides, etc.) Mercury-containing wastes (thermometers,switches,fluorescent lighting, etc.) Electronics (computers,televisions,cell phones) Aerosols / Propane cylinders Caustics / Cleaning agents Refrigerant-containing appliances Some specialtyBatteries(e.g. lithium, nickel cadmium, or button cell batteries) Ammunition Radioactive waste(some homesmoke detectorsare classified as radioactive waste because they contain very small amounts of a radioactiveisotopeofamericium- see:Disposing of Smoke Detectors

ILLEGAL DUMPINGUnscrupulous individuals or businesses sometimes illegally dump hazardous waste to avoid disposal feesIllegal dumping is defined as discarding waste in an improper or illegal manner, where it doesnt belong and/or where environmental damage is likely because of the improper disposal. Illegal dumping occurs when a person (or business) discards waste where it doesnt belong rather than disposing of it through proper channels, through a licensed waste hauler, recycler, or permitted landfill. This often occurs because proper disposal is too inconvenient, the perpetrator does not want to pay the disposal fee, or does not take the time to prepare the material for proper disposal.

Illegal dumps are typically (but not always) found in rural communities, in sparsely populated areas, and along little-traveled roads. Hidden embankments are prime dumping spots. Almost half of identified illegal dumpsites are directly in or within 50 feet of a waterway. Types of trash typically found in illegal dumpsites include automobile tires, old appliances, furniture, construction and remodeling debris, and household trash. Increasingly, television sets and computer monitors are showing up in illegal dumpsites because of the cost and restriction on disposal.

Impact of Illegal DumpingIllegal dumping poses a threat to a community s drinking water supply when toxins leach out of the trash through rain water and snow melt, enter the groundwater or directly into a waterway, and work its way into the communitys source water supply. Aquatic life and wildlife are also adversely affected by toxins leaching from illegally disposed trash.Finally, illegal dumping takes its toll on property values and community pride. Whether in an urban area or rural, once a neighborhood starts to take on that neglected, litter-strewn or trash infested appearance, community pride and investment go by the wayside.

Hazardous waste: Disposal methods Landfills: Special landfills with stricter regulations are used for hazardous waste. Surface impoundments: Ponds lined with plastic and clay. Liquid hazardous waste evaporates, leaving residue. Deep-well injection: Hazardous waste is pumped deep underground into porous and stable rock formations, away from aquifers.

Hazardous waste: Surface impoundments

Really only for temporary storage; not ideal Waste may overflow, blow out, vaporize, or leak

Hazardous waste: Deep-well injection

Seems a good idea, but is not without risk: Waste can leak out into groundwaterRADIOACTIVE WASTE A special type of hazardous waste Especially dangerous Much produced by military and hospitals; some by research institutions Radioactive wastesarewastesthat containradioactivematerial. Radioactive wastes are usuallyby-productsofnuclear powergeneration and other applications ofnuclear fissionornuclear technology, such asresearchandmedicine. Radioactive waste ishazardousto most forms of life and the environment, and isregulatedby government agencies in order to protect human health and the environment. Radioactivity naturally decays over time, so radioactive waste has to be isolated and confined in appropriate disposal facilities for a sufficient period of time until it no longer poses a hazard. The period of time waste must be stored depends on the type of waste and radioactive isotopes. It can range from a few days for very short-lived isotopes to millions of years for spent nuclear fuel. Current major approaches to managing radioactive waste have been segregation and storage for short-lived waste, near-surface disposal for low and some intermediate level waste, anddeep burialorpartitioning / transmutationfor the high-level waste. A summary of the amounts of radioactive waste and management approaches for most developed countries are presented and reviewed periodically as part of the International(IAEA)Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management.NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF RADIOACTIVE WASTERadioactive waste typically comprises a number ofradioisotopes: unstable configurations of elements thatdecay, emittingionizing radiationwhich can be harmful to humans and the environment. Those isotopes emit different types and levels of radiation, which last for different periods of time.SOURCES OF WASTERadioactive waste comes from a number of sources. The majority of waste originates from the nuclear fuel cycle and nuclear weapons reprocessing. Other sources include medical and industrial wastes, as well as naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) that can be concentrated as a result of the processing or consumption of coal, oil and gas, and some mineralsPREVENTION OF WASTEA theoretical way to reduce waste accumulation is to phase out current reactors in favour ofGeneration IV ReactorsorLiquid Fluoride Thorium Reactors, which output less waste per power generated.Fast reactorscan theoretically consume some existing waste, but the UK's Nuclear Decommissioning Authority described this technology as immature and commercially unproven, and unlikely to start before 2050.MANAGEMENT OF WASTE

In second half of 20th century, several methods of disposal of radioactive waste were investigated by nuclear nations. Which are? "Long term above ground storage", not implemented. "Disposal in outer space", not implemented. "Deep borehole disposal", not implemented. "Rock-melting", not implemented. "Disposal at subduction zones", not implemented. "Ocean disposal", done by the USSR, the United Kingdom,Switzerland, the United States, Belgium, France, The Netherlands, Japan, Sweden, Russia, Germany, Italy and South Korea. (195493) This is no longer permitted by international agreements. "Sub seabed disposal", not implemented, not permitted by international agreements. "Disposal in ice sheets", rejected inAntarctic Treaty "Direct injection", done by USSR and USA.RE-USE OF WASTEAnother option is to find applications for the isotopes in nuclear waste so as tore-usethem.Already,caesium-137,strontium-90and a few other isotopes are extracted for certain industrial applications such asfood irradiationandradioisotope thermoelectric generators. While re-use does not eliminate the need to manage radioisotopes, it reduces the quantity of waste produced.The Nuclear Assisted Hydrocarbon Production Method,Canadian patent application 2,659,302, is a method for the temporary or permanent storage of nuclear waste materials comprising the placing of waste materials into one or more repositories or boreholes constructed into anunconventional oilformation. The thermal flux of the waste materials fracture the formation, alters the chemical and/or physical properties of hydrocarbon material within the subterranean formation to allow removal of the altered material. A mixture of hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and/or other formation fluids are produced from the formation. The radioactivity of high-level radioactive waste affords proliferation resistance to plutonium placed in the periphery of the repository or the deepest portion of a borehole.Breeder reactorscan run on U-238 and transuranic elements, which comprise the majority of spent fuel radioactivity in the 1000-100000 year time span.Associated hazard warning signs The trefoil symbol used to indicate ionising radiation. 2007 ISO radioactivity danger symbol intended for IAEA Category 1, 2 and 3 sources defined as dangerous sources capable of death or serious injury. The dangerous goods transport classification sign for radioactive materials

CONCLUSION Modern waste management methods are far safer for people and the environment than past practices. Recycling and composting have grown fast in many countries. Despite these advances, our prodigious consumption habits have created more waste than ever before. Difficult dilemmas include Superfund cleanup, safe disposal of hazardous and radioactive waste, and local opposition to disposal sites. These dilemmas indicate that the best solution to our problem is to reduce our generation of waste.

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