Tracking progress in rural women’s economic empowerment Ana Paula de la O Campos Social Protection...
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Tracking progress in rural women’s economic empowerment Ana Paula de la O Campos Social Protection Division (ESP/FAO-UN) Milan, 29 May 2015 Technical Seminar
Tracking progress in rural womens economic empowerment Ana
Paula de la O Campos Social Protection Division (ESP/FAO-UN) Milan,
29 May 2015 Technical Seminar on Measuring Rural Womens
Empowerment
Slide 2
Why is womens economic empowerment important for rural poverty
reduction? Women make essential contributions to the rural economy
of all developing country regions as farmers, laborers and
entrepreneurs One fact is strikingly consistent across countries
and contexts: women have less access than men to agricultural
assets, inputs and services and to rural employment opportunities
The gender gap imposes real costs on society in terms of lost
agricultural output, food security and economic growth Thus, for
achieving gender equality in agriculture and food security,
empowering women socially and economically- is needed. An
economically empowered person has both the ability and the power to
make and act on economic decisions, thus being able to succeed and
advance economically and to have the power and capacity to benefit
from economic activities (Golla et al., 2011).
Slide 3
Scarce accurate and reliable statistics Although there is
global consensus that womens empowerment particularly in rural
areas- is fundamental, the world still lacks accurate and reliable
statistics This is problematic for developing clear policy
responses and for monitoring the impact of policies Global data
revolution through EDGE, AGRIS, LSMS-ISA, WEAI surveys and
platforms - Rural Livelihood Monitor, Gender and Land Rights
Database Focus on gender-land related statistics: Landownership is
a proxy for other bundle of rights beyond land rights (property,
inheritance, marriage, nationality rights) And entry point for
accessing rural services: extension, financial Proposed monitoring
indicators in SDGs in the Post 2015 Agenda
Slide 4
Gender in Agricultural Statistics FAO is working closely with
the Ministries of Agriculture and Ministries of National Statistics
to mainstream gender indicators relevant to the agricultural
sector, including landownership, employment, and access to
agricultural inputs, water and other productive resources, and
re-tabulation of existing data that is not reported FAOs Gender and
Land Rights Database has been collaborating with IFPRI-PIM to
develop a statistical framework on gender and land, however several
challenges have emerged...
Slide 5
Legislation Assessment Tool For Gender- Equitable Land Tenure
(LAT) To what extent does a countrys legal framework foster
gender-equitable land tenure? A tool to support the implementation
of the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure
(VGGT) from a legal perspective LAT targets concrete areas for
improvement by identifying: Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities
and threats in the legal framework The progress made towards gender
equity in the legal framework Areas where legal reform is
needed
Slide 6
Legislation Assessment Tool For Gender-Equitable Land Tenure 8
Clusters of Key Elements (a total of 30 qualitative indicators)
1.Ratification of human rights instruments 2.Elimination of
gender-based discrimination in the Constitution 3.Recognition of
womens legal capacity 4.Gender-equality of rights with respect to
nationality 5.... in property rights 6.... in inheritance 7.... in
implementation, dispute mechanisms and access to justice 8.Womens
participation and leadership in national and local institutions
enforcing land legislation
Slide 7
Legislation Assessment Tool (LAT) For Gender-Equitable Land
Tenure For each 30 indicators, the LAT assigns a step in the
process... RationaleStep Absence of the indicator in the legal
framework0 A policy is being developed1 A policy is in place1.5 A
draft legislation is to be submitted for deliberations2 Primary law
reflects the indicator3 The indicator appears in multiple legal
instruments4 Not applicableN/A
Slide 8
Data collection and analysis Primary data on womens empowerment
with the aim to inform Member States Development of a mixed-methods
methodology for: Monitoring and Impact Evaluation Case studies
Implementation of household and individual surveys, based on WEAI
(Rwanda) In partnership with IFAD, implementing the WEAI survey in
addition to a comprehensive household survey in Niger Qualitative
research on womens empowerment in Rwanda, Malawi and Niger Analysis
of program impact evaluation data on empowerment outcomes (Lesotho,
Zimbabwe)
Slide 9
Adapting the WEAI and other good practices to monitor
empowerment Elements of Women's Economic Advancement & Women's
Power and Agency Women's Economic Empowerment Elements of Economic
Advancement access to health services access to education access to
productive assets access to social insurance and financial services
access to technology and extension services access to more
productive and beneficial labor status access to better community
infrastructure Elements of Power and Agency membership in rural
institutions and access to social networks legal empowerment and
knowledge of rights positive change in gender roles increased
intrahousehold bargaining power and decision-making, and control
over key household assets and income
Slide 10
Refine the econometric analysis of empowerment (WEAI or
simplified, other proxies for empowerment) Dissemination of case
study findings and information on womens empowerment SDG
indicators: an opportunity for FAO and its partners to increase the
availability of gender indicators and sex-disaggregated data on
agriculture Next Steps
Slide 11
SDGs in the Post 2015 Agenda Mainstreaming empowerment
indicators: Goal 1, Target 1.4: By 2030, ensure that all men and
women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights
to economic resources, as well as access to basic services,
ownership and control over land and other forms of property,
inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and
financial services, including microfinance. Percentage of female
(and male) agricultural landowners (with legally recognized tenure)
out of total agricultural landowners, disaggregated by age groups,
ethnicity and income levels
Slide 12
SDGs in the Post 2015 Agenda Mainstreaming empowerment
indicators: Goal 5, Target 5.a: Undertake reforms to give women
equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership
and control over land and other forms of property, financial
services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with
national laws. The legal framework includes special measures to
guarantee womens equal rights to landownership and control
Slide 13
Women agricultural holders vs. Women agricultural landowners An
indicator of management, rather than ownership Captures management
control over the agricultural holding (not only land, landless
holdings an option) May underestimate the management role of women
(HH head often considered the single holder) Generally comparable
across countries (holding definition the same) Data collected
infrequently (every 10 years)
Slide 14
Women agricultural holders vs. Women agricultural landowners
Frames ownership in context of population of interest: landowners
Data collected at individual level: reflects individual land rights
Ownership definitions vary substantially across countries...
Documented and self-reported ownership, joint and sole, rights on
the land depends on how survey questions are asked and country
contexts
Slide 15
Analysis using WEAI 5DE (Rwanda) WEAIAdequacy 5DE GPI Speakin g
in public Group mem credit Own of assets Control over use of income
Worklo ad Program ---(+)*** --- Program*Female-------- Female
(-)***- -- - Age(+)***- - Education -(+)** --(+)*-- Married(+)**
(+)*** (+)** (-)*** note: Reported average marginal effects; ***
p