Thoughts on Sensing Systemsand Workshop Overview

Stephen B. Wicker

The Sensor Revolution

1990’s - DARPA/ISAT study on sensor networking technology

– Emphasis on bio agents– 1000 lb. sensors the size of

refrigerators– Significant human interface…

2000+ – Intel develops/takes over iMotes– NSF SENSOR program– NSF Nets NOSS program– etc…

Stage 1 - Sensor Networking Technology

Driving Applications– Protecting urban infrastructure (ultra long lifetime)– Disaster response (rapid deployment)– Home environment (?)

Vision: Large numbers of tiny sensors embedded/distributed at random.– Autonomous– Self-configuring– Low-Power– Highly redundant

Low-Power:Sensor Platform Technologies - SNAP

Sensor Network Asynchronous Processor

Event Driven Execution– Default state of the processor:

waiting; ideal for sensor platform– No switching activity in this state– No dynamic power dissipation– Wake up triggered by event arrival

Clockless logic– Spurious signal transitions

(wasted power) eliminated– Hardware only active if it is used

for the computation Prof. Rajit Manohar, ECE

Processor Bus Year E/op Ops/sec

Atmel 8 200? 1-4 nJ 4 MIPS

StrongARM 32 200? 1.9 nJ 130 MIPS

MiniMIPS 32 1998 2.3 nJ* 22 MIPS

Amulet3i 32 2000 1.6 nJ* 80 MIPS

80C51 (P) 8 1998 1 nJ** 4 MIPS

Lutonium 8 2003 43 pJ 4 MIPS

SNAP 16 2003 24 pJ 28 MIPS

Self-Configuration: Mechanism Design

Motivations: efficiency and scalability– Efficiency: ability of market-based distributed control

mechanisms to move complex networks toward optimal operating points.

– Scalability:distributed decision-making inherent in market settings.

Interaction and decisions are local, obviating the need for a global perspective (which is both memory- and computationally-intensive).

Critical Tools: Equilibrium concepts, utility-based decision making, and bargaining.

Wicker (ECE), Tardos and Halpern (CS), Blume and Easley (Economics)

Competing for Resources

Set of transmittersN

Common wireless

channel

Set of receivers

Fundamental Results to date

Networks with selfish nodes have stable operating points.

Nash equilibria of the one-shot random access game have been completely characterized.

– All optimal solutions are supported by a game theoretic solution.

Convergence rate of asymptotic packet arrival distribution has been characterized.

Convergence rate of asymptotic channel throughput has been characterized.

Stage 2 - Research in Sensing Systems

Mission-LevelDecision Making

Critical Variables

Sensed Environment

syntax

semantics

ApplicationDriven

TechnologyDriven

ResearchContext

Our Resources: Network Technology, Theory, and Science at Cornell

Cornell Expertise in Technology, Theory, and Science– Sensor Technologies– Novel Power Sources– Ultra Low-Power Sensor Platforms– Sensor-Specific MAC Technologies– Advanced Reachback Technologies– Infrastructure Integration and Protection– Mechanism Design and Self-Configuration– Information-Theoretic Networking and Coverage Models – Advanced Operating Systems– Software Tools/Reporting Mechanisms– Security and Information Assurance – Societal Impact of Ubiquitous Sensing in the Public Arena– Privacy Issues

Novel work often lies in horizontal and vertical integration - research at the seams.

The Workshop

12:30 – 12:50 Stephen Wicker – Models for Research in Sensed Systems

12:50 – 1:10 Phoebe Sengers - Co-Interpreting Sensor Networks

1:10 – 1:30 Lang Tong - Application Specific Sensor Networks

1:30 – 1:50 Geri Gay - Tools for Enhancing Social Navigation in Public Spaces

1:50 – 2:10 Kirsten Boehner - Opening the Frame of the Art Museum: Technology Between Art and Tool

2:10 – 2:30 Tom O’Rourke - Resilience in Critical Infrastructure Networks

2:30 – 2:50 Break (buffer time)

2:50 – 3:10 Sergio Servetto - The Wave Field Synthesis Problem

3:10 – 3:30 Jim Turner - Overview of sensor types for different agents   

3:30 – 3:50 Tad Kaburaki - Lipid Bilayer Sensors (Fabrication)

3:50 – 4:10 Mary-Rose Burnham - Lipid Bilayer Sensors (Measurements)

4:10 – 4:30 Mike Spencer - SiC Based Betavoltaic radioisotope micro-batteries

4:30 – 5:00 Planning session - Thoughts on proposal strategies