Thesis_Template (1) (1) (Repaired)

8/17/2019 Thesis_Template (1) (1) (Repaired)

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FABRICATION OF DOMESTIC BIOGAS

UNIT

FOR SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY

Submitted by: MOHIT KHATRI(12meu055) KETAN MALIK

(12meu045) KARTIK CHAUHAN(12meu044)

Sue!"i#$!: MR% &A&AN 'ARAIA R% ROHIT SIN&H

LATHER

Department of Mechanical Engineering

HUDA Sector 23-A Gurgaon - 122017.

Tel : + 91 124 236511 to 13 !a" : + 91 124 23674

#$a%l : ncu&ncu%n'%a.e'u


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2015-2016

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Declaration

FABRICATION OF DOMESTIC BIOGAS UNIT FOR

SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY

The Project Dissertation is submitted in partial fulfilment of academic requirements for

“THE NORTH C! "N#$ER%#T&'( This dissertation is a result of my own

investigation. All sections of the text and results, which have been obtained from other

sources, are fully referenced. understand that cheating and plagiarism constitute a breach

of !niversity regulations and will be dealt with accordingly.

%ignat)re*

Name of the %t)+ent* MOH#T ,HTR# 12ME" 055.

,ETN M/#, 12ME" 05.

,RT#, CH"HN .

Date*

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled "FABRICATION OF DOMESTICBIOGAS UNIT FOR SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY# is submitted to "T$%

&'(T$)AP !&*%(+T# in connection to the institute -&A %A( P('/%)T

program. This is a bonafide record of the wor0 done by "1'$T 2$AT(, 2%TA&

1A2 3 2A(T2 )$A!$A under the supervision of "1r. 4A4A& 5A(ADA

and Dr. ('$T +&4$ AT$%(# at "T$% &'(T$ )AP !&*%(+T# from 67 th

1A 8967 to :9th AP( 896;


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cnole+gement

A 5.tech project is a golden opportunity for learning and self development. This project is

done as the final year project at "T$% &'(T$)AP !&*%(+T#

This project was conducted under the supervision of 1r. 4A4A& 5A(ADA and Dr.

('$T +&4$ AT$%(. am grateful for their patience in giving useful constructive

comments for the enrichments for this project that cannot be forgotten forever, their time

and effort that has been contribute to me during the preparation of this project. also would

to than0s to the entire teaching engineer in -aculty of 1echanical %ngineering for their

guidance, comments, permission to use all the machine in the laboratory, sharing their

experiences and 0nowledge sharing during this project was carried out. $ere also, also

want to than0s for those whom that give me useful assistance in helping for this project

completion. Also, would li0e to than0 my parents for their moral support and my friends

for their help and their sharing in using computer software during designing the concept for

the project visualiation and getting me the apparatus and materials for this project. . Thecontributions of all the people are sincerely appreciated and gratefully ac0nowledged.

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34tract

-or ma0ing a self sustained >sustainable society@, we focused upon reducing the amount of energy used by a household in the form of electricity and coo0ing fuel. n doing so a

survey is conducted and the behaviour of people is studied about whether they are

interested in using renewable sources of energy instead of conventional sources of energy,

if interested what type of renewable sources of energy they are using >considering solar,

biogas and geothermal as the main aspects@ and as the result of that it is identified that

people of the urban society are more interested in using solar energy >for the generation of

electricity@ and the energy from biogas>for coo0ing purpose@.

n further extension to the project a small biogas unit is fabricated for use in the university

premises. The fuel which is used for the production of biogas is the waste >leftover food@

from the canteen. Around ;


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Table of )ontents

Acknowledgeen! """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""###

A$%!&'c! """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#(

C)'*!e&+1,In!&od-c!#on................"""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""/

1"1 In!&od-c!#on !o %-%!'#n'$le %oc#e!0............./

1"2Be #n!&od-c!#on '$o-! $#og'%-n#!............"/

C)'*!e&+2, L#!e&'!-&e

Re(#ew"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1

2"1 )0 $#og'% '% '

-el"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1

2"2 Re%e'&c) 4'*e&

S!-d0 """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""11

2"3 I*o&!'n! 4'&'e!e&% Con%#de&ed #n L#!e&'!-&e

Re(#ew"""15

2"6 7e0

F#nd#ng%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""15

C)'*!e&+3, 4&o$le

De8n#!#on"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""19

C)'*!e&+6, Model Con%!&-c!#on 'nd

Sol-!#on"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1:

6"1 De%#gn o B#og'% Un#! o& !)e

Un#(e&%#!0"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1:

6"2 M'!e'l%

Re;-#&ed"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1/

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6"3 Co%! o

M'!e'l%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1<

6"6 F'$c'!#on o B#og'%

Un#! """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""22

6"5

4&e*'&'!#on """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""2:

6"9

4&oce%% """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""2:

C)'*!e&+5, D#%c-%%#on o Re%-l!% 'nd ='l#d'!#on"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""2/

5"1 O$%e&('!#on 'nd

C'lc-l'!#on%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""2/

5"2 E>c#enc0 o B#og'%

-n#! """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""2<

5"3 B&e'ke(en

An'l0%#% """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""2<

C)'*!e&+9, Concl-%#on% 'nd Recoend'!#on% o& -!-&e wo&k"""""""""3

C)'*!e&+:,

Ree&ence%"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""31

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/i4t of ig)re4 !age no(

-igure 6C 1odel ...........E-igure 8C Design ..........6F

-igure :C -abrication >-ermenter@ .......88

-igure =C -abrication >Digester tan0@ ......88

-igure 7C -abrication >fig :@............. .......88

-igure ;C -abrication >-ermenter 8@ ....8:

-igure FC (esult >-eed pipe@ ................8=

-igure BC (esult >'utlet valve@ ................8=

-igure EC (esult >'verflow pipe@ .............87

-igure 69C (esult >4as outlet valve@ ....................87

-igure 66C (esult >-inal setup@ ................8;

-igure 66C 5urning of methane ...............8B

1 #ntro+)ction

6.6 ntroduction to +ustainable +ociety

5y sustainable society we mean to produce the model of a society that will be 4elf

4)4taine+ that means whatever it will ta0e from the nature >in the form of resources,

energy etc.@ it will return it to the environment in one form or the another.

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7lo3al arming and climate change become the extensively foc)4e+ i44)e4 at present. t

is urgently required to build a lo-car3on 4)4taina3le homelan+. n recent years, with the

rapid development of economy, the global greenhouse gas emission has increased

continuously, meaning that environmental protection has crossed national boundaries, and

sustainable development has become the most important topic for human.Also it is

important to find the ways by which the waste products that are produced within the

society are minimied or how can we use them again.

6.8 5rief introduction about biogas unit

The home based biogas unit is fabricated to reduce the demand for coo0ing fuel >P4@ by

ma0ing the use of leftover waste food which is of no use. According to a study done by

A(T >ndian Appropriate (ural Technology nstitute@ we can get 879g of methane for 60g

of waste food. The fabrication of such type of biogas unit is done in the college premises

for helping the canteen manager by cutting down the use of P4 for coo0ing by using the

leftover food from the canteen only.

The biogas unit consist of mainly ; partsC<

6. -ermenter or digester tan0 >6999 litres@

8. )ollector tan0 >F79 litres@

:. -eed pipe

=. 4as removal valve

7. +lurry outlet

;. 4as stove

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http://www.arti-india.org/http://www.arti-india.org/http://www.arti-india.org/http://www.arti-india.org/


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-4 6>1odel@

2 /iterat)re Re8ie

The purpose of literature review is to capture current state of use of renewable sources of

energy in the urban sector as well as to document the current methods and techniques that

are used.

pproach* +olar energy and energy from biogas are preferred over geothermal energy

because of cost efficiency and easy installation. -urther for comparing the estimated cost

and the actual cost fabrication of biogas unit is done for the university and the results are

studied.

2(1 9h: ;ioga4 a4 a )el

'ut of a total of 6E.89 million households in ndia, 7.:F>8BG@ H=I reside in urban areas.

According to the study the demand for coo0ing fuel in the urban areas is increasing from

;E.7F 1T)( >million tonnes of coal replacement@ in 6EE=


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2(2 Re4earch paper 4t)+:

S"No

"

YEAR TITLE AUT?OR 7EY 4OINT

1" 1


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Ind#'' &e(#ew

6

k-'& M

R''c)'

nd&'n

econo#c g&o-*% #%

%*ec#8ed"

5" 21 B#og'% gene&'!#on

*o!en!#'l $0

'n'e&o$#c

d#ge%!#on o&

%-%!'#n'$le

ene&g0

de(elo*en! #n

Ind#' 5

4"

=enk'!e%)

w'&' R'o

S'&'H S"

B'&'l

R'nH'n

De0

Sk'n!)

M-!n-

T)e *o!en!#'l o gene&'!#on

o $#og'% &o 'n'e&o$#c

&e%*#&'!#on o %ol#d

-n#c#*'l w'%!e c&o*

&e%#d-e 'gc-l!-&'l w'%!e

e!c" #n Ind#' #% %!-d#ed

9" 1


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e#%%#on%

#!#g'!#on 'nd

o!)e& econo#c

Bene8!% /

e%!#'!ed 'long w#!)

econo#c $ene8!% 'nd

*'0$'ck *eod"


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eed%!ock% #n '

%ol#d *)'%e

$#og'% e&en!o&

13

&''n#0'

'

'0'n!

Mod'~

16" 1


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)# S"

S#('ne%'n1:" 22 ?o-%e)old B#og'%

D#ge%!e&%A

Re(#ew 1:

4" 4-&o)#!

A" 7-'&

S" R'n'

T"C"

7'nd*'l

T)#% &e(#ew #% ' %-'&0

o d#e&en! '%*ec!% o !)e

de%#gn 'nd o*e&'!#on o

%'ll+%c'le )o-%e)old

$#og'% d#ge%!e&% 'nd

co(e&% de%#gn%

con%!&-c!#on 'nd o!)e& #*

*'&'e!e&%"

1/" 1


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2" To!'l co%! o con%!&-c!#on 'nd '#n!en'nce o 8ed doe $#og'%

*l'n!% #% le%% !)'n Jo'!#ng d&- !0*e $#og'% *l'n!%""3" E>c#enc0 o cow d-ng $'%ed $#og'% *l'n!% #% -c) le%% !)'n !)e

$#og'% *l'n!% o*e&'!#ng on o!)e& -el%"6" ?0d&'-l#c &e!en!#on !#e o& cow d-ng $'%ed $#og'% *l'n!% #% 3+35

d'0% 'nd o& le!o(e& ood 'nd (ege!'$le% !0*e o $#og'% *l'n!% #% 5+:

d'0%"5" T)e o*!#- !e*e&'!-&e o& *&od-c!#on $#og'% #% '&o-nd 35

deg&ee Cel%#-% @&o !)e %!-d0 done $0 co*'ng !)e 0#eld% '!

235 'nd 65 deg&ee Cel%#-%"

2 !ro3lem Definition

There is a lot of food that is wasted in houses, buildings and other places. That waste food

if used properly can produce a lot of energy and can also be used to produce methane gas

which can be used for coo0ing purposes and has many advantages over P4 and other

sources.

A step is ta0en to produce renewable energy from the waste leftover food from college

canteen and fabricating a biogas unit of 6.F7 cubic metres to produce and store the biogas

which further can be used for coo0ing purposes in the college canteen itself.

This is the second step towards ma0ing our college a fully sustainable organiation after

the installation of solar panels in the university for generating electricity. The biogas unit is

made using P*) equipment generally used for storing water and other plumbing tools are

used.

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Mo+el Con4tr)ction an+ %ol)tion

(1 DE%#7N O ;#O7% "N#T OR THE "N#$ER%#T&

-4 8 >)AD 1'D%@

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(2 MTER#/ RE="#RED

• Tan0 6999 litre

• Tan0 F79 litre

• E9 mm t 6pc

• E9mm female adapter 6pc

• E9 mm male adapter 8 pieces

•

E9 mm ailed cap 6 pc• Pvc pipe E9 mm dia 8 meter long 6 pc

• %lbow ;: mm 6 pc

• ;: mm chec0nut 6pc

• ;: mm male adapter 8 pieces

• Pvc pipe ;: mm dia 6 meter long 6 pc

• 68.7 mm pvc male adapter 6pc

• 68.7 mm galvanied iron elbow 6pc

• 5rass gas coc0

• 5all valve 67 mm dia 6pc

• E9mm barell piece

• ;: mm barell piece

• 79mm barell piece

• 68.7mm barell piece

• 8 saw blades

• Teflon tape

• Adhesive

• 1 seal

• +tove

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(< CO%T N/&%#%

MTER#/ ="NT#T& $ENDOR 1 $ENDOR 2

Tan0 6999 litres 6 :899 :999

Tan0 F79 litres 6 8=99 8879

E9 mm T 6 :9 :9

E9 mm female adapter 8 6=9 6:9

E9 mm male adapter 6 =7 79

E9 mm ailed cap 6 679 6=7

P*) pipe E9mm dia 8m 6 =9 79

%lbow ;: mm 6 6=9 679

)hec0nut ;: mm 6 689 689

;: mm male adapter 8 F7 F7

P*) pipe ;:mm dia 6 m 6 89 89

68.7 mm pvc male adaper 6 67 67

68.7 mm galvanised ironelbow

6 699 699

5rass gascoc0 6 689 689

5all valve 67 mm dia 6 E9 E9

1AT%(A J!A&TT *%&D'( 6 *%&D'( 8

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E9mm barell piece 6 689 689

;:mm barell piece 6 699 699

79mm barell piece 6 B9 B9

68.7 mm barell piece 6 =7 79

Teflon tape 6 67 67

+aw blades 8 699 699

Adhesive >79 gm@ 6 B 69

1 seal

Pressure gauge

Transportation

)ylinder pipe

8

6

6

=9

=99

:99

889

;9

=99

:99

889

T'TA B989 FF89

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( ;R#CT#ON O ;#O7% "N#T

The fabrication of home based biogas unit is done using simple plumbing equipment

available from any paint shop.

+teps for fabrication are as followsC<

%tep 1* (emove the upper portion of 6999 litre water tan0 as shown in fig 7 in such a way

that the F79 litre tan0 slides into the bigger tan0.

%tep 2* (emove the upper part of the F79 litre tan0 as shown in fig = to ma0e it a digester

tan0 .

#7 < ermenter.

#7 Dige4ter. #7 5 other.

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#7 6 ermenter 2.

%tep * 1a0e a hole of sie 68.7 mm in the upper portion of the digester tan0 and attach a

gascoc0 on it with the help of male adapter and a galvanised iron elbow as shown in fig E.

%tep ?* 1a0e all joints tight using Teflon tape to avoid lea0age.

%tep @* )hec0 all the joints for lea0age using soap solution.

%tep 10* Put =9 0g of cow dung an 899 litres of water and leave for 87 days.

%tep 11* The final setup is shown in fig 69.

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#7 > EED !#!E. #7 ? O"T/ET $/$E.

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#7 @ O$ER/O9 !#!E. #7 10 7% O"T/ET $/$E.

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#7 11 #N/ %ET"!.

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(5 !RE!RT#ON

-or getting daily supply of methane gas we had to put a considerable amount of waste food

in the digester tan0 in the form of slurry which contains equal amount of food and water

mixed with each other in such a way that there are no chun0s of food left in the slurry and

it should be in the liquid form but before getting the regular production we first had to start

the plant by putting :9


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5 Re4)lt4A 8ali+ation an+ Di4c)44ion

5(1 O;%ER$T#ON ND C/C"/T#ON%-or : 0g of sugar that is fed into the digester tan0 with 69 litre of water in the form of

slurry the observations are as follows

(adius of collector tan0 K 8 m

(ise in the level of collector tan0 K ; cm K .9;m

Density of methane gas at room temperature K .;7; 0g?m:

*olume of gas in the collector tan0 K .F7= m:

Amount of methane gas produced K .F7= L .;7; K .=E=B 0g

K .7 0g >approx.@

-4 68 >5urning of methane@

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5(2 E#C#ENC& O ;#O7% "N#T

%fficiency of biogas unit is calculated by ta0ing the ratio of the amount of

methane produced to amount of feed stoc0 supplied in 0ilogram,

%fficiency K amount of methane produced >0g@? amount of feed supplied

K 9.7 ? :

K 6;.;FG >approx@

5(< ;reae8en nal:4i4

-or 6 0g of feed stoc0 879g of methane gas is produced

As per the data collected by college canteen, we can get around ;


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(%)'11%&DAT'&+ -'( -!T!(% M'(2

1" D#e&en! '!e'l% c'n $e -%ed %-c) '% $'d &-#!% (ege!'$le% le'(e%

e!c" 'nd &e%-l!% c'n $e %!-d#ed #n !)e -!-&e"2" De%#gn o !)e -n#! c'n $e 'de $e!!e& con%#deng o&e %'e!0

e'%-&e%"

Reference4

6. 4"R" B)'! ?"N" C)'n'k0' 'nd N"?" R'(#nd&'n'!) @1


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6:. httpC??www.sciencedirect.com?science?article?pii?+6:;=9:869B999=BB

6=. httpC??www.sciencedirect.com?science?article?pii?+9E;6E7:=97999;E:

67. httpC??www.sciencedirect.com?science?article?pii?+9E;96=B6969968F;

6;. httpC??www.sciencedirect.com?science?article?pii?96E;BE9=BFE997F=

6F. httpC??www.sciencedirect.com?science?article?pii?+9E;9B78=EF996:EE

6B. httpC??www.sciencedirect.com?science?article?pii?+9E;6E

6E. httpC??edugreen.teri.res.in?explore?solwaste?types.htm

89. httpsC??en.wi0ipedia.org?wi0i?DemolitionRwaste

86. httpsC??practicegreenhealth.org?topics?waste?waste

Documents

Thesis_Template (1) (1) (Repaired)