ThesisForPHD Ph3 v12 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/10032/11... · 7.1 Questionnaire Name: Address: Email: Sex: M F Age: Profession related to: Art Science

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C h a p t e r 7

Appendices

7.1 Questionnaire

Name: Address: Email: Sex: M F Age: Profession related to: Art Science other ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. How many faces do you daily come across?

10-50 50-100 100-200 More than 200 2. How many of them you can remember?

10 25 50 More than 50

3. When you recall faces which parameters you relate to (Arrange according to priority) Name Profession Relation Social Figure Facial Feature Facial Expression Behavior Time Beauty Distinct features Situation Other (Please specify) 4. If Face=100, According to you what is the contribution of each feature Hair Forehead Brows Eyes Ears Nose Lips Chin Cheek SkinTone Combination of all Other factors like 5. Have you come across any such system which creates faces? Any Info, How do you rate it (0 to 10)? 6. Any reference, who can give valuable inputs to 3D Personality Engine Project

Place and date Sign

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7.2 Opinionnaire Date: Time: Name: Mobile: Address: Email: Sex: M F Age: Profession related to: Art Science other ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Evaluation of 3D Personality Engine Design

1. Any Specific feature you would like to see in 3D Personality Engine?

2. Points that are missing in the design

3. Features that You like in the proposed design

4. Feedback on the 3D personality engine?

5. Personal comments --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This is the correct information to my knowledge and understanding of the human faces. Next Meeting: Date Time Sign

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7.3 Test Cases Guidelines for Input Calibration: The proposed system generates better results based on high resolution front, lateral

photograph and cephalogram. Ideally input image should have more than 4kx4k

resolution. The photograph should be taken without any head tilt and with plain

background and neutral expression. In case of front and lateral photograph input, both

the images should be calibrated and aligned beforehand. In spite of degenerated input,

proposed system attempts to predict 3d face with approximation technique.

Above images show the calibration required for input. In order to get better results

Researcher suggests that input photographs should meet above mentioned criteria.

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1. Test case (Input: Sketch/Verbal Description) Image Source: http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/may/14rajblast23.htm

2. Test case (Input: Low Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: Internet

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3. Test case (Input: Low Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: http://www.punepolice.gov.in/Criminal%20Gallery.htm


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9. Test case (Input: Low Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: Vidit Jain, Amitabha Mukherjee. The Indian Face database. http://vis-www.cs.umass.edu/~vidit/IndianFaceDatabase/ , 2002


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21. Test case (Input: High Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: Internet


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23. Test case (High Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: Internet


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27. Test case (Input: High Resolution Front and Lateral Photograph) Image Source: Researcher

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32. Test case (Input: High Resolution Photographs and cephalogram) Image and Cephalogram Source: Dr. Jayesh Rahalkar, Orthodontist, Pune

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Face and skull comparison with cephalogram

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Face and skull comparison with cephalogram

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35. Random Face generation (Mutation produced by varying various facial features parameters)

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7.4 Software Architecture

Fig7.1 Software Architecture of Proposed system

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7.4.1 Sample Program

// Author : Pravin Yadav

// Name : MainProgram.mel

// Version: 1.0

// Date : 15th Dec, 2011

// Main program for facial reconstruction in 3D Environment

// Launching Launch Window

global proc launchWnd()

// Description :

// Helper proc to display the Launching Window

{

// If the window already exists, then don't bother to create it,

// just show it.

//

if (`window -exists LaunchWnd`) {

deleteUI -window LaunchWnd;

//showWindow LaunchWnd;

//return;

}

// Remove the window preference if there is one. We want to make

// sure this window comes up in its "natural" size, ie. the size

// that will accommodate all of its content.

//

if (`windowPref -exists LaunchWnd`) {

windowPref -remove LaunchWnd;

}

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file -f -new;

//minimizeApp;

window

-title "Personality Engine"

-resizeToFitChildren false

-sizeable false

-menuBar true

-topLeftCorner 200 200

-backgroundColor 0 0 0

LaunchWnd;

menu -l Close;

menuItem -l Close -c closeLWindow;

formLayout fullPageForm;

columnLayout -adjustableColumn true;

image

-width 540 -height 231 -bgc 0 0 0

-image "D:\\PEDevelop\\sourceImages\\PELogo.jpg"

demoTitleImage;

frameLayout

-borderVisible true -borderStyle "etchedOut"

-collapsable false -collapse false

-labelVisible false

demoLayout;

columnLayout -adjustableColumn true;

int $amount;

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text -font "boldLabelFont"

-label "Developing Personality Engine in 3D Environment"

projectTitle;

separator;

text -font "boldLabelFont"

-label "by Pravin Yadav"

author;

text -l "";

text -font "boldLabelFont" -l "Thesis Guide: Dr. T. M. Kanvinde, Director, SICSR";

separator;

text -font "boldLabelFont" -l "Thesis Advisors";

text -l "Dr. Shushrut Badve, Dr. Jayesh Rahalkar, Dr. Maitry kaushik";

text -l "Pankaj Sapkal, Rahul Kaushik, Shekhar Sane, Hemant Bhat, Jeevak badve";

text -l "";

button -w 200 -label "launch" -c ShowProgress;

int $amount = 0;

$windowHeight = 450;

window -e -width 545 -height $windowHeight LaunchWnd;

showWindow LaunchWnd;

}

launchWnd();

global proc closeLWindow(){

if (`window -exists LaunchWnd`)


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if (`windowPref -exists LaunchWnd`)

windowPref -remove LaunchWnd;

}

global proc ShowProgress()

{ int $amount = 0;

progressWindow

-title "Launching PE"

-progress $amount

-status "Engine startup: 0%"

-isInterruptable true;

for ( $amount = 0;$amount < 100 ;$amount+=25 )

{

if ( `progressWindow -query -isCancelled` )

break;

progressWindow

-edit

-progress $amount

-status ("Percentage Complete: "

+ $amount

+ "%" );

pause -seconds 1;

}

progressWindow -endProgress;


AMudra();

}

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7.5 Medical Glossary

Medical Glossary

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Basic Orientation Terms

Dorsal- Facing away from the axis of an body

Median – The midline of the head and body

Medial – Ttoward the midline, away from the side of the body

Lateral – Away from the midline, toward the side of the bpdy

Anterior- Toward the front of the body

Posterior- Toward the back of the body

Superior- Toward the top, above, ascending

Inferior- Toward the bottom, below, descending

Dentition terms

Occlusal- The chewing surface

Buccal- The cheek surface

Lingual- The tongue surface

Mesial- Toward the midline

Distal- Away from the midline

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Anatomy terms

Sutures- Joints

Foramen- holes

Fossa- pit

A

accessory cartilages - Cartilages connecting the lateral ends of the lateral crura to the

pyriform aperture edge.

adenoid - an abnormally enlarged mass of lymphoid tissue at the back of the pharynx

characteristically obstructing the nasal and ear passages and inducing mouth breathing,

a nasal voice, postnasal discharge, and dullness of facial expression

ala - a wing or a winglike anatomic process or part; as in ALA NASI (below)

ala nasi - the expanded outer wall of cartilage on each side of the nose

alae (plural of ala) - The lateral wings. The rounded eminence that forms the lateral

nostril wall that extends from the tip to join the upper lip.

alar cartilage - one of the pair of lower lateral cartilages of the nose

alar groove - The external, oblique skin depression that follows the caudal margin of

the lateral crus as it leaves the alar rim to run in a more cephalic direction. It separates

the tip from the thickened portion of the ala that joins the face at the superior cheek-lip

junction.

anatomic dome - The junction of the medial and lateral crus.

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anterior nasal spine - the nasal spine that is formed by the union of processes of the

two premaxillae

anterior septal angle - Superior to lobule at the juncture of the dorsal and caudal

cartilaginous septum.

aperture - an opening or open space such as the nostril

apex - the free angle of the external nose. (2) A narrowed or pointed end of an

anatomical structure.

B

BhavMudra -

bridge (nasal) - the portion of the nose that is supported by the nasal bones.

hanging columella - is usually present in primary cases due to redundant medial crura,

inferior projection of the septal cartilage but can also become a result of excessive

removal of the lateral crural segments. In rare cases the hanging columella can be a

result of excessive scarring.

C

canthal - of, or having to do with the canthis; the upper bony part of the nose

canthis - either of the angles formed by the meeting of the upper and lower eyelids -

the corner of the eyes

cartilage crusher/press - a stainless steel surgical instrument that crushes graft cartilage

into a thin sheet to make it soft and pliable for reimplantation.

cartilage splitting (intra-cartilagenous) incision - An incision extending medial to lateral

through the lateral crus separating the lateral crus into a superior and inferior portion.

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cartilaginous pyramid - the cartilage which sits on top of the bony pyramid.

caudal septum - The free (inferior) border of the septum.

caudal - Means same as inferior when referring to the nose.

cephalic - Means same as superior when referring to the nose; directed toward or

situated on or in or near the head

cheilion – the corner of the mouth

chonae - the pair of posterior apertures of the nasal cavity that open into the

nasopharynx. called also posterior nares

ciliary - (1) : of or relating to cilia (2) : of, relating to, or being the annular suspension of

the lens of the eye

ciliary ganglion - a small autonomic ganglion on the nasociliary branch of the

ophthalmic nerve receiving preganglionic fibers from the oculomotor nerve and

sending postganglionic fibers to the ciliary muscle and to the sphincter pupillae

clinical dome - The most anterior projecting portion of the lower lateral cartilage. The

external projection of the dome is the tip defining point.

columella - The column at the base of the nose separating the nostrils (or columna)

columellar labial angle - Curved junction of the columella with the lip.

columellar lobular angle - The angle formed by the junction of the infra-tip lobule with

the columella.

columna - The column at the base of the nose separating the nostrils (or collumella)

concave - hollowed or rounded inward like the inside of a bowl

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concha -

crura (plural of crus) - either of the diverging proximal ends

D

dorsum (nasal) - Where the lateral surfaces of the upper 2/3 of the nose join in the

midline. Sometimes referred to as the dorsum nasi

dismorphism - difference in the shape of the body a body part, or a body organ

(internal or external) compared to the average shape for the part in question.

E

epithelium - a membranous cellular tissue that covers a free surface or lines a tube or

cavity of an animal body and serves esp. to enclose and protect the other parts of the

body, to produce secretions and excretions, and to function in assimilation

ethmoid - a light spongy cubical bone forming much of the walls of the nasal cavity

and part of those of the orbits (called also ethmoidal bone)

ethmoidal air cells - the cavities in the lateral masses of the ethmoid bone that are partly

completed by adjoining bones and communicate with the nasal cavity

external nasal valve - External opening of the nostril.

F

Frankfort Horizontal - (as in Frankfort Horizontal Line) - a plane used in craniometry

that is determined by the highest point on the upper margin of the opening of each

external auditory meatus (simple english: ear canal) and the low point on the lower

225

margin of the left orbit and that is used to orient a human skull or head usu. so that the

plane is horizontal -- called also Frankfort horizontal, Frankfort plane

frontal process - a long plate that is part of the maxillary bone and contributes to the

formation of the lateral part of the nose and of the nasal cavity -- called also nasal

process

frontonasal - the frontal bone of the nose

G

glabella - (Latin for "hairless") the area in between the brows right directly above where

the root of the nose touches the forehead; the smooth prominence between the

eyebrows

glabellar - of, or being of the glabella

glands of Bowman - any of the tubular and often branched glands occurring beneath

the olfactory epithelium of the nose. Called also Bowman's gland, olfactory gland

H

hemitransfixion incision - An incision through the vestibular skin on one side of the

membranous septum.

hiatus semilunaris - a curved fissure in the nasal passages into which the frontal and

maxillary sinuses open

hyperosmia - extreme acuteness of the sense of smell

hyposomia - impairment of the sense of smell

hypertelorism- Abnormal distance between two paired organs.

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I

inferior - situated lower down, bottom

inferior meatus - a space extending along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity between the

inferior nasal concha and the floor of the nasal cavity --compare MIDDLE MEATUS,

SUPERIOR MEATUS

inferior nasal concha - lower nasal concha/turbinate bone in nasal cavity

infracture - to move the nasal bones in, as to thin the nasal structure

infra-orbital rim - the rim situated beneath the orbit of the eye. the lower part of the

bony eye socket rim.

infra-tip lobule - The portion of the lobule between the tip defining points and the

columellar-lobular angle.

integument - an enveloping layer (as a skin or membrane) of an organism or one of its

parts (the skin of the nose)

inter - (combining form) among or between

intercanthal - among or between the canthus (corner of eye where upper and lower

eyelids match)

inter-cartilaginous incision - An incision placed just on the lower lateral cartilage side of

the junction of the upper lateral cartilage with the lateral crus of the lower lateral

cartilage.

internal nasal valve - The area of the junction of the caudal edge of the upper lateral

cartilage with the nasal septum.

227

J

Jacobson's organ - a slender canal in the nasal mucosa that ends in a blind pouch, has

an olfactory function, and is rudimentary in adult humans, called also vomeronasal

organ

jugal bone - a bone of the side of the face below the eye that forms part of the

zygomatic arch and part of the orbit and articulates with the temporal, sphenoid, and

frontal bones and with the maxilla of the upper jaw --called also cheekbone, malar

bone, zygoma

K

keystone area - Junction of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid with the septal

cartilage at the dorsum of the nose.

L

lateral - of or relating to the side

lesser alar cartilages - Small cartilages found in the lateral space between the upper and

lower lateral cartilages. called also sesamoid cartilages

levator labii superioris alaeque nasi - a muscle that arises from the nasal process of the

maxilla, that passes downward and laterally, that divides into a part inserting into the

alar cartilage and one inserting into the upper lip, and that dilates the nostril and raises

the upper lip

limen vistibuli - Line of the vestibule, junction of vestibular skin with nasal mucosa, line

of junction of the cephalic margin of the lateral crus of the lateral crus of the lower

lateral cartilage with the caudal edge of the upper lateral cartilage.

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lobule - The lower part of the nose bounded by the anterior nostril edge postero-

inferiorly, the supratip area superiorly and the alar grooves laterally.

lower lateral cartilages (LLC) - The paired inferior nasal cartilages consisting of the

medial, middle, and lateral crura.

M

marginal infra-cartilaginous incision - An incision of varying length along the caudal

border of the medial and lateral crura.

mandible - the lower jaw

mandibular - of, or being associated with the lower jaw

maxilla - the upper jaw

meatus - a natural body passage : CANAL, DUCT, INBETWEEN

medial - being or occurring in the middle

menton - the chin, also called menta and mentum

middle meatus - a curved anteroposterior passage in each nasal cavity that is situated

below the middle nasal concha and extends along the entire superior border of the

inferior nasal concha --compare INFERIOR MEATUS, SUPERIOR MEATUS

N

nares - the pair of openings of the nose, nostril openings

nasal bone - either of two bones of the skull of vertebrates above the fishes that lie in

front of the frontal bones and in humans are oblong in shape forming by their junction

the bridge of the nose and partly covering the nasal cavity

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nasal cavity - the vaulted chamber that lies between the floor of the cranium and the

roof of the mouth of higher vertebrates extending from the external nares to the

pharynx, being enclosed by bone or cartilage and usu. incompletely divided into lateral

halves by the septum of the nose, and having its walls lined with mucous membrane

that is rich in venous plexuses and ciliated in the lower part which forms the beginning

of the respiratory passage and warms and filters the inhaled air and that is modified as

sensory epithelium in the upper olfactory part

nasal concha - any of three thin bony plates on the lateral wall of the nasal fossa on

each side with or without their covering of mucous membrane. (a) a separate curved

bony plate that is the largest of the three and separates the inferior and middle

meatuses of the nose --called also inferior concha, inferior nasal concha, inferior

turbinate, inferior turbinate bone. (b) the lower of two thin bony processes of the

ethmoid bone on the lateral wall of each nasal fossa that separates the superior and

middle meatuses of the nose --called also middle concha, middle nasal concha, middle

turbinate, middle turbinate bone. (c) the upper of two thin bony processes of the

ethmoid bone on the lateral wall of each nasal fossa that forms the upper boundary of

the superior meatus of the nose --called also superior concha, superior nasal concha,

superior turbinate, superior turbinate bone. -- called also turbinates

nasal fossa - either lateral half of the nasal cavity

nasal length - from radix to tip (RT)

nasal lobule - The lower part of the nose bounded by the anterior nostril edge postero-

inferiorly, the supratip area superiorly and the alar grooves laterally.

nasal notch - the rough surface on the anterior lower border of the frontal bone

between the orbits which articulates with the nasal bones and the maxilla.

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nasal nerve - a branch of the ophthalmic nerve distributed in part to the ciliary ganglion

and in part to the mucous membrane and skin of the nose --called also nasociliary

nerve

nasal process - a long plate that is part of the maxillary bone and contributes to the

formation of the lateral part of the nose and of the nasal cavity -- called also frontal

process

nasal septum - the bony and cartilaginous partition between the nasal passages -- called

also simply, septum when referring to the nose

nasal spine - any of several median bony processes adjacent to the nasal passages: as in:

• Anterior Nasal Spine

• Posterior Nasal Spine

nasociliary nerve - a branch of the ophthalmic nerve distributed in part to the ciliary

ganglion and in part to the mucous membrane and skin of the nose --called also nasal

nerve

nasofrontal angle - Angle of demarcation between forehead and nasal dorsum, best

seen in profile.

nasolabial - area of the cheek which lies next to lower portion of the nose. When we

get older or are overweight we may see a fold in this area - especially when we smile.

This is called a nasolabial fold.

nasolabial angle - The angle seen on lateral view formed by a line drawn through the

most anterior to most posterior point of the nostril intersecting the vertical facial plane.

The desired angle in males is 90- 95 degrees and 95-100 degrees in females.

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nasopalatine nerve - a parasympathetic and sensory nerve that arises in the

sphenopalatine ganglion, passes through the sphenopalatine foramen, across the roof

of the nasal cavity to the nasal septum, and obliquely downward to and through the

incisive canal, and innervates esp. the glands and mucosa of the nasal septum and the

anterior part of the hard palate

nasopharnyx - the upper part of the pharynx continuous with the nasal passages

nasus externus - latin for the external nose

Natural Horizontal Facial Plane (NHFP) - A horizontal line extending through the

lateral facial profile with the head in a normal relaxed position with the eyes looking

straight ahead.

nose - a : the part of the face that bears the nostrils and covers the anterior part of the

nasal cavity; broadly : this part together with the nasal cavity

O

olfaction - 1 : the sense of smell 2 : the act or process of smelling

olfactory - of, relating to, or connected with the sense of smell

open roof - after infracture, the nasal bones may slip soon after or shift and fuse back

together incorrectly. This can cause a groove or "open roof" deformity which can be

easily seen and felt.

P

parosmia - a distortion of the sense of smell (as when affected with a cold)

pinched tip - refers to the tip being too thin which can occur from improper technique

and even nasal valve collapse due to lack of cartilaginous support or removal of scar

tissue if revisionary.

232

pollybeak deformity - a nasal deformity caused by lack of support of the supratip

polyp - a projecting mass of swollen and hypertrophied or tumorous membrane,

usually referring to the sinus cavity in otolaryngology

polypectomy - the surgical excision of a polyp

polyposis - a condition characterized by the presence of numerous polyps

posterior - situated behind: as (a) CAUDAL; (b) of the human body or its parts :

DORSAL

posterior nares - the pair of posterior apertures of the nasal cavity that open into the

nasopharynx -- called also the chonae

posterior nasal spine - the nasal spine that is formed by the union of processes of the

two palatine bones

pyramid (nasal) - (1) bony pyramid: The bony portion of the nose made up bilaterally

of the nasal bone and frontal process of the maxilla.; Cartilaginous pyramid: the

cartilage which sits on top of the bony pyramid.

pyriform apeture - The pear-shaped external bony opening of the nasal cavity. called

also - piriform, piriformis

R

RT - radix to tip

radix - Areas of junction between the frontal bone and the dorsum of the nose.

rasp - (noun): a coarse file with cutting points instead of lines; (verb): to rub with

something rough; specifically : to abrade with a rasp

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rhin- (or rhino-) - (combining form) 1 a : nose <rhinitis> <rhinology> b : nose and

<rhinotracheitis> 2 : nasal <rhinovirus>

rhinencephalon - the area of the brain which process scents/odor -- called also smell

brain

rhinoplasty - plastic surgery on the nose usu. for cosmetic purposes --called also nose

job

rhinosporidiosis - a fungal disease of the external mucous membranes (as of the nose)

that is characterized by the formation of pinkish red, friable, sessile, or pedunculated

polyps and is caused by an ascomycetous fungus (Rhinosporidium seeberi)

rim incision - An incision placed just within the vestibular edge of the rim of the nares.

roof (nasal) - a covering structure of any of various parts of the body < ~ of the

mouth; ~ of the skull.

root (nasal) - there the nose joins the forehead.

rosacea - acne involving the skin of the nose, forehead, and cheeks that is common in

middle age and characterized by congestion, flushing, telangiectasia, and marked

nodular swelling of tissues esp. of the nose -- called also acne rosacea

S

sept- (or septo-; also septi-) - (combining form) septum <septal> <septoplasty>

septoplasty - surgical repair of the nasal septum

septorhino -the surgical repair of the nasal septum with added cosmetic techniques as

well

234

septum (nasal) - the bony and cartilaginous partition between the nasal passages

"Divides the nasal passage into two cavities. It consists of a bony (perpendicular plate

of ethmoid, vomer and premaxillary crest), cartilaginous (quadrilateral) and

membranous portion."

sesamoid cartilages - Small cartilages found in the lateral space between the upper and

lower lateral cartilages. (lesser alar cartlages)

soft triangle - The thin skin fold between the alar rim and the curved caudal border of

the junction of the medial and lateral crura. When this is well defined it is referred to as

a facet.

sphenoid sinus - either of two irregular cavities in the body of the sphenoid bone that

communicate with the nasal cavities

sphenoethmoidal recess - a small space between the sphenoid bone and the superior

nasal concha into which the sphenoidal sinus opens

stomodeum - also called stomatodeum, is a depression between the brain and the

pericardium (double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the great

vessels). in an embryo, and is the precursor of the mouth and the anterior lobe of the

pituitary gland.

stomion - the vertical area of the face that bisects the horizontal lips, it is the upper 1/2

of the area from subnasale (right under nose) to the menton (chin) (referred to in facial

analysis)

subnasale - the area right under the nose

superior - situated higher up, top

superior nasal concha - the top nasal concha/turbinate

235

The supercilary arch is a smooth elevation extending laterally from the glabella on

either side

supratarsal -

supratip or supratip area - The area just superior to the nasal tip at the inferior aspect of

the nasal dorsum.

sutures - (1) the name given to the small fissures in the skull (and other bones) where

they are joined. They resemble fine cracks. (2) the material with which a wound is

closed, also known as "stitches".

T

Teratogens - are substances or environmental agents which cause the development of

abnormal cell masses during fetal growth, resulting in physical defects in the fetus.

TP - tip to stomion

tip projection - The distance from the tip of the nose to the most posterior point of the

nasal-cheek junction (the distance that the nose projects from the face).

tip defining points (TDP) - The most projecting area on each side of the tip which

produces an external light reflex.

tip rotation - Movement of the tip cephalad or caudad from the fixed alar base.

tip - Apex of the lobule, but it is frequently used when referring to the lobule.

transcollumellar incisions ("open" or "external" technique) - An incision used for the

external rhinoplasty approach, through the thin skin of the columella connecting the

medial terminations of the marginal incisions.

236

transfixion incision - An incision in the membranous septum between the caudal

border of the septal cartilage and the columella.

trichion - the area of the face where the frontal hairline is. Referred to in facial analysis.

turbinates - Three scrolls of bone (superior, middle, inferior) projecting from the lateral

nasal wall that are covered if mucosal tissue and help moisten their nasal cavity, nostrils

and the air you breathe.

U

upper lateral cartilages (ULC) - The paired superior nasal cartilages, triangular in shape

extending laterally from the dorsal septum making up the lateral walls of the middle

third of the nose.

V

vomer - a bone of the skull that in humans forms the posterior and inferior part of the

nasal septum comprising a vertical plate pointed in front and expanding at the upper

back part into lateral wings

vomeronasal - of or relating to the vomer and the nasal region and esp. to Jacobson's

organ or the vomeronasal cartilage

vomeronasal cartilage - a narrow process of cartilage between the vomer and the

cartilage of the nasal septum

vomeronasal organ - a slender canal in the nasal mucosa that ends in a blind pouch, has

an olfactory function, and is rudimentary in adult humans -- called also JACOBSON'S

ORGAN

vertical facial plane (VFP) - A line perpendicular to the Natural Horizontal Facial

Plane.

237

vestibule - any of various bodily cavities esp. when serving as or resembling an entrance

to some other cavity or space

vibrissa (plural: vibrissae) - any of the stiff hair growing within the nostrils that serve to

impede the inhalation of foreign substances

W

weak triangle (converse) - Area superior to paired domes where the cephalic margin of

the lower lateral cartilages (LLC) separate to travel in a superio-lateral direction.

Z

zygoma - a bone of the side of the face below the eye that forms part of the zygomatic

arch and part of the orbit and articulates with the temporal, sphenoid, and frontal

bones and with the maxilla of the upper jaw --called also cheekbone, jugal, malar bone,

zygomatic bone

zygomatic bone - a bone of the side of the face below the eye that forms part of the

zygomatic arch and part of the orbit and articulates with the temporal, sphenoid, and

frontal bones and with the maxilla of the upper jaw --called also cheekbone, jugal,

malar bone, zygoma

References and Credits

Anatomy as Related to Rhinoplasty; Rod J. Rohrich, M.D., F.A.C.S. and Jack Gunter,

M.D., F.A.C.S

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary

Graylab Online Medical Dictionary - UK

238

Anatomy of the Human Body, Henry Gray (1821–1865)

Online Version of Anatomy of the Human Body - Bartleby.com

Documents

ThesisForPHD Ph3 v12 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/10032/11... · 7.1 Questionnaire Name: Address: Email: Sex: M F Age: Profession related to: Art Science