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C h a p t e r 7
Appendices
7.1 Questionnaire
Name: Address: Email: Sex: M F Age: Profession related to: Art Science other ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. How many faces do you daily come across?
10-50 50-100 100-200 More than 200 2. How many of them you can remember?
10 25 50 More than 50
3. When you recall faces which parameters you relate to (Arrange according to priority) Name Profession Relation Social Figure Facial Feature Facial Expression Behavior Time Beauty Distinct features Situation Other (Please specify) 4. If Face=100, According to you what is the contribution of each feature Hair Forehead Brows Eyes Ears Nose Lips Chin Cheek SkinTone Combination of all Other factors like 5. Have you come across any such system which creates faces? Any Info, How do you rate it (0 to 10)? 6. Any reference, who can give valuable inputs to 3D Personality Engine Project
Place and date Sign
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7.2 Opinionnaire Date: Time: Name: Mobile: Address: Email: Sex: M F Age: Profession related to: Art Science other ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Evaluation of 3D Personality Engine Design
1. Any Specific feature you would like to see in 3D Personality Engine?
2. Points that are missing in the design
3. Features that You like in the proposed design
4. Feedback on the 3D personality engine?
5. Personal comments --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This is the correct information to my knowledge and understanding of the human faces. Next Meeting: Date Time Sign
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7.3 Test Cases Guidelines for Input Calibration: The proposed system generates better results based on high resolution front, lateral
photograph and cephalogram. Ideally input image should have more than 4kx4k
resolution. The photograph should be taken without any head tilt and with plain
background and neutral expression. In case of front and lateral photograph input, both
the images should be calibrated and aligned beforehand. In spite of degenerated input,
proposed system attempts to predict 3d face with approximation technique.
Above images show the calibration required for input. In order to get better results
Researcher suggests that input photographs should meet above mentioned criteria.
188
1. Test case (Input: Sketch/Verbal Description) Image Source: http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/may/14rajblast23.htm
2. Test case (Input: Low Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: Internet
189
3. Test case (Input: Low Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: http://www.punepolice.gov.in/Criminal%20Gallery.htm
4. Test case (Input: Low Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: http://www.punepolice.gov.in/Criminal%20Gallery.htm
190
5. Test case (Input: Low Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: http://www.punepolice.gov.in/Criminal%20Gallery.htm
6. Test case (Input: Low Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: http://www.punepolice.gov.in/Criminal%20Gallery.htm
191
7. Test case (Input: Low Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: http://www.punepolice.gov.in/Criminal%20Gallery.htm
8. Test case (Input: Low Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: http://www.punepolice.gov.in/Criminal%20Gallery.htm
192
9. Test case (Input: Low Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: Vidit Jain, Amitabha Mukherjee. The Indian Face database. http://vis-www.cs.umass.edu/~vidit/IndianFaceDatabase/ , 2002
10. Test case (Input: Low Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: Vidit Jain, Amitabha Mukherjee. The Indian Face database. http://vis-www.cs.umass.edu/~vidit/IndianFaceDatabase/ , 2002
193
11. Test case (Input: Low Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: Vidit Jain, Amitabha Mukherjee. The Indian Face database. http://vis-www.cs.umass.edu/~vidit/IndianFaceDatabase/ , 2002
12. Test case (Input: Low Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: Vidit Jain, Amitabha Mukherjee. The Indian Face database. http://vis-www.cs.umass.edu/~vidit/IndianFaceDatabase/ , 2002
194
13. Test case (Input: Low Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: Vidit Jain, Amitabha Mukherjee. The Indian Face database. http://vis-www.cs.umass.edu/~vidit/IndianFaceDatabase/ , 2002
14. Test case (Input: Low Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: Vidit Jain, Amitabha Mukherjee. The Indian Face database. http://vis-www.cs.umass.edu/~vidit/IndianFaceDatabase/ , 2002
195
15. Test case (Input: Low Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: Vidit Jain, Amitabha Mukherjee. The Indian Face database. http://vis-www.cs.umass.edu/~vidit/IndianFaceDatabase/ , 2002
16. Test case (Input: Low Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: Vidit Jain, Amitabha Mukherjee. The Indian Face database. http://vis-www.cs.umass.edu/~vidit/IndianFaceDatabase/ , 2002
196
17. Test case (Input: Low Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: Internet
18. Test case (Input: Low Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: Internet
197
19. Test case (Input: Low Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: Internet
20. Test case (Input: Low Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: Internet
198
21. Test case (Input: High Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: Internet
22. Test case (Input: High Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: Internet
199
23. Test case (High Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: Internet
24. Test case (Input: High Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: Internet
200
25. Test case (Input: High Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: Internet
26. Test case (Input: High Resolution Front Photograph) Image Source: Internet
201
27. Test case (Input: High Resolution Front and Lateral Photograph) Image Source: Researcher
202
28. Test case (Input: High Resolution Front and Lateral Photograph) Image Source: Researcher
203
29. Test case (Input: High Resolution Front and Lateral Photograph) Image Source: Researcher
204
30. Test case (Input: High Resolution Front and Lateral Photograph) Image Source: Researcher
205
31. Test case (Input: High Resolution Front and Lateral Photograph) Image Source: Researcher
206
32. Test case (Input: High Resolution Photographs and cephalogram) Image and Cephalogram Source: Dr. Jayesh Rahalkar, Orthodontist, Pune
207
208
Face and skull comparison with cephalogram
209
33. Test case (Input: High Resolution Photographs and cephalogram) Image and Cephalogram Source: Dr. Jayesh Rahalkar, Orthodontist, Pune
210
211
34. Test case (Input: High Resolution Photographs and cephalogram) Image and Cephalogram Source: Dr. Jayesh Rahalkar, Orthodontist, Pune
212
Face and skull comparison with cephalogram
213
35. Random Face generation (Mutation produced by varying various facial features parameters)
214
215
7.4 Software Architecture
Fig7.1 Software Architecture of Proposed system
216
7.4.1 Sample Program
// Author : Pravin Yadav
// Name : MainProgram.mel
// Version: 1.0
// Date : 15th Dec, 2011
// Main program for facial reconstruction in 3D Environment
// Launching Launch Window
global proc launchWnd()
// Description :
// Helper proc to display the Launching Window
{
// If the window already exists, then don't bother to create it,
// just show it.
//
if (`window -exists LaunchWnd`) {
deleteUI -window LaunchWnd;
//showWindow LaunchWnd;
//return;
}
// Remove the window preference if there is one. We want to make
// sure this window comes up in its "natural" size, ie. the size
// that will accommodate all of its content.
//
if (`windowPref -exists LaunchWnd`) {
windowPref -remove LaunchWnd;
}
217
file -f -new;
//minimizeApp;
window
-title "Personality Engine"
-resizeToFitChildren false
-sizeable false
-menuBar true
-topLeftCorner 200 200
-backgroundColor 0 0 0
LaunchWnd;
menu -l Close;
menuItem -l Close -c closeLWindow;
formLayout fullPageForm;
columnLayout -adjustableColumn true;
image
-width 540 -height 231 -bgc 0 0 0
-image "D:\\PEDevelop\\sourceImages\\PELogo.jpg"
demoTitleImage;
frameLayout
-borderVisible true -borderStyle "etchedOut"
-collapsable false -collapse false
-labelVisible false
demoLayout;
columnLayout -adjustableColumn true;
int $amount;
218
text -font "boldLabelFont"
-label "Developing Personality Engine in 3D Environment"
projectTitle;
separator;
text -font "boldLabelFont"
-label "by Pravin Yadav"
author;
text -l "";
text -font "boldLabelFont" -l "Thesis Guide: Dr. T. M. Kanvinde, Director, SICSR";
separator;
text -font "boldLabelFont" -l "Thesis Advisors";
text -l "Dr. Shushrut Badve, Dr. Jayesh Rahalkar, Dr. Maitry kaushik";
text -l "Pankaj Sapkal, Rahul Kaushik, Shekhar Sane, Hemant Bhat, Jeevak badve";
text -l "";
button -w 200 -label "launch" -c ShowProgress;
int $amount = 0;
$windowHeight = 450;
window -e -width 545 -height $windowHeight LaunchWnd;
showWindow LaunchWnd;
}
launchWnd();
global proc closeLWindow(){
if (`window -exists LaunchWnd`)
deleteUI -window LaunchWnd;
219
if (`windowPref -exists LaunchWnd`)
windowPref -remove LaunchWnd;
}
global proc ShowProgress()
{ int $amount = 0;
progressWindow
-title "Launching PE"
-progress $amount
-status "Engine startup: 0%"
-isInterruptable true;
for ( $amount = 0;$amount < 100 ;$amount+=25 )
{
if ( `progressWindow -query -isCancelled` )
break;
progressWindow
-edit
-progress $amount
-status ("Percentage Complete: "
+ $amount
+ "%" );
pause -seconds 1;
}
progressWindow -endProgress;
deleteUI -window LaunchWnd;
AMudra();
}
220
7.5 Medical Glossary
Medical Glossary
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Basic Orientation Terms
Dorsal- Facing away from the axis of an body
Median – The midline of the head and body
Medial – Ttoward the midline, away from the side of the body
Lateral – Away from the midline, toward the side of the bpdy
Anterior- Toward the front of the body
Posterior- Toward the back of the body
Superior- Toward the top, above, ascending
Inferior- Toward the bottom, below, descending
Dentition terms
Occlusal- The chewing surface
Buccal- The cheek surface
Lingual- The tongue surface
Mesial- Toward the midline
Distal- Away from the midline
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Anatomy terms
Sutures- Joints
Foramen- holes
Fossa- pit
A
accessory cartilages - Cartilages connecting the lateral ends of the lateral crura to the
pyriform aperture edge.
adenoid - an abnormally enlarged mass of lymphoid tissue at the back of the pharynx
characteristically obstructing the nasal and ear passages and inducing mouth breathing,
a nasal voice, postnasal discharge, and dullness of facial expression
ala - a wing or a winglike anatomic process or part; as in ALA NASI (below)
ala nasi - the expanded outer wall of cartilage on each side of the nose
alae (plural of ala) - The lateral wings. The rounded eminence that forms the lateral
nostril wall that extends from the tip to join the upper lip.
alar cartilage - one of the pair of lower lateral cartilages of the nose
alar groove - The external, oblique skin depression that follows the caudal margin of
the lateral crus as it leaves the alar rim to run in a more cephalic direction. It separates
the tip from the thickened portion of the ala that joins the face at the superior cheek-lip
junction.
anatomic dome - The junction of the medial and lateral crus.
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anterior nasal spine - the nasal spine that is formed by the union of processes of the
two premaxillae
anterior septal angle - Superior to lobule at the juncture of the dorsal and caudal
cartilaginous septum.
aperture - an opening or open space such as the nostril
apex - the free angle of the external nose. (2) A narrowed or pointed end of an
anatomical structure.
B
BhavMudra -
bridge (nasal) - the portion of the nose that is supported by the nasal bones.
hanging columella - is usually present in primary cases due to redundant medial crura,
inferior projection of the septal cartilage but can also become a result of excessive
removal of the lateral crural segments. In rare cases the hanging columella can be a
result of excessive scarring.
C
canthal - of, or having to do with the canthis; the upper bony part of the nose
canthis - either of the angles formed by the meeting of the upper and lower eyelids -
the corner of the eyes
cartilage crusher/press - a stainless steel surgical instrument that crushes graft cartilage
into a thin sheet to make it soft and pliable for reimplantation.
cartilage splitting (intra-cartilagenous) incision - An incision extending medial to lateral
through the lateral crus separating the lateral crus into a superior and inferior portion.
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cartilaginous pyramid - the cartilage which sits on top of the bony pyramid.
caudal septum - The free (inferior) border of the septum.
caudal - Means same as inferior when referring to the nose.
cephalic - Means same as superior when referring to the nose; directed toward or
situated on or in or near the head
cheilion – the corner of the mouth
chonae - the pair of posterior apertures of the nasal cavity that open into the
nasopharynx. called also posterior nares
ciliary - (1) : of or relating to cilia (2) : of, relating to, or being the annular suspension of
the lens of the eye
ciliary ganglion - a small autonomic ganglion on the nasociliary branch of the
ophthalmic nerve receiving preganglionic fibers from the oculomotor nerve and
sending postganglionic fibers to the ciliary muscle and to the sphincter pupillae
clinical dome - The most anterior projecting portion of the lower lateral cartilage. The
external projection of the dome is the tip defining point.
columella - The column at the base of the nose separating the nostrils (or columna)
columellar labial angle - Curved junction of the columella with the lip.
columellar lobular angle - The angle formed by the junction of the infra-tip lobule with
the columella.
columna - The column at the base of the nose separating the nostrils (or collumella)
concave - hollowed or rounded inward like the inside of a bowl
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concha -
crura (plural of crus) - either of the diverging proximal ends
D
dorsum (nasal) - Where the lateral surfaces of the upper 2/3 of the nose join in the
midline. Sometimes referred to as the dorsum nasi
dismorphism - difference in the shape of the body a body part, or a body organ
(internal or external) compared to the average shape for the part in question.
E
epithelium - a membranous cellular tissue that covers a free surface or lines a tube or
cavity of an animal body and serves esp. to enclose and protect the other parts of the
body, to produce secretions and excretions, and to function in assimilation
ethmoid - a light spongy cubical bone forming much of the walls of the nasal cavity
and part of those of the orbits (called also ethmoidal bone)
ethmoidal air cells - the cavities in the lateral masses of the ethmoid bone that are partly
completed by adjoining bones and communicate with the nasal cavity
external nasal valve - External opening of the nostril.
F
Frankfort Horizontal - (as in Frankfort Horizontal Line) - a plane used in craniometry
that is determined by the highest point on the upper margin of the opening of each
external auditory meatus (simple english: ear canal) and the low point on the lower
225
margin of the left orbit and that is used to orient a human skull or head usu. so that the
plane is horizontal -- called also Frankfort horizontal, Frankfort plane
frontal process - a long plate that is part of the maxillary bone and contributes to the
formation of the lateral part of the nose and of the nasal cavity -- called also nasal
process
frontonasal - the frontal bone of the nose
G
glabella - (Latin for "hairless") the area in between the brows right directly above where
the root of the nose touches the forehead; the smooth prominence between the
eyebrows
glabellar - of, or being of the glabella
glands of Bowman - any of the tubular and often branched glands occurring beneath
the olfactory epithelium of the nose. Called also Bowman's gland, olfactory gland
H
hemitransfixion incision - An incision through the vestibular skin on one side of the
membranous septum.
hiatus semilunaris - a curved fissure in the nasal passages into which the frontal and
maxillary sinuses open
hyperosmia - extreme acuteness of the sense of smell
hyposomia - impairment of the sense of smell
hypertelorism- Abnormal distance between two paired organs.
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I
inferior - situated lower down, bottom
inferior meatus - a space extending along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity between the
inferior nasal concha and the floor of the nasal cavity --compare MIDDLE MEATUS,
SUPERIOR MEATUS
inferior nasal concha - lower nasal concha/turbinate bone in nasal cavity
infracture - to move the nasal bones in, as to thin the nasal structure
infra-orbital rim - the rim situated beneath the orbit of the eye. the lower part of the
bony eye socket rim.
infra-tip lobule - The portion of the lobule between the tip defining points and the
columellar-lobular angle.
integument - an enveloping layer (as a skin or membrane) of an organism or one of its
parts (the skin of the nose)
inter - (combining form) among or between
intercanthal - among or between the canthus (corner of eye where upper and lower
eyelids match)
inter-cartilaginous incision - An incision placed just on the lower lateral cartilage side of
the junction of the upper lateral cartilage with the lateral crus of the lower lateral
cartilage.
internal nasal valve - The area of the junction of the caudal edge of the upper lateral
cartilage with the nasal septum.
227
J
Jacobson's organ - a slender canal in the nasal mucosa that ends in a blind pouch, has
an olfactory function, and is rudimentary in adult humans, called also vomeronasal
organ
jugal bone - a bone of the side of the face below the eye that forms part of the
zygomatic arch and part of the orbit and articulates with the temporal, sphenoid, and
frontal bones and with the maxilla of the upper jaw --called also cheekbone, malar
bone, zygoma
K
keystone area - Junction of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid with the septal
cartilage at the dorsum of the nose.
L
lateral - of or relating to the side
lesser alar cartilages - Small cartilages found in the lateral space between the upper and
lower lateral cartilages. called also sesamoid cartilages
levator labii superioris alaeque nasi - a muscle that arises from the nasal process of the
maxilla, that passes downward and laterally, that divides into a part inserting into the
alar cartilage and one inserting into the upper lip, and that dilates the nostril and raises
the upper lip
limen vistibuli - Line of the vestibule, junction of vestibular skin with nasal mucosa, line
of junction of the cephalic margin of the lateral crus of the lateral crus of the lower
lateral cartilage with the caudal edge of the upper lateral cartilage.
228
lobule - The lower part of the nose bounded by the anterior nostril edge postero-
inferiorly, the supratip area superiorly and the alar grooves laterally.
lower lateral cartilages (LLC) - The paired inferior nasal cartilages consisting of the
medial, middle, and lateral crura.
M
marginal infra-cartilaginous incision - An incision of varying length along the caudal
border of the medial and lateral crura.
mandible - the lower jaw
mandibular - of, or being associated with the lower jaw
maxilla - the upper jaw
meatus - a natural body passage : CANAL, DUCT, INBETWEEN
medial - being or occurring in the middle
menton - the chin, also called menta and mentum
middle meatus - a curved anteroposterior passage in each nasal cavity that is situated
below the middle nasal concha and extends along the entire superior border of the
inferior nasal concha --compare INFERIOR MEATUS, SUPERIOR MEATUS
N
nares - the pair of openings of the nose, nostril openings
nasal bone - either of two bones of the skull of vertebrates above the fishes that lie in
front of the frontal bones and in humans are oblong in shape forming by their junction
the bridge of the nose and partly covering the nasal cavity
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nasal cavity - the vaulted chamber that lies between the floor of the cranium and the
roof of the mouth of higher vertebrates extending from the external nares to the
pharynx, being enclosed by bone or cartilage and usu. incompletely divided into lateral
halves by the septum of the nose, and having its walls lined with mucous membrane
that is rich in venous plexuses and ciliated in the lower part which forms the beginning
of the respiratory passage and warms and filters the inhaled air and that is modified as
sensory epithelium in the upper olfactory part
nasal concha - any of three thin bony plates on the lateral wall of the nasal fossa on
each side with or without their covering of mucous membrane. (a) a separate curved
bony plate that is the largest of the three and separates the inferior and middle
meatuses of the nose --called also inferior concha, inferior nasal concha, inferior
turbinate, inferior turbinate bone. (b) the lower of two thin bony processes of the
ethmoid bone on the lateral wall of each nasal fossa that separates the superior and
middle meatuses of the nose --called also middle concha, middle nasal concha, middle
turbinate, middle turbinate bone. (c) the upper of two thin bony processes of the
ethmoid bone on the lateral wall of each nasal fossa that forms the upper boundary of
the superior meatus of the nose --called also superior concha, superior nasal concha,
superior turbinate, superior turbinate bone. -- called also turbinates
nasal fossa - either lateral half of the nasal cavity
nasal length - from radix to tip (RT)
nasal lobule - The lower part of the nose bounded by the anterior nostril edge postero-
inferiorly, the supratip area superiorly and the alar grooves laterally.
nasal notch - the rough surface on the anterior lower border of the frontal bone
between the orbits which articulates with the nasal bones and the maxilla.
230
nasal nerve - a branch of the ophthalmic nerve distributed in part to the ciliary ganglion
and in part to the mucous membrane and skin of the nose --called also nasociliary
nerve
nasal process - a long plate that is part of the maxillary bone and contributes to the
formation of the lateral part of the nose and of the nasal cavity -- called also frontal
process
nasal septum - the bony and cartilaginous partition between the nasal passages -- called
also simply, septum when referring to the nose
nasal spine - any of several median bony processes adjacent to the nasal passages: as in:
• Anterior Nasal Spine
• Posterior Nasal Spine
nasociliary nerve - a branch of the ophthalmic nerve distributed in part to the ciliary
ganglion and in part to the mucous membrane and skin of the nose --called also nasal
nerve
nasofrontal angle - Angle of demarcation between forehead and nasal dorsum, best
seen in profile.
nasolabial - area of the cheek which lies next to lower portion of the nose. When we
get older or are overweight we may see a fold in this area - especially when we smile.
This is called a nasolabial fold.
nasolabial angle - The angle seen on lateral view formed by a line drawn through the
most anterior to most posterior point of the nostril intersecting the vertical facial plane.
The desired angle in males is 90- 95 degrees and 95-100 degrees in females.
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nasopalatine nerve - a parasympathetic and sensory nerve that arises in the
sphenopalatine ganglion, passes through the sphenopalatine foramen, across the roof
of the nasal cavity to the nasal septum, and obliquely downward to and through the
incisive canal, and innervates esp. the glands and mucosa of the nasal septum and the
anterior part of the hard palate
nasopharnyx - the upper part of the pharynx continuous with the nasal passages
nasus externus - latin for the external nose
Natural Horizontal Facial Plane (NHFP) - A horizontal line extending through the
lateral facial profile with the head in a normal relaxed position with the eyes looking
straight ahead.
nose - a : the part of the face that bears the nostrils and covers the anterior part of the
nasal cavity; broadly : this part together with the nasal cavity
O
olfaction - 1 : the sense of smell 2 : the act or process of smelling
olfactory - of, relating to, or connected with the sense of smell
open roof - after infracture, the nasal bones may slip soon after or shift and fuse back
together incorrectly. This can cause a groove or "open roof" deformity which can be
easily seen and felt.
P
parosmia - a distortion of the sense of smell (as when affected with a cold)
pinched tip - refers to the tip being too thin which can occur from improper technique
and even nasal valve collapse due to lack of cartilaginous support or removal of scar
tissue if revisionary.
232
pollybeak deformity - a nasal deformity caused by lack of support of the supratip
polyp - a projecting mass of swollen and hypertrophied or tumorous membrane,
usually referring to the sinus cavity in otolaryngology
polypectomy - the surgical excision of a polyp
polyposis - a condition characterized by the presence of numerous polyps
posterior - situated behind: as (a) CAUDAL; (b) of the human body or its parts :
DORSAL
posterior nares - the pair of posterior apertures of the nasal cavity that open into the
nasopharynx -- called also the chonae
posterior nasal spine - the nasal spine that is formed by the union of processes of the
two palatine bones
pyramid (nasal) - (1) bony pyramid: The bony portion of the nose made up bilaterally
of the nasal bone and frontal process of the maxilla.; Cartilaginous pyramid: the
cartilage which sits on top of the bony pyramid.
pyriform apeture - The pear-shaped external bony opening of the nasal cavity. called
also - piriform, piriformis
R
RT - radix to tip
radix - Areas of junction between the frontal bone and the dorsum of the nose.
rasp - (noun): a coarse file with cutting points instead of lines; (verb): to rub with
something rough; specifically : to abrade with a rasp
233
rhin- (or rhino-) - (combining form) 1 a : nose <rhinitis> <rhinology> b : nose and
<rhinotracheitis> 2 : nasal <rhinovirus>
rhinencephalon - the area of the brain which process scents/odor -- called also smell
brain
rhinoplasty - plastic surgery on the nose usu. for cosmetic purposes --called also nose
job
rhinosporidiosis - a fungal disease of the external mucous membranes (as of the nose)
that is characterized by the formation of pinkish red, friable, sessile, or pedunculated
polyps and is caused by an ascomycetous fungus (Rhinosporidium seeberi)
rim incision - An incision placed just within the vestibular edge of the rim of the nares.
roof (nasal) - a covering structure of any of various parts of the body < ~ of the
mouth; ~ of the skull.
root (nasal) - there the nose joins the forehead.
rosacea - acne involving the skin of the nose, forehead, and cheeks that is common in
middle age and characterized by congestion, flushing, telangiectasia, and marked
nodular swelling of tissues esp. of the nose -- called also acne rosacea
S
sept- (or septo-; also septi-) - (combining form) septum <septal> <septoplasty>
septoplasty - surgical repair of the nasal septum
septorhino -the surgical repair of the nasal septum with added cosmetic techniques as
well
234
septum (nasal) - the bony and cartilaginous partition between the nasal passages
"Divides the nasal passage into two cavities. It consists of a bony (perpendicular plate
of ethmoid, vomer and premaxillary crest), cartilaginous (quadrilateral) and
membranous portion."
sesamoid cartilages - Small cartilages found in the lateral space between the upper and
lower lateral cartilages. (lesser alar cartlages)
soft triangle - The thin skin fold between the alar rim and the curved caudal border of
the junction of the medial and lateral crura. When this is well defined it is referred to as
a facet.
sphenoid sinus - either of two irregular cavities in the body of the sphenoid bone that
communicate with the nasal cavities
sphenoethmoidal recess - a small space between the sphenoid bone and the superior
nasal concha into which the sphenoidal sinus opens
stomodeum - also called stomatodeum, is a depression between the brain and the
pericardium (double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the great
vessels). in an embryo, and is the precursor of the mouth and the anterior lobe of the
pituitary gland.
stomion - the vertical area of the face that bisects the horizontal lips, it is the upper 1/2
of the area from subnasale (right under nose) to the menton (chin) (referred to in facial
analysis)
subnasale - the area right under the nose
superior - situated higher up, top
superior nasal concha - the top nasal concha/turbinate
235
The supercilary arch is a smooth elevation extending laterally from the glabella on
either side
supratarsal -
supratip or supratip area - The area just superior to the nasal tip at the inferior aspect of
the nasal dorsum.
sutures - (1) the name given to the small fissures in the skull (and other bones) where
they are joined. They resemble fine cracks. (2) the material with which a wound is
closed, also known as "stitches".
T
Teratogens - are substances or environmental agents which cause the development of
abnormal cell masses during fetal growth, resulting in physical defects in the fetus.
TP - tip to stomion
tip projection - The distance from the tip of the nose to the most posterior point of the
nasal-cheek junction (the distance that the nose projects from the face).
tip defining points (TDP) - The most projecting area on each side of the tip which
produces an external light reflex.
tip rotation - Movement of the tip cephalad or caudad from the fixed alar base.
tip - Apex of the lobule, but it is frequently used when referring to the lobule.
transcollumellar incisions ("open" or "external" technique) - An incision used for the
external rhinoplasty approach, through the thin skin of the columella connecting the
medial terminations of the marginal incisions.
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transfixion incision - An incision in the membranous septum between the caudal
border of the septal cartilage and the columella.
trichion - the area of the face where the frontal hairline is. Referred to in facial analysis.
turbinates - Three scrolls of bone (superior, middle, inferior) projecting from the lateral
nasal wall that are covered if mucosal tissue and help moisten their nasal cavity, nostrils
and the air you breathe.
U
upper lateral cartilages (ULC) - The paired superior nasal cartilages, triangular in shape
extending laterally from the dorsal septum making up the lateral walls of the middle
third of the nose.
V
vomer - a bone of the skull that in humans forms the posterior and inferior part of the
nasal septum comprising a vertical plate pointed in front and expanding at the upper
back part into lateral wings
vomeronasal - of or relating to the vomer and the nasal region and esp. to Jacobson's
organ or the vomeronasal cartilage
vomeronasal cartilage - a narrow process of cartilage between the vomer and the
cartilage of the nasal septum
vomeronasal organ - a slender canal in the nasal mucosa that ends in a blind pouch, has
an olfactory function, and is rudimentary in adult humans -- called also JACOBSON'S
ORGAN
vertical facial plane (VFP) - A line perpendicular to the Natural Horizontal Facial
Plane.
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vestibule - any of various bodily cavities esp. when serving as or resembling an entrance
to some other cavity or space
vibrissa (plural: vibrissae) - any of the stiff hair growing within the nostrils that serve to
impede the inhalation of foreign substances
W
weak triangle (converse) - Area superior to paired domes where the cephalic margin of
the lower lateral cartilages (LLC) separate to travel in a superio-lateral direction.
Z
zygoma - a bone of the side of the face below the eye that forms part of the zygomatic
arch and part of the orbit and articulates with the temporal, sphenoid, and frontal
bones and with the maxilla of the upper jaw --called also cheekbone, jugal, malar bone,
zygomatic bone
zygomatic bone - a bone of the side of the face below the eye that forms part of the
zygomatic arch and part of the orbit and articulates with the temporal, sphenoid, and
frontal bones and with the maxilla of the upper jaw --called also cheekbone, jugal,
malar bone, zygoma
References and Credits
Anatomy as Related to Rhinoplasty; Rod J. Rohrich, M.D., F.A.C.S. and Jack Gunter,
M.D., F.A.C.S
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary
Graylab Online Medical Dictionary - UK
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Anatomy of the Human Body, Henry Gray (1821–1865)
Online Version of Anatomy of the Human Body - Bartleby.com