The_Rise_of_China and Its Soft Power

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THE RISE OF CHINA

AND ITS SOFT POWER

CONFERENCE REPORT

18 - 19 OCTOBER 2007

SINGAPORE

CHINA PROGRAMMES. RAJARATNAM SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES,

NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY


3/2602 THE RISE OF CHINAAND ITSSOFT POWER

O P EN I N G R E M A R K S

Mr Barry Deske r began his opening address byextending his gratitude to the participants for attending

the conference on Chinas rise and its soft power.

First, he expressed his admiration for Chinas dramatic

progress in the econo mic and military sphe res, sta ting

that since China liberalized its economy, it has

witnessed an eightfold growth in its exports since

1990 to 2003 and ranked s eco nd o nly to the United

States in 2006, in terms of contribution to the growth

in the world e co nomy.

However, he asserted that Chinas unsurpassed

economic and mi l i t a ry g rowth has a l so been

acc ompa nied by a stea dy expans ion of its c ultural

and diplomatic influence globally. Nevertheless, he

noted that, unlike the ac cretion o f scho larly works

focused on Chinas burgeoning hard power, there is

a d ea rth of sc holarly analysis that s ee ks to es tab lisha s ystema tic a nd emp irica l unde rstand ing o f Chinas

so ft powe r.

Therefore, he pronounced that the comp elling ne ed

for the conference was borne out of a variety of

objectives, amongst which were: to shed light and

promote a platform for disc uss ion o n c ritica l area s of

interes ts regarding Chinas so ft power; to explore a nd

empirically ascertain the extent of growth and limits

of Chinas soft power; to investigate the manner inwhich traditional Chinese culture has assisted in Chinas

accretion of so ft powe r; to a nalyze the extent in which

the Beijing Conse nsus the Chinese model of socio-

economic development - is unique and whether its

appropriation is applicable for third world states.

In conclusion, Mr Barry Desker affirmed that with

Chinas steady rise and its substantial impact on

global platform of power and politics, there is a

growing necessity for the above-mentioned issues

to be critically analyzed.

AMBASSADOR BARRY DESKERDEAN,S. RAJARATNAM SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES


4/26THE RISE OF CHINAAND ITSSOFT POWER 03

P A N EL O N E

Sof t Power : Th eory An d Ch in ese Ap p roach

D I S C U S S I O N

Tang Shiping provided a few constructive comments.

Firs t , he questioned Lis application of social

cons tructivism as a theory to e xplain soft powe r. He

stated that Lis paper would provide a more significant

con tribution and a more holistic unde rstand ing of so ftpower if he include d s tates interest in using soft power

inste ad of just discuss ing soft power in iso lation. Shiping

added that such a framework would enable a more

comprehens ive understanding of how the Iraq war has

attenua ted United S tates s oft power. He also disagreed

with Lis approach of using social constructivism to

theoretically conceptualize soft power, as social

constructivism is completely ideational. Shiping alsoass erted that there is a nee d to comp are and contrast

soft power with hard power to attain a more meaningful

understanding of soft power.

Li Ming jiang s pap er focused on analyzing the conc ept

of soft power from a new theoretical pe rspe ctive, and

relating this new framework to the discussion of Chinas

soft power. He presented a critique of Joseph Nyes

conceptualization of soft power and argued for an

alternative framework that c onceives of soft power as

the s oft use of power. Moreover he argued that the

concepts in social constructivism could be used tobetter appreciate the functions of soft power in

international politics, thereby providing a more

com prehens ive unde rstanding of soft powe r.

In the s eco nd p art of Lis p ape r, he c ontende d that

because of the flaws in the existing theoretical

framework, there has bee n much d iss ens ion over the

so urces , limitations and influenc es of Chinas so ft

power. Hitherto, official and scholarly discourse on

Chinas soft powe r has focus ed exclusively on the

ide ational so urces of soft power, thereb y neglecting

a more apposite approach that is to examine how

China intends to use or has used all resources of itspower, material or idea tiona l, in the interna tiona l arena.

Li concluded that the ultimate growth of Chinas soft

power would come from two main sources: the

successes of its domestic modernization and the

prude nt use of its growing material power in interna tional

relations. The future o f Chinas so ft power e ss entially

hinges on Chinas image as a benign power that is

considerate of the interes ts o f other state s a nd is willing

to provide sub sta ntial interna tiona l pub lic go ods.

DR TANG SH PING

VISITING FELLOW,S. RAJARATNAM SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

Discussant: Tang ShipingPresenter: Li Mingjiang Moderator: Cheng Xiaohe



P A N E L T W O

Soc io l i z at i on , In t e r n at i on a l Re sp on sib i l i t y

An d Th e Sof t Power Of Ch in a

D I S C U S S I O N

Zha ng Yon gjin complimente d S huyong for pres enting

the d isc ourse of soft power from Chinas p ersp ec tive.

He add ed that it is p ertinent to unde rstand how the

Chinese make sense of soft power, as the internal

discourse on soft power would be dissimilar from the

exte rnal disc ours e. A gen era l criticism Yong jin

express ed regarding the paper was the authors failure

and complete disregard in addressing how China

actua lly exercise s its so ft p ower, focusing inste ad onhow China s hould build its soft powe r.

Following Yong jins co mme nts an ac tive d isc us sion

ens ued over the the oretica l framewo rk in which s oft

power s hould b e c once ived. Rick Sm ith who s poke

from a p ractitione rs p oint of view expres se d tha t so ft

power as he understands it, is something intangible

that cannot be picked up as a tool and it exists over

and beyond what is apparent and concrete. For

examp le, China has a certain perceptible ca che of soft

power the Chinese language, Chinese history and

its substantial Chinese Diaspora. Barry Desker thenpos ed a que stion to the p articipants , asking what the

Chinese mea n by soft power and whether there is a

trend towards a n indigenization of the c once pt.

Guo Shuyong first began by expounding on the

impo rtance of neo- internationalism in unde rstand ing

the m otivations be hind Ch inas interes t in am as sing

soft power. He argued tha t Chinas des ire for a pe aceful

rise serves a double-edged sword for, apart from

signaling Chinas intention for the development of a

harmonious world orde r, it se rves as a rational mea ns

to achieve strategic goals. Shuyong then elaborated

on the va r ious theore t i ca l concep t s and i t s

accompanying frameworks, a rguing for the international

political sociology as a conceptual tool to study the

pheno menon of soft power. Acco rding to Shuyong,

the fram ework of internationa l politica l so ciology (IPS )

is actually an extension of political sociology to

international fields. The IPS approach, which

emphas izes the impl ica t ions of soc ia l iza t ion,

institutionalization and communitarian movements,

perceives the rise of China as having a palpable impact

upo n the interna tiona l comm unity. Therefore, Chinas

acquiescence towards internal norms and engagement

with international institutions is concordant with the

countrys d es ires to be com e a g reat power.

Subs eque ntly, Shuyong underlined the a chievements

and difficulties in Chinas so ft power cons truction from

the IPS perspective. He stated that thus far China has

fulfilled the three criteria of a great power which include

the d evelopment in accordance with international order,

legitimate wars, and the image as a great power.

Chinas downfall however is that its soft power

cons truction is leaps and b ounds behind the developed

countries . Shuyong as se rted that in the new era, China

should com bine internationalism with p atriotism closely

and take national interests rather than ideology as a

yardstick to measure internationalism.

To con clude, Shu yong em pha sized that in order for

Chinas influence to improve and its soft power to be

augmented, it needs to intensify the following three

aspects : the development in conformity wi th

international order, integration with the world civilization,

and interna tiona l ima ge -bu ilding.

PROFESSOR GUO SHUYONGPROFESSOR OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS,SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY

Discussant: Zhang YongjinPresenter: Guo Shuyong Moderator: Joshua Kurlantzick



PA N E L T H R EE

Sp eak in g Sof t ly: Th e Rh e to r i c An d Prac t i ce

Of Soft Power In Ch in as Ris in g St r at egy

D I S C U S S I O N

Harry Harding co mme nde d Deng Yong for a well-res earched and comp rehens ive pap er on Chinas s oft

power rhetoric a nd practices . He agreed with Deng

Yong s a na lysis that p erce ives Chinas s oft powe r as

a tool to allay international fears of China as a malignant

and bellicos e power. Harding a dde d that China has

actively engaged and participated in international

institutions bec ause it wants to as sure the international

com munity that it can ac t resp ons ibly.

Harding proposed a few sugges tions in order to improve

the cogency of Deng Yongs argument. He commented

that a cate gorization of soft power would b e a pt to

further analyze Chinas conduct in foreign relations.

Harding pointed out that most o f the examples c overed

by Deng Yong involves Chinas atte mp t in reass uring

and influencing the internationa l community by bas ica llyaccepting international norms and the liberal norms

of interna tiona l orde r. He ques tione d whethe r China

would e volve to sugge st a nd a dvocate new norms

although it has not done so in a fundamental way.

However Harding added that what distinguished China

is that it continues to trea t sovereignty as s ac rosanc t

and does not advocate sanctions and interventions

and while China may no t have challenged globa lization,

it has began tweaking the globalization process.

Harding posed another thought-provoking question,

asking at what point China would begin to shift its

ba lance from reass urance to influence a nd wha t Chinas

objectives would be then. He conc luded by stating

that these were salient issues and questions in

understanding Chinas impact in the future.

The main focus ofDen g Yon gs paper was on how

soft power is treated in the rhetoric and practice of

Chinas interna tional strate gy in the post-Cold War era.

In the first part of his p ap er, Deng Yong examines the

gap s betwee n Chinas rhetorical silence and practice

of soft power in the 1990s and subsequently investigates

how soft power is pursued more deliberately andvigorously in the new ce ntury.

According to Deng Yong , China threa t theories which

gained currency in 1990s and are essentially foreign

fears of an aggres sive, ha rmful charac ter in world politics

contributed to the d rastic re-a lignment of Chinas foreign

relations . Chines e leade rs realized tha t they need ed to

ado pt a gentler and softer approach, m aintaining that

their countrys rise presented an opportunity for peace,

prosp erity and stability whilst at the same time rejec ting

any portrayals of China a s a b ias ed , malicious actor in

the interna tiona l world o rder.

Sub sequently, Deng Yong offered an e laboration on the

various dimensions of Chinas soft power. He then

ana lyzed the suc cess , limits and implica tions of Chinassoft power politics . Deng Yong pos ited tha t the es sence

of post-Cold War Chinas foreign policy is to avoid hard

collision with the established great powers and the

international sta tus q uo. To enh anc e s oft power

construction, which currently represents the core of

Chinas foreign p olicy cho ice , the PRC ha s pursue d

ec onom ic, multilate ral and c oop erative d iplomac y. In

the context of a more pluralistic world, China has resisted

the Western dominance in values and standards, opting

ins tea d to c ultivate its po litica l and cultural influenceglobally. Judging by its ob jec tives, Deng Yong commends

Chinas soft power campaign but concedes that real

difficulties and uncertainties remain due to a myriad of

weaknes se s b oth do mes tica lly and the hard realities

as sociated with power trans ition in international relations.

PROFESSOR HARRY HARDINGPROFESSOR OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS,THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY

Discussant: Harry HardingPresenter: Deng Yong Moderator: Su Hao


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P A N E L F O U R

Ch ina s Sof t Power In f luen ce In Afr i ca

The gist ofJ os hua Kurlan tzicks presentation was on

Chinas engagement and its soft power influence in

Africa. He began by outlining the origins of Chinas

mod ern day engage ment with Africa . He claimed tha t

Chinas rhetoric on Africa has altered significantly from

the 1980s to p resent. While in the 1980s when Deng

Xiaoping focused on Chinas opening and reform, Beijing

largely withdrew its ties with Africa. However, over thepast decade, China has re-engaged with Africa and

Kurlantzick asse rted tha t Chinas rene wed ties with the

continent are merely part of Beijings broader soft power

initiative around the world. Moreover he contended that

Africa is especially important to China as it remains one

of the resource-rich regions with untapped markets

avoided by Western and Asian multinationals and

governments due to high levels of political risks.

Kurlantzick then identified Chinas various soft power

tools, which include: development assistance in the

form of aid and debt c ancellation, training p rograms for

African officials, funding for language and culture studies,

the export of Chinese mode l of developme nt and a

myriad of other forms of programmes. Kurlantzick

ad mitted tha t thes e p rogrammes suffer from various

shortcomings. For instanc e, they tend to be poorly

coordinated . China lacks a permane nt aid b ureauc racy

to coordinate aid flows, and the Ministry of Foreign

Affairs, the China Ex-Im Bank and the Ministry of

Commerce all have different priorities. Nevertheless, heclaimed that compared to its Asian and Western

counterparts, Chinas global charm has paid off most

extens ively in Africa whereby in the mos t rece nt Pew

Global Attitudes survey, people in nearly all the African

nations surveyed ho ld favorable imag es of China.

To conclude, Kurlantzick outlined that Chinas soft power

in Africa faces significant hurdles in the longer term.

Although African civil society welcomed Chinas new

relationship with the continent, especially since otherpowe rs like the United Sta tes ignored man y Africa n

needs , Af r i can med ia and non-gove rnmenta l

organizations will begin to speak out more. The c urrent

trend is that African NGOs have begun to express

conce rn tha t Chinas growing power in Africa will lea d

to Beijing exporting its own weaknes se s including poor

environmental regulations, low labour standards, and

weak corporate governance.

D I S C U S S I O N

Liu Jian fei praised the presenter for providing a clear

and cohe rent prese ntation o f Chinas soft powe r in

Africa . He ad ded tha t China has an o verriding interes t

in South Africa because of favorable Chinese foreign

policy towards Africa and more impo rtantly be ca use

of histo rica l similarities of both s tate s a nd their current

status as rapidly developing countries . As such, J ianfei

contends that Chines e soft power is relatively influential

in Africa . However, he c laimed that the p rimary reas on

China engages in Africa is because of the attractive

economic opportunities . Economic inducement,

according to him, should be categorized under hard

ins tea d o f soft powe r. Althoug h Chinas so ft power is

marginally influential, when we identify economic

fac tors as elements o f so ft power we are overstating

the influence of Chines e so ft power in Africa .

06 THE RISE OF CHINAAND ITSSOFT POWER

Discussant: Liu JianfeiPresenter: Johsua Kurlantzick Moderator: Zhu Zhiqun

MR JOSHUA KURLANTZICKVISITING SCHOLAR,CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE



P A N E L F I V E

Th e Revival Of Ch in ese Civi l i zat io n

Su Hao theoretically conceptualized Chinas ascend

based on a f ramework te rmed as the Spira l

Development of History. He argued that such a

framework will enable one to d iscern the various phases

that China has unde rgone, na mely, the thriving, dec lining

and revival phas es . He p osited two a rguments . First,

there is a long cycle of historical development in the

evolution of huma nkind. The histo ry of humankind cantherefore b e d etermined b y the rules of the long c ycle

and the e nd of the first long cycle will be marked by a

spiral development. Second, he proposed that the

evolution o f humankind would take a proces s of Spiral

Development of History. From the naiss ance of civilization

to its future in a long run, the world orders will take their

forms in three sta ges that a re the ag ricultural age, the

information age and industrial age.

This framework has provided the analytical lens to chart

the patterns of development of the international system.

Hao argued that during the agricultural age, the re was

relative balance between the East and the West; however

with the advent of the industrial age the West dominated

the Eas t and finally the information a ge has seen a slight

revival of the East. However Hao asserted that the

international community is still very much western centric

with the predominance of liberal and democratic values

originating from Western civilizations forming the basis

of worldwide political and societal norms.

To c onclude, Hao e laborated on the a spe cts of an

Oriental Renaissance, which includes the following

precepts: harmony of men with heaven, harmonioussociety in China, and harmony of the world at the

global leve l.

D I S C U S S I O N

Zhao Litao ope ned the d isc uss ion d elving into the

topic of an Oriental Renaissance, asking what the

implications of such a concept were in the international

community. He also s tated that there has to be a more

persuasive and convincing reason in order for the

harmony concept to replace the liberal democratic

politica l system and values . Moreover for the ha rmony

political framework to be operational it has to be

supp orted b y a sound economic basis.

Acc ording to Litao a harmonious so ciety is not viab le

and sociology has provided reas ons why that conce pt

is inope rative toda y. For a harmonious c once pt to be

operative, everyone has to internalize its objectivesand purpos e. Unlike the libe ral-democratic and market

oriented society we live in, the motivations to ensure

everyone pe rforms their roles in a ha rmonious society

cannot be based on rewards or monetary incentives.

As such, suc h a concep t se ems untenable e spe cially

because social and political change always occurs

only after a protracted conflict. In fact, Litao e mphas ized

that harmony is always used to preserve the status

quo. Litao p osited a hypothetica l que stion by asking

what the prospects of social change and development

in a harmonious soc iety are.

Tang Shiping c ontributed to the discus sion concurring

with Litao . He claimed tha t a ha rmonious s oc iety is a

static society and as Karl Popper puts it, an enemy

of the op en s tate. He objected to the conc ept of a

harmonious soc iety and pond ered ope nly rega rdingwhat would the n be the natural laws of a harmonious

so ciety. Acc ording to him, as huma ns are inherently

self-interested, conflict is an inevitable corollary.

Discussant: Zhao LitaoPresenter: Su Hao Moderator: Li Mingjiang

PROFESSOR SU HAOPROFESSOR / DIRECTORCHINA FOREIGN AFFAIRS UNIVERSITY


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P A N E L S I X

Cu lt u r e : Th e Tr a i lb lazer Of Ch in as Sof t Powe r

The ma in argument po sited by Cheng Xiao he is that

culture plays a leading role in Chinas pursuit of soft

power be caus e o f three reasons . First, China is one

of earliest civilizations whose culture remains influential

within the region. Se cond, Chinas traditiona l culture,

symbolized by Confucianism, is gradually waning in

influence due to competition from other dominant

cultures. Third, Chines e lead ers rega rd culture a s an

integral component of national security. In fact, the

latest Chinese efforts to set up Confucius Institutes

ac ross the world are a critica l indicator of Chinas effort

to revive its culture.

Xiaohe then identified five major points of confluence

between China and the international community,

claiming tha t the first wave lasted a bou t half a c entury

and drastically ended with the outbreak of the first

Sino-Jap ane se War in 1896. The fifth wave of cultural

interplay between China and the outside world was

initiated b y Deng Xiopeng who em ba rked on o pe ning

up policies and a reformation of China. However

according to Xiaohe , even though the Chines e leade rs

tried to adopt Western method of production and

import Western technology as well as engage in

Wes tern financial markets, they resisted the precep ts

of liberalism which they believed might contaminate

Chinese spiritual life.

Having underlined these areas of confluence, Xiaohe

noted that there was a s trong c orrelation b etween

Chinese culture and its economic might. He affirmed

that the enha ncement of Chinese cultural attractivenessis largely the outg rowth from its vas tly expa nding ha rd

power. However, to conclude, Xiaohe listed a few

challenges that curtailed the positive expansion of

Chinas sof t power. They inc lude socia l and

environmental problems that threaten the sustainability

and credibility of projects and investments from China

as well as the international communitys criticism of

Chinas p olitica l and so cial sys tem.

D I S C U S S I O N

Goh Nguen Wah bas ed his comme nts not so lely on

Xiaohe s pap er but o n the c onference as a whole. He

que stioned the authe nticity of Jo se ph Nyes c once pt

of soft power pond ering whether J ose ph Nye merely

coined a te rminology for a p ractice that has bee n

ongoing for decades. He proposed that perhaps China

had been an ad vocate o f so ft power long before Nyes

terminology became fashionable. He validated hisargument sta ting tha t the b as is o f Confucianism relies

on moral values instead of force as a main tool to

fashion conduct.

Moreover, Goh claimed that intensive cultural

interactions between China and foreign powers date

back to the Tang dynasty. He believes that Chinas

threat is unfounded as economic growth is more

important compared to military supremacy.

Johsua Kurlantzick then posed a question regarding

Chinas view on cultural produc ts s uch as films and

art works that are s ubversive towards the dominant

politica l power of the sta te. If thes e e lements of Chinassoft power are closely regulated and censured, what

is the states stance on these forms of soft power?

Xiaohes response was that if China releases its control

on p olitica l power gradua lly, Chinas so ft power would

expand and be come more influential. He ass erted that

culture remains the cornerstone of national cohe sion.


Discussant: Goh Nguen WahPresenter: Su Hao Moderator: Tang Shiping cornerstone



PANEL SEVEN

Th e Revival Of Ch in ese Civi l i zat io n

Deng Xiao ga ngs paper examined how Chinas cultural

trade exports and world promotion of its media

contribute s to its growing d etermination to be a world

superpower in economic and cultural spheres. He argued

that Chinas rise is beyond a simple economic

sup erpowe r. As the significance of Chines e e cono mic

power has grown, China also desires to b ecome a major

world cultural power.

Acc ording to Xiaogang, Ch inas cultural po wer is not

compatible with its ec onom ic a nd p olitica l clouts. As

the Chinese government is not s atisfied with the cultural

deficit in publication and low profile in the world, it has

embarked on a comp rehensive plan to export its cultural

resources in an attemp t to e xpand its o verall cultural

power. Xiaogangs study has revealed that China is

indeed a major cultural exporter or the 4th largest cultural

expo rter in the world in 2002 a s evide nt in the United

Nations Educa tion, Science and Culture Organ ization

2005 report on Interna tiona l Flows of Selected Cultural

Goods and Services 1994-2003. China gradually rea lizes

that the be st wa y for its c ultural promotion is through

marketing or ec onomic me chanism. Xiaoga ng claimed

that Chinas extens ive te levision a nd internationa l rad io

network with the former commanding 65 millon viewers

around the g lobe and the latter broadc as ting a ll over

the world in 1,035 hours per day in 43 foreign languages ,

has been considered a relative success in terms of

expand ing its overall cultural power.

Nevertheless, Xiaogang is quick to underline the various

obstacles that beset Chinas plans for cultural

dominance . To replace or even integrate Chinese culture

into US culture may prove to be a source of conflict

given how vas tly different thes e cultures are. Moreover,

there is a dearth of interna tionally well-known househo ld

names or stars within the fashion, acting and sports

industries. Therefore, it will be quite challenging to

promote Chines e c ulture through marketing Chinesecultural produc ts. Xiaogang emp has ized that a lthough

the Chinese eco nomy is strong it has not produced

many world famo us multinational companies with well-

recognized brand names. Therefore, to conclude,

Xiaogang p roffered that given Wes tern d omination in

med ia a nd c ultural icons , it is q ues tionable how many

people will support Chinas cultural promotion beyond

its Asian neighbors or Chines e Dias pora com munities .

D I S C U S S I O N

Fran c is Lim began by commending Xiaogang for his

conception of Chinese culture that was not und erpinned

by theories of Chines e p ea cefulnes s o r harmony. He

questioned however ce rtain as sumptions in Xiaogangs

arguments which a ss umed that the nega tive perception

of Chinas rise was an inevitable outc ome experience d

by the international community when faced with a newdeveloping power. Lim asserted that perhaps the

Western media are not the only entities responsible

for disseminating the image of Chinas rise. Chinese

Diasporas as well as the Chinese government may

have the ir own interes ts in ad vocating ce rtain forms

of Chines e culture over others.

Additionally, Lim stated that it is inevitable for certain

influences of Chinese culture to encroach beyond the

cons traints of the state, a s the Chines e s tate is justone part of the culture industry. It is interesting to

study, track and analyze how the interplay of these

diverse entities produces the amorphously defined

Discussant: Francis LimPresenter: Deng Xiaogang Moderator: Chen Jianfeng

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DENG XIAOGANG

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF SOCIOLOGYUNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS



Chinese culture. Nevertheless, Lim is skeptical of

Xiaogangs methodology, questioning whether it is

acc urate to treat s tates cultural exports a s an indicator

of the overall economic and cultural power of the state.

How then d oes one a ccount for cultural produc ts that

are produced in China but are not about China

sp ecifically? He s ugge ste d tha t Xiaog ang strengthen

his arguments by including a global survey on theperception of Chinas rise, as this will complement the

d i f fe ren t ind ica to rs tha t he has men t ioned .

Las tly, Lim express ed his doub ts whe ther the increase

of Chinas export of its cultural products would

nec es sa rily fac ilitate the p os ition a nd imag e o f China.

He argued that most Chinese cultural products are

regulated and s anctioned by the state and e ven works

of aca de mic s cho larship a re ide ologically tainted as

the s tate ha s a n overpowering hold over scholarship.

Sub se que ntly, Lim und erlined two ma in ob sta cles to

Chinas efforts at cultural expa ns ion. First the over-

involvem ent of the s tate will tarnish Chinas credibilityand sec ond, if the s tate fails to step bac k and allow

for the reconstitution of its polity so as to enable a

more vibrant society, the extent of Chinas influence

will be limited.

P A N E L E I G H T

Ch inese Mod el Of Develop men t And Ch inese Soft Power

This paper by Pang Zhongying focuses on the

relationship be tween Chinas development a nd its s oft

power. Zhongying argued tha t in theory the

achieveme nts of Chinas hard p ower would have built

a good foundation for the de velopm ent of Chinas soft

power. Nonethe les s, as China develops its ma rket and

expan ds its e cono my, its s oft power grew weaker.

Zhongying ide ntified a few rea so ns for s oft powe rs

attenuation. First, China has failed to improve its

environmental standards despite suffering from a

myriad of environmentally hazardous accidents before.

Second, Chinas political system unlike its economic

system has no t unde rgone reformation and s till remains

extremely authoritarian, lacking the liberties consonant

to developed economies. Third, Chinas economic

growth has been fueled by foreign direct investments

and China has served as the worlds workshop for

low value added products. As China develops itsexport ba se behind the relative anonymity of outsourced

manufacturing m ode ls, the d evelopment o f indigenous

brands has been s low.

To c onc lude , Zhongying o utlined a few s trategies in

order to streng then Chinas so ft po wer. First, China

must correct its development strategy in order to

pursue a real scientific development which can solve

Chinas s oft power deficit. Sec ond, China mus t se ek

an effective and pragmatic path to reform its political

system in order to further empower its people so as

to achieve real development. Third, China needs to

narrow its widen ing value ga ps with the world.

Zhongying argued that it is imperative for Chinas

relation with other states to be bas ed on shared values.

Otherwise , it would be impos sible to d evelop a genuine

Beijing Consensus with the world. Finally China must

reform its imag e to p ortray that its de velopm ent is

accordant with a democratic society instead of an

authoritarian mod ernity.

Discussant: John DonaldsonPresenter: Pang Zhongying Moderator: Tang Shiping

PROFESSOR PANG ZHONGYINGPROFESSOR OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSBROOKINGS INSTITUTION


12/26

D I S C U S S I O N

Donaldson praised Zhongyin for a well-developed

and nua nced argument of Chinas a chieveme nts and

its ab ility to trans late them into s oft powe r. However,

Donaldson m entioned that there were d eep differences

betwee n the Washington c ons ens us a nd the BeijingConsens us. While the Washington model is universally

app licab le a nd the state plays a night watch role s o

as to ensure that the market operates in the most

efficient way, the Chinese approach is specific and

its conditional upon top eli tes developmental

preferences . Apart from tha t, China has a large domestic

market and is able to impose various conditions

on foreign direct investments and multi-national

comp anies (MNCs).

Furthermore, Donaldson disagreed with Zhongyins

claim that China is a good s tudent of the Was hington

cons ensus. According to Donalds on, Chinas economy

may have opened up but it is not a neo-liberal state.

Ch inese l eade rs approach o f choos ing and

amalgama ting wha t they prefer from various ideologies

and imposing certain conditions on trade has been

tenable as China is a large s tate with a large d ome stic

market. Moreover he ad ded that the Chines e mod el

in practice is discordant with the theoretical model itexports to Africa . In fact, Donaldson argued tha t China

is not exporting a Beijing model, instead it is advocating

to Africa what is of strategic interest for China. He

asserted that while the Beijing model might be

ideologically free it is certainly value and interest laden.

Harry Harding ad ded that the mod el a country exports

usually has very little to do with its own theories.

Harding a dvised China to move towards dem ocracy

slowly and while Washington ma y have ad vocate d acertain model of development it certainly did not

develop in line with its theoretical plans. He believes

that China ha s to reass ert itself and move a way from

invoking liberal laws and values as justifications for

their development plans.

THE RISE OF CHINAAND ITSSOFT POWER 11

P A N EL N I N E

Th e Pr act ice Of Th e Mean : Ch in as Soft Powe r Cu lt ivat ion

Chen J ianfeng be gins his pres enta tion b y highlighting

that the emphasis of his paper would involve not an

explanation of so ft power but the notion of so ft power

in relation to China. The presentation would draw

atten tion to the rea sons b ehind Chinas d etermination

to develop in a soft manner and the strategies that

China uses a t a macroeconomic level to ga insoft power.

T he p re sen ta t ion the rea f t e r expounds on the

relationship between Chinese culture and Chinas

grand strategies by using events in history and at

prese nt. The p resentation the reby indicates that Chinas

soft power is growing with Chinas incremental

contribution to world sta bility and pros pe rity.

Chen reiterated tha t soft power is embedd ed in cultural

and institutional attraction more than economic, political

and military capacities. Culture as he opined would

be the d riving force that s hap es a na tions inner andexternal behaviour. In sum, Chen emphasized that

China also needed institutions which would be able

to s ucc es sfully res olve Chinas trans itiona l prob lems.

The s ucc es s in the ab ility to cons truct a harmonious

so ciety would translate into su cc es sful cultivation of

soft power.

Discussant: Pang ZhongyingPresenter: Chen Jianfeng Moderator: Deng Yong



D I S C U S S I O N

Pang applauded the good as sess ment made by the

pap er, and es pec ially the attem pt mad e b y Chen to

define and c larify the notion of the mea n and the reas on

behind its importance to Chinas so ft po wer and future

world order. Pang asserted that China was not inconcert of democracy but p romoted harmony instead .

Pang nonetheless questioned the feasibility of the

concept of mean to b e use d as a universal concept

or one that was unique to China. Whilst he emphasized

that he hoped tha t the mean would be a useful conce pt

in Chinas foreign policy, he noted that there may be

limitation in the manne r through which the mea n c an

be effectively promoted as a un iversal concep t.

Chen Gang further que stioned the no tion o f Chinasability to sustain the notion of the mean given the

emp has is of China as it pursues economic extremism.

He questioned if economic extremism dominated

Chinas foreign policy and resulted in China moving

away from the concept of the mean in its entirety.

P A N EL TEN

Ch in a s Sof t Power An d Neo- l ibe r a l Agen da I n Asean

Ignatius Wibowo attem pted to explain that the twin

concept of free market and democracy has been

accepted by countries in South East Asia withreluctance and hesitance following the rise of China.

In the first part of his presentation, Wibowo presents

the spread of the Chinese model of development

among Southeast Asian countries. He propounded

that many countries in Southeast Asia were looking

to China as an inspiration and were attempting to

emulate it.

In the latter half of the pres enta tion, Wibowo de sc ribed

the co nflict be tween the two mod els o f de velopm ent

in the international arena, namely the Washington

Consens us and the Beijing Cons ensus . Wibowo p ut

forth that the ASEAN countries have shifted their

development strategies from the one which was bas ed

on free market and democracy to that of semi-free

market and an illiberal political system. Two factors

were highlighte d a s c ata lysts , the Asian financial crisis

and the rise of China.

The rise of China attracted ASEAN countries to follow

in its pa th. This sp ec tacular rise has not on ly provide da model but it has become a source of soft power in

itse lf. Chinas s oft po wer is rega rded to b e ab le to

exert a stronger influence for a long time and as such

the Beijing consens us will stay.

Discussant: Joseph LiowPresenter: Ignatius Wibowo Moderator: Guo Shuyong

DR IGNATIUS WIBOWOUNIVERSITAS INDONESIA



D I S C U S S I O N

Jo se ph Liow ques tioned the s tructuralist na ture o f

the argument that moves around the concep ts of both

the Beijing consensus as well as the Washington

Conse nsus . Liow put forth the point that the structuralist

argument was too deterministic a nd was not convincedthat a neo- libe ral agend a was prese nt within ASEAN

if at all. He em pha sized tha t it was problematic to

conflate the concept of ASEAN as a whole given that

this would assume that ASEAN as a cohesive entity.

Liow highlighted that it was important to clarify the

tenets of the mo de ls. In this rega rd as the re need s to

be a mo re thorough as se ss ment if the s hift towards

the Beijing Cons ens us wa s a calculated move or one

that these countries has unwittingly come to. The

security dimension of ASEAN was not highlighted.

Liow d rew on the fac t that if the s ec urity dime nsionwas a dded , the dynamics of the whole s cena rio would

be chang ed sub stantially.

Hiro highlighte d th at c ontrary to the fac t tha t ASEAN

may have b ee n attracted to the Beijing mo de l, it may

have been China which was attracted to the East Asian

Miracle a nd the notion of the Asian Way.

Zhu Zhiquns presentation addressed the manner

through which China is expanding influence in South

Korea and Austra lia. The p rese ntation highlighted the

differences and s imilarities in China s relation with the

two countries and explored the limits of Chinas soft

powe r in South Korea and Australia. The p resentation

concludes with the attempt to compare these two

relationships and the impact i t has on Chinas

relations hip with the United State s. The prese ntation

accounted for the manner and the reason behind

Chinas expanding soft power with the Asia Pacific

and offers a theoretical exploration of Chinas new

diplomacy and the policy implication that this in turn

will have on the United States.

Chinas strate gies for de velop ing wa rm relations with

South Korea include holding frequent high-level

meetings to consolidate ties, broadening cultural,

educ ational and soc ial exchanges , and the dee pening

of economic coop eration. This d oes not nega te the

potential problems caused by historical and other

disp utes, lead ership and policy change s, and the iss ue

of Taiwan and North Korea. With regards to Australia,

there has been the active promotion of cultural

and educational exchanges, the holding of high

level meetings and reaching out to the public.

Limitations with regards to Australia include the notion

of human rights, se curity concerns a nd the iss ue of

the S outh P acific.

The relationship that China has with thes e two countries

has not been an obstacle to its relationship with the

United Sta tes . Whilst d ifficult choices have to be mad e,

the United Sta ted rema ins a c ritica l ally.

PANEL ELEVENCh in a s War min g Re lat ion s Wi th Sou t h Kor ea And

Au st r a l ia An d Th e i r Imp l icat ion s For Th e Uni t ed Stat es

Discussant: Hiro KatsumataPresenter: Zhu Zhiqun Moderator: Liu Jianfei

DR ZHU ZHIQUNASSISTANT PROFESSOR AND CHAIR, INTERNATIONALPOLITICAL ECONOMY AND DIPLOMACY,UNIVERSITY OF BRIDGEPORT



D I S C U S S I O N

Hiro Katsumata highlighted that the notion of soft

power used in the presentation was very vast and

encapsulated both notions from panda diplomacy to

high level mee tings. He a ss erted that the re was a need

to expand the sc ope of the outcome of Chinas strategyand to as sess the impa ct of Chinas friendly app roach.

There needs to be a more nuanced analysis with the

probable inclusion of a cross temporal view over and

above the cross country perspective which was provided.

Li Mingjiang added that the notion of economic ties as

a means for soft power neede d to be expande d upon.

This could include a possible analysis of the means

through which the economic relationship between both

these countries can be used to represent the norm oftrade and therein the p ursuance of economics as an

entity posse ss ing a soft power purpose.

PAN EL TW ELVE

Mob i l i zat ion Of Ch in a s Sof t Power Resou r ces :

H ow Su st aina b l e In Th e Comp e r t i t i onWi th Th e Uni t ed Stat e s?

Zhao Shuishe ng explores the no tion o f soft po wer

and highlights the unique dimension that Chinas

exercise of soft power remains flawed due to the

pragmatic political values surrounding Chinas rapid

economic growth. Zhao highlights that despite the

initial succ es s, Chinas current app roach to so ft powe rlacks the contemporary moral appeal that is required.

This as such makes Chinas soft power hardly

sustainable when compared to that of the United

States to inspire the vision of building a free and

prosperous world.

Chinas rise has effectively included both building the

tangible ec onom ic military powe r and the intang ible

political-cultural influence. While China maybe

mob ilizing its s oft power reso urces to trans form theworld, there is an impend ing lack of clarity with rega rds

to the extent towards which Chinas soft power will

be ab le to trans form the world given the flaws in Chinas

approach to soft power. In his presentation Zhao

highlighted the flaws of Chinas approach. These

include the imba lance of resources , legitimacy concerns

of its d iplomacy, the lac k of a clear coh erent ag end aon the part of China, the absence of Chinese non-

governmental organizations.

Zhao emp hasized that des pite the fact that the notion

of the rise of Chinas soft power may be problematic,

the United States is not able to ignore Chinas soft

power. If the decline of the global image of the United

Sta tes co ntinues , there is a very real pos sibility that

China ma y move from outside the shadow. Zhou ass erts

that is why it may be nece ss ary for the United State sto pa y attention to the balance of soft power in Asia.

D I S C U S S I O N

Liu Jianfeng acknowledg ed that he a grees with the

main ide as of the p ape r that China ha s indeed a long

road ahea d to become a global power. He highlighted

that there was a need to clearly define the notion of

hard power and that of soft power and if the former

can inde ed translate to the latter.

Discussant: Liu JianfengPresenter: Zhao Shuisheng Moderator: Deng Xiaogang



Zha ng Yon gjin provide s a n ana lytica l exam ination of

what is rega rded a s external discourse of Chinas s oft

power. The external discourse outside China in part

is mo re focus ed a nd is b etter conc ep tualized. Zhang

as se rts that the innovative nature of the conc ept of

soft power is indisp utable and has a ffected the manner

through which individuals talk and conceptualize the

notion of s oft power in its entirety.

Zhang notes however that there are conceptual

a m b i g u i t i e s t h a t a r e e m b e d d e d i n t h e s e

conc ep tualizations . There is no denoting the a sp ec t of

soft power that can be converted into power that

influences the actual behaviour and produces favourable

outcome s. They could not s et the context within which

power was exercised. Zhang a sserted tha t even in Nyes

discourse, soft power stems from three sources, a

countrys culture, politica l values and its foreign policies .

Thus not only is the te rm soft power value lad en, it is

often ass umed a nd undeb ated. The discourse and the

concept of soft power has become something that is

all encapsulating. This makes the examination of the

notion of soft power p roblematic. The larger que stion

to be debated is pe rhaps who quintessentially possessessoft power. Zhang contend that the framing and the

exercise of soft power has less to do with the moral

authority of American foreign policy than with narrating

the world through persua sive s tories .

In his presentation Zhang reinforces the fact the,

normative and instrumental arguments are not important

and what ma tters is that it is no t Chinas s oft power

that c o-op ts individua ls to c hange their be haviour.

Zhang contends that there is a genuine puzzle thatneeds to be addressed and if one looks deeper, the

disco urse has a s much to d o abo ut China as it does

the United States.

PA N E L T H I R T E EN

Th e Discou r se Of Ch in as Soft Power And It s Discon t en t s

D I S C U S S I O N

A r t h u r D i n g c o m m e n d e d t h e a u t h o r f o r a

comp rehens ive and succ inct pa per. Ding noted thatthe p ap er put forth a very convincing argumen t. The

paper has as such addressed the key issues that

need ed to b e extrapolated and e xplores the notion of

so ft po wer vis- -vis the cha nging world o rder. Ding

felt tha t the Yong jins read ing was a little pe ss imistic

although it was pe rsuasive. The indicator explored for

instance, Chinas ability in shaping an international

regime a nd a gend a s etting, was highlighted as onethat most p robab ly had s haped China instead . Yongjin

explores from a d ifferent a ngle the notion o f Soft power

and that of the rise of China. His paper has made

cons iderab le contribution to the understa nding o f the

notion of soft powe r.

Discussant: Arthur S. DingPresenter: Zhang Yongjin Moderator: Pang Zhongying

PROFESSOR ZHANG YONGJIN

DIRECTOR, NEW ZEALAND ASIA INSTITUTEUNIVERSITY OF AUKLAND


17/26

P A N EL F O U R T E EN

In t e r n at i o n a l In s t i t u t i on s And Ch in ss So f t P ow e r :

Case Of Kyot o Prot oc ol

Chen Gang asserts that if a countrys foreign policy

and prac t ices abide by commonly recognized

international norms and win the s upport of the mass es ,

its po wer originated from attrac tion a nd am ity will be

fortified. The global climate change has become an

increasingly important issue to contend with, given

the fact that China has a very large p opulation, rapid

economic growth, and a high dependence on coal.

China as such has played an important role in talks

on c lima te c hange interna tiona lly.

Chen as serts that the Kyoto Protocol is a cas e s tudy

of Chinas suc cess in d iplomacy. It showed that China

was ab le to use so ft powe r to formulate international

rules serving its own interest. Chinas ratifying the

Kyoto Protoc ol showed its willingne ss to a cc ep t the

interna tiona l norm o f environmental protec tion.

Post-Kyoto negotiations however are likely to threaten

Chinas soft power. At the meeting in 2007, China is

looked up on as the biggest ob stac le in ap proving the

new repo rt. Whether or not China c an g ain more so ft

powe r through a ll thes e p roactive mea sures remains

uncertain. However, Chinas economic strength has

grown so rapidly over the pa st d eca de that China ha s

to shoulder greater international responsibilities

correspondingly; failing to do so, Chen contends,

would da mage Chinas soft powe r.

D I S C U S S I O N

Li highlighted that Chen had laid out the major

arguments . It is a n impo rtant cas e s tudy as the to pic

is significant on several grounds, es pecially since China

has been involved in mitigating the effects of climate

change. It remains an area of increasing importance

in po litics . It ac ts a s a te st o f sources , tactics, limits

and growth of Chinas so ft po wer. There is a nee d to

sti l l f lesh out the mechanisms through which

international agenda se tting c an a ffec t a countrys soft

power. There ought to be other mechanisms of

observing soft power such as the ability to claim

legitimacy of ones own positions and the ability to

de ny the p os itions of others, a s well as the a bility to

provide policy proposals to the international community

in s olving conc rete p roblems .

There is a need to e xplore how the e xisting soft power

has been used and has facilitated the negotiations.

There is a ne ed to furnish the p ap er with more d etails.

There is a need to explore how China has beha ved in

other international institutions thereby s howca sing a

wider picture on Chinas soft power in international

norms and regimes .


Discussant: Li MinjiangPresenter: Chen Gang Moderator: Ignatius Wibowo

DR CHEN GANGRESEARCH FELLOW,EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE



Rapporteurs:

J olene Anne J erard and

Shahirah Binte Mahmood


19/26

P R O G R A M M E

Wed nes da y Octo be r 17, 2007

All Day Arrival and check in

for foreign p articipants

19:00 - 21:00 Welcome Recep tion for participantsVenue : Aqu a Ma rine, Level 4,

Marina Manda rin S inga pore

Thursday, October 18, 2007

(Ven ue : Orcha rd Ba llroom 2,

Level 3, Orcha rd Hotel Singa po re)

08:30 - 09:00 Registration

08:30 - 09:00 Opening Remarks:

Ambassador Barry Desker, DeanS. Rajaratnam Sc hool of

Interna tiona l Stud ies (RSIS)

09:20 - 10:00 Pan el One: Soft Po wer:

Theo ry and the Chines e Approa ch

Presen ter: Li Mingjiang (RSIS)

Moderator: Cheng Xiaohe

(Renmin University of China)

Discussant: Tang Shiping (RSIS)

10:00 -10:40 Pa ne l Two: So cialization, Interna tiona l

Resp ons ibility and the Soft Powe r

of China

Prese nter: Guo Shuyong

(Sha ngha i Jiaotong University)

Moderator: Joshua Kurlantzick

(Carnegie Endowment for

International Peace)

Disc us sa nt: Zhang Yongjin

(University of Auckland)

10:40 -11:00 Coffee Break

11:00 - 11:40 Pa ne l Three : Spe aking So ftly:

the Rheto ric an d Prac tice o f Soft Pow er in Chinas

Rising Strate gy

Pres ente r: Deng Yong

(United Sta tes Naval Aca de my)

Mode rator: Su Hao

(China Foreign Affairs University)

Disc us sa nt: Harry Harding

(George Washington University)

11:40 - 12:20 Pa ne l Four: China s So ft Po we r

Influe nc e in Africa

Presenter: Joshua Kurlantzick

(Carnegie Endowment for

International Peace)Modera tor: Zhu Zhiqun

(Univers ity of Bridg ep ort)

Disc us sa nt: Liu J ianfei

(China Cen tral Party School)

12:20 - 13:25 Lunch

09:20 - 10:00 Pa ne l Five: The Reviva l of

Chinese Civilization

Prese nter: Su Hao

(China Foreign Affairs University)

Moderator: Li Mingjiang (RSIS)

Discussant: Zhao Litao (East Asian Institute)

14:10 - 14:50 Panel Six: Culture: the Trailblazer

of China' s So ft Powe r

Prese nter: Cheng Xiaohe

(Renmin University of China)

Moderator: Tang Shiping (RSIS)

Disc uss ant: Goh Nguen Wah

(Nanyang Technological University)

14:50 - 15:10 Coffee Break

15:10 - 15:50 Pan el Seven: Chines e Cultural

Export and Soft Powe r

Prese nter: Deng Xiaog ang

(University of Mas sa chuse tts)

Mode rator: Chen J ianfeng

(Shangha i Univers ity of Po litical

Sc ience and Law)

Disc us sa nt: Franc is Lim

(Nanyang Technological University)

15:50 - 16:30 Pa ne l Eight : Chines e Mode l of

Development a nd China's Soft Power

Prese nter: Pang Zhongying (Peoples University and

Brookings Ins titution)

Moderator: Tang Shiping (RSIS)

Discussant: John Donaldson

(Singapore Management University)



20/26

P R O G R A M M E

Frida y, Octo be r 19, 2007

09:00 - 09:40 Pa nel Nine: The Prac tice of the Mea n:

China's Soft Power Cultivation

Prese nter: Chen J ianfeng

(Shanghai Univers ity of Po litical Science and Law)

Modera tor: Deng Yong

(United Sta tes Naval Aca de my)

Disc uss ant: Pa ng Zhongying

(Peoples University and

Brookings Institution)

09:40 -10:20 Pa ne l Ten : Chinas So ft Po we r and

Neo-Liberal Agenda in ASEAN

Presenter: Ignatius Wibowo

(Univers ity o f Indones ia)

Mode rator: Guo S huyong (Sha ngha i Jiaotong University)

Discussant: Joseph Liow (RSIS)

10:20 - 10:40 Coffee Break

10:40 - 11:20 Pa ne l Eleve n: China 's Warm ing

Relations with South Korea a nd

Aus tralia a nd Their Imp lica tions for

the United Sta tes

Presenter: Zhu Zhiqun

(Univers ity o f Bridg ep ort)

Moderator: Liu Jianfei

(China Ce ntral Pa rty Schoo l)

Disc us sa nt: Hiro Kats uma ta (RSIS)

11:20 - 12:00 Pa ne l Twe lve : Mob ilization o f

Chinas So ft Powe r Reso urces :

How sus tainable in the Comp etition

with the US?

Prese nter: Zhao Suisheng

(University of Denver)

Moderator:Deng Xiaogang

(University of Mas sa chuse tts)

Disc us sa nt: Liu J ianfei

(China Cen tral Party Schoo l)

12:00 - 13:30 Lunch

13:30 - 14:10 Pan el Thirteen : The Disc ours e of

China's Soft Power and Its Disc onte nt

Pres ente r: Zhang Yongjin

(University of Auckland)Mode rator: Pang Zhongying

(Peoples University and

Brookings Institution)

Discussant: Arthur S. Ding (RSIS)

14:10 - 14:50 Pan el Fourteen: Interna tiona l

Ins titutions an d Chinas So ft Po we r:

the Cas e of Kyoto Protocol

Presenter: Chen Gang

(Eas t Asian Ins titute)

Modera tor: Igna tius Wibowo

(Univers ity of Indones ia) Discussan t: Li Mingjiang (RSIS)

14:50 - 15:10 Concluding Session

15:10 Coffee Brea k

THE RISE OF CHINAAND ITSSOFT POWER 19


21/26

1. Dr Chen Gang

Research FellowEast Asian Institute

National University of Singapore

Singapore

2. Prof Chen J ianfeng

Profes so r of Interna tiona l Relations

Dean for Aca de mic Affairs

Sha ngha i University of Politica l Sc ienc e a nd Law

China

3. Dr Cheng Xiaohe

Ass istan t Profes so rRenmin Univers ity of China

China

4. Ass oc P rof Deng Xiaoga ng

Ass ociate P rofes so r of Soc iology

Soc iology Depa rtment

University of Massachusetts

USA

5. Ass oc P rof Deng Yong

Associate Professor

United State s Naval Acad emy

Department of Political ScienceUSA

6. Amb Barry Des ker

Dean

S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS)

Nanyang Technological University

Singapore

7. Dr Arthur Ding

Visiting Senior Research Fellow

S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS)

Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore

8. Dr Jo hn Andrew Donaldson

Ass istan t Profes so r

Singapore Manag eme nt University

Singapore

9. Dr Goh Nguen Wah

Adjunct Ass ociate Profes so rNanyang Technological University

Singapore

10.Prof Guo Shuyong

Professor of International Relations and

Ass ista nt Dean of School of International and Pub lic

Affairs

Sha ngha i Jiao Tong University

China

11.Prof Harry Harding

Univers ity Professor o f Inte rnational AffairsThe George Wash ington University

USA

12.Dr Hiro Kats umata

Research Fellow

S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies


Singapore

13.Mr Jos hua Kurlantzick

Visiting Sc holar

Carnegie Endowme nt for International Pe aceUSA

14 .Dr Li Mingjiang

Ass ista nt Profes sor



Singapore

15 .Dr Francis Lim

Ass ista nt Profes sor

Division of S oc iology,

Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore

L I S T O F P R E S E N T E R S / M O D E R A T O R S / D I S C U S S A N T S / P A R T I C I P A N T S

Pr e se n t e r s / M o d e r a t o r s/ Di sc u ssa n t s




16.Ass oc Prof Jo se ph Liow

Head of Res ea rch, Ins titute o f Defenc e & Strate gicStudies



Singapore

17.Prof Liu J ianfei

Direc tor of Chinese Foreign Affairs Division

Ins titute o f Interna tiona l Strate gic Studies

The Central Party School of the CPC

China

18.Prof Pang ZhongyingProfes so r of Interna tiona l Relations

Pe op les University and Brookings Ins titution

Curren tly at: Cente r for Northeast As ian Policy

S tudies, Brookings Institution

US A

19.Prof Su Hao

Professor / Director

China Foreign Affairs Univers ity

Cen ter for Asia-P ac ific S tudies

China

20.Dr Tang ShipingVisiting Senior Fellow



Singapore

21.Dr Ignatius Wibo wo Wibiso no

Centre for Chines e S tudiesUniversitas Indo nes ia

Indonesia

22.Prof Zhang Yongjin

Director

New Zealand Asia Institute, University of Auckland

New Zealand

23.Dr Zhao Litao

Research Fellow

Eas t Asian Institute,

National University of SingaporeSingapore

24.Prof Zhao Suishe ng

Editor, the J ourna l of Contem po rary China

Professor and Executive Director

Cente r for China-US Coop eration & Ins titute of US-

East Asian Cooperation

Graduate School of International Studies

Univers ity of Denver

USA

25.Dr Zhu Zhiqun

Ass ista nt P rofes so r and Chair, Interna tiona l Politica lEconomy and Diploma cy

University of Bridgeport

USA


Pr e se n t e r s / M o d e r a t o r s/ Di sc u ssa n t s


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P a r t i c i p a n t s

26.Mr Taharud in P iang Amp atu an

Ass ociate Rese arch Fe llowS. Rajaratnam School of International Studies


Singapore

27.H.E. Marc Calco en

Ambassador

Royal Emb as sy o f Belgium

Singapore

28.Dr Pavin Ch ac havalpongpun

First Secretary

Royal Thai EmbassySingapore

29.Mr Chai Wei Wen

Country Officer

Minist ry of Foreign Affairs

Singapore

30.Ms Chong Koh P ing

Country Officer

Minist ry of Foreign Affairs

Singapore

31.Mr Ajaya Kumar DasPhD student



Singapore

32.Mr Rolf Fre i

Deputy Head o f Miss ion

Embassy of Switzerland

Singapore

33.Amb . P atricia Herbold

AmbassadorUS Embassy

Singapore

34.Ms J olene Anne J erard

Rese arch Analyst / Rappo rteur



Singapore

35.Amb . J anne J ulsrud

Ambassador

Royal Norwegian Embas sy

Singapore

36.Dr Tere nc e Lee

Ass ista nt Profes sorS. Rajaratnam School of International Studies


Singapore

37.Dr Lim Cho o Hoon

Senior Lecturer

SAFTI Military Institution

Singapore

38.Mr Lye Liang Foo k

Senior Research Officer

East Asian InstituteNational University of Singapore

Singapore

39.H.E. Tam as Magd a

Ambassador

Embassy of Republic of Hungary

Singapore

40.Ms S hah irah Binte Mahmoo d

Research Assistant / Rapporteur



Singapore

41.Mr Vsevolod Mytsyk

First Secretary

Emba ss y of Ukraine

Singapore

42 .Ms Ng Hui Ming

Country Officer

Ministry of Fore ign Affairs

Singapore

43.Ms J oanne NgCountry Officer

Ministry of Fore ign Affairs

Singapore

44.Mrs Nade ge Orban

Research Assistant



Singapore





P a r t i c i p a n t s

45.Dr Sheng Lijun

Senior FellowInstitute of Southeast Asian Studies

Singapore

46.Mr Tan Seng Chye

Senior Fellow



Singapore

47.Mr Tan So on Heng

Research Officer

East Asian InstituteNational University of Singapore,

Singapore

48 .Mr Myint Tun

Second SecretaryEmbassy of the Union of Myanmar

Singapore

49.Mr Wong Che e Wai

Head

Military Studies Branch, SAFTI Military Institute

Singapore

50 .Ms Yang Ying

Candidate for Master of Soc ial Science

National University of Science

Singapore


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A B O U T R S I S

The S. Rajara tna m Scho ol of In terna t iona l

Stud ies (RSIS) was es tablishe d in J anuary 2007

as an autonomous School within the NanyangTec hnologica l University. RSISs miss ion is to be

a leading research and graduate teaching

ins titution in s trategic and interna tiona l affairs in

the Asia Pacific. To accomplish this mission,

it will:

Provide a r igorous professional graduate

ed ucation in international affairs with a s trong

practica l and a rea emp has is

Cond uct po licy-relevant rese arch in nationa l

secur i ty , defence and s t ra tegic s tudies ,

diplomacy and international relations

Collaborate with l ike-minded schools of

inte rnational affairs to form a globa l network

of exce llenc e

Grad ua te Tra ining in Inte rna tiona l Affairs

RSIS o ffers an e xacting grad uate ed uca tion in

international affairs, taught by an international

fac ulty of lea ding thinkers and prac titione rs. The

Maste r of Sc ienc e (MSc) degree p rogrammes in

Strate gic Stud ies , International Relations , and

International Political Economy are distinguished

by their focus on the Asia Pac ific, the profes sional

practice of international affairs, and the cultivation

of academic depth. Over 120 students, the

majority from abroad, are enrolled in these

programmes . A sm all, s elec t Ph.D. programme

caters to advanced students whose interests

match those of specific faculty members. RSIS

also runs a one-semester course on The

International Relations of the Asia Pacific for

unde rgraduate s in NTU.

Research

RSIS res ea rch is cond ucted by five cons tituent

Institutes and Centres: the Institute of Defenceand Strategic Studies (IDSS, founded 1996), the

International Centre for Political Violence and

Terrorism Re sea rch (ICPVTR, 2002), the Centre

of Excellence for National Security (CENS, 2006),

the Centre for the Advanced Study of Regionalism

and Multilateralism (CASRM, 2007); and the

Consortium of Non-Traditional Security Studies

in ASIA (NTS-Asia, 2007). The focus of research

is on issues relating to the s ec urity and s tab ility

of the Asia-Pac ific region and the ir imp lica tions

for Singapore a nd o ther countries in the reg ion.

The S. Rajaratnam Profes so rship in S trate gic

Studies brings distinguished scholars and

practitioners to participate in the work of the

Institute. Previous holders of the Chair include

Profes so rs S tephe n Walt, Ja ck S nyder, Wang

Jisi, Alastair Iain Johnston, John Mearsheimer,

Raja Mohan, a nd Ros ema ry Foot.

Inte rna tiona l Collab ora tion

Collab oration with othe r profess iona l Sc hools o f

international affairs to form a global network of

excellence is a RSIS priority. RSIS will initiate

links with other like-minded schools so as to

enrich its rese arch and te aching activities as well

as adopt the bes t practices of succe ss ful schools.



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Documents

The_Rise_of_China and Its Soft Power