ALBERT BANDURASOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

Prepared by:Noor Afida Ayu Mamat

Siti Najwa BaharimSiti Syahrun Nurul’Ain Mohd Misan

Bandura’s Biography

• Born December 4, 1925 in Mundare which is a small town in northern Alberta, Canada

• Received his bachelor degree in psychology at University of British Columbia.

• Continued his schooling at University of Iowa and received his PHD in 1952.

• He was at the University of Iowa where he became familiar with behaviorist tradition and learning theory.

• In 1953, he wrote his first book along side of Richard Walters called Adolescent Aggression.

• He was the President of American Psychological Association• In 1980 he received the APA award for distinguished scientific

contributions.• He presently works at Stanford University

Bandura’s Triadic Model of Reciprocal Determinism

Environmental Influences

Personal Factors(beliefs, expectations,

self-perceptions)

Overt Behavior

• Bandura distinguishes between the acquisition of knowledge (learning) and the observable performance based on that knowledge or (behaviour)

• Both internal and external factors are important., interacting in the process of learning.

• Reciprocal Determinism. An explanation of behaviour that emphasizes the mutual effects of the individual and the environment on each other.

• Distinction between enactive and vicarious learning. Enactive learning is learning by doing and experiencing the consequences of your actions. Consequences are seen as providing information about appropriate actions, creating expectations, and influencing motivation.

• Vicarious learning is learning by observing others. Emphasizes the powerful effect that modelling and imitation can have on learning

Observational Learning Theory- Bandura claimed that “in social situations, people

often learn much more rapidly simply by observing the behaviors of others”

- Bandura found that there are four components of observational learning: – Attentional Processes– Retention Processes – Motor Reproduction Processes– Reinforcement and Motivational Processes

Attentional Processes

• One cannot imitate a model without paying attention to the model.

• A model is often attractive because of the qualities he or she posses. These qualities such as prestige, power, and success gain the attention of the observer and begin the process of observational learning.

Retention Processes• Retention process is the way one remembers the

model’s actions so he can imitate them.• Bandura explains, “In order to reproduce social

behavior when the model is no longer present to serve as a guide, the response patterns must be represented in memory in symbolic form.

• Example: mentally rehearsing the actions or practicing the actions will help one remember what he learned.

Motor Reproduction Processes

• This is when a person uses the proper motor skills to accurately reproduce their model.

• A five year old can observe his parent operate a car, but this does not mean he has the ability to correctly drive an automobile

Reinforcement and Motivational Processes

• This process refers to the idea that a child will be more likely to imitate a behavior if he is likely to gain a reward

• “When positive incentives are introduced, observational learning that previously remained unexpressed is likely to emerge in action.”

Three Forms of Reinforcement that encourage Observable Learning

• 1. The observer may produce and receives direct reinforcement.

• 2. The reinforcement need not be direct - it may be vicarious.

• 3. Self-reinforcement or controlling your own reinforcers. We want our students to improve not because it leads to external rewards but because students value and enjoy their growing competence.

Bobo Doll Experiment

Bobo DOLL Experiment• Worked with Dorrie and Shiela

Ross• Focused on social modeling• Children exposed to social models

who expressed either violent or non violent behavior towards the Bobo dolls

• Children exposed to violent behaviors exhibited aggression

• Revealed the phenomenon of observational learning

• found imitation to occur more often when rewarded rather than punished, when model has high status, when model is similar to child

MODELS OF OBSERVATIONAL

LEARNING

Symbolic Models

• Models presented through oral or written instructions, pictorially, or through a combination of verbal and pictorial devices.

• The media is a good example of pictorially presented models.

• television• movies• radio

Retention Processes

• Behavior must be remembered in order to imitate – Images– Descriptive verbal symbols– Rehearsal

• Those who use symbolic coding and rehearsal remember more than passive observers

Exemplary Models

• Exemplary:– Live model– National heroes,

villains, neighbors, family members

– Reference to a model’s behavior and characteristics

According to this theory, there are several ways to do that impersonation:

• Observable behavior of block and non-block behaves• Direct impersonation• Elicitation Imitation

Social learning may affect behavior in the following ways:

• Teaches new behaviors• Increases or decreases the frequency with which

previously learned behaviors are carried out• Can encourage previously forbidden behaviors• Can increase or decrease similar behaviors. For

example, observing a model excelling in piano playing may encourage an observer to excel in playing the saxophone.

Requirements for Modeling Process

• Attention: In order to learn, you need to be paying attention. Anything that detracts your attention is going to have a negative effect on observational learning

• Retention: The ability to store information is also an important part of the learning process.

• Reproduction: Once you have paid attention to the model and retained the information, it is time to actually perform the behavior you observed

• Motivation: In order for observational learning to be successful, you have to be motivated to imitate the behavior that has been modeled. Reinforcement and punishment play an important role in motivation. (Social Learning Theory: Bandura, 2010)

How can we apply the Social Learning Theory in our practice?

• Many behaviors can be learned through modeling. • Examples: students can watch parents read, students can

watch the demonstrations of mathematics problems, or seen someone acting bravely in a fearful situation.

Aggression can be learned through models. Much research indicate that children become more aggressive when they observed aggressive or violent models. Moral thinking and

moral behavior are influenced by observation and modeling. This includes moral judgments regarding right and wrong which can in part, develop through modeling.

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING IN TEACHING

1. Teaching new behaviours.

• Modelling can be applied deliberately in the classroom to teach mental skills and to broaden horizons - to teach new ways of thinking.

2. Encouraging already-learned behaviours. • All of us have had the

experience of looking for cues from other people when we find ourselves in unfamiliar situations.

• Observing the behaviour of others tell us much of which our already learned-behaviours to use.

4.Directing attention

5. Arousing Emotion.• OL may develop emotional reactions to

situations they themselves have never experienced. Students may be anxious when they are assigned to a certain teacher because they’ve heard frightening stories about how “mean” that teacher is.

• Note that hearing and reading about a situation are also forms of observation