About Albert Bandera About Albert Bandera Born -Born -December 4, December 4,

1925)1925)Nationality-Nationality-nnanadian/Americananadian/American

FieldsFieldsPsychologyPsychology, , Philosophy of ActionPhilosophy of Action

InstitutionsInstitutionsStanford Stanford niversityniversityAlma Alma matermaterUniversity of University of British ColumbiaBritish ColumbiaUniversity of IowaUniversity of Iowa Albert Bandura

Social Learning -Social Learning -

People learn through observing others’ behavior, attitudes, and outcomes People learn through observing others’ behavior, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors. “Most human behavior is learned observationally of those behaviors. “Most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others,through modeling: from observing others,

The The Behaviors that can be learned through modeling:Behaviors that can be learned through modeling:

Many behaviors can be learned, at least partly, through modeling. Many behaviors can be learned, at least partly, through modeling. Examples that can be cited are, students can watch parents read, Examples that can be cited are, students can watch parents read, students can watch the demonstrations of mathematics problems, students can watch the demonstrations of mathematics problems, or seen someone acting bravely and a fearful situation. Aggression or seen someone acting bravely and a fearful situation. Aggression can be learned through models. Much research indicate that can be learned through models. Much research indicate that children become more aggressive when they observed aggressive children become more aggressive when they observed aggressive or violent models. Moral thinking and moral behavior are influenced or violent models. Moral thinking and moral behavior are influenced by observation and modeling. This includes moral judgments by observation and modeling. This includes moral judgments regarding right and wrong which can in part, develop through regarding right and wrong which can in part, develop through modeling.modeling.

The Booby doll experimentThe Booby doll experiment

In this experiment, he had children witness a model aggressively attacking a In this experiment, he had children witness a model aggressively attacking a plastic clown called the Bobo doll. There children would watch a video plastic clown called the Bobo doll. There children would watch a video where a model would aggressively hit a doll and " ‘...the model pummels it where a model would aggressively hit a doll and " ‘...the model pummels it on the head with a mallet, hurls it down, sits on it and punches it on the on the head with a mallet, hurls it down, sits on it and punches it on the nose repeatedly, kick it across the room, flings it in the air, and bombards it nose repeatedly, kick it across the room, flings it in the air, and bombards it with balls...’(After the video, the children were placed in a room with with balls...’(After the video, the children were placed in a room with attractive toys, but they could not touch them. The process of retention had attractive toys, but they could not touch them. The process of retention had occurred. Therefore, the children became angry and frustrated. Then the occurred. Therefore, the children became angry and frustrated. Then the children were led to another room where there were identical toys used in children were led to another room where there were identical toys used in the Bobo video. The motivation phase was in occurrence. the same the Bobo video. The motivation phase was in occurrence. the same children reproduce the violent behavior observed in the Bobo doll . children reproduce the violent behavior observed in the Bobo doll .

Factor affecting theFactor affecting the modelingmodeling

Characteristics of model

Characteristics of observer motivation

Charecterstics of modleCharecterstics of modle• Similarity ,between model and Similarity ,between model and

subject on sex ,age status.subject on sex ,age status.

Characteristics of Characteristics of observerobserver

Positive response to imitated–Positive response to imitated–learning behaviorlearning behavior

Negative response to imitated- Negative response to imitated- no learning no learning

Not all observed behaviors are Not all observed behaviors are effectively learned. Factors involving effectively learned. Factors involving both the model and the learner can both the model and the learner can play a role in whether social learning play a role in whether social learning is successful. Certain requirements is successful. Certain requirements and steps must also be followed. The and steps must also be followed. The following steps are involved in the following steps are involved in the observational learning and modeling observational learning and modeling process:process:

the person must first the person must first pay attentionpay attention to the model. to the model. various factors increase or decrease the amount various factors increase or decrease the amount of attention paid. If the model is colorful and of attention paid. If the model is colorful and dramatic,, you will pay more attention.  And if the dramatic,, you will pay more attention.  And if the model seems more like yourself, you pay more model seems more like yourself, you pay more attention. attention. 

The ability to store information.we store what we have seen the model doing in the form of mental images or verbal descriptions.  When so stored, you can later “bring up” the image or description, so that you can to pull up information later. Includes symbolic coding, mental images, symbolic rehearsal. symbolic representation imaginable system verbal representation

Once you have paid attention to the Once you have paid attention to the model and retained the information, model and retained the information, it is time to actually perform the it is time to actually perform the behavior you observed. Further behavior you observed. Further practice of the learned behavior practice of the learned behavior leads to improvement.leads to improvement.

Finally, in order for observational Finally, in order for observational learning to be successful, you have to learning to be successful, you have to be motivated to imitate the behavior be motivated to imitate the behavior that has been modeled. Reinforcement that has been modeled. Reinforcement and punishment play an important role and punishment play an important role in motivation. While experiencing these in motivation. While experiencing these motivators can be highly effective, so motivators can be highly effective, so can observing other experience some can observing other experience some type of reinforcement or punishment. type of reinforcement or punishment.

Attention: first Attention: first pay attentionpay attention to the model. to the model. Retention: Retention: rememberremember the behavior that has the behavior that has

been observed. been observed. Reproduction: the Reproduction: the ability to replicateability to replicate the the

behavior that the model has just behavior that the model has just demonstrated. demonstrated.

Motivation: the final necessary ingredient for Motivation: the final necessary ingredient for modeling to occur is modeling to occur is motivationmotivation, learners , learners must want must want to demonstrateto demonstrate what they have what they have learned. learned.

prepared by prepared by Sheeren siddiquiSheeren siddiquiM.Ed. 2011M.Ed. 2011Maharaja college ujjain,M.P.Maharaja college ujjain,M.P.