THE'?ETERSON ÎIELD GUIDE SERIES

THE PETERSON FIELD GUIDE SERIESEDITED BY ROGER ÎORY PEÎERSON

I, A Field Guide to the Birds by Roger Tory peterson

2. A Field Guide to Western Birds by Roger Tory peterson

3. A Field Guide to the Shells of Our Atlantic andGulf Coasts by percy A. Moiris-

--

4, A Field Guide to the Butterflies by Alerander B. Klots5. A Field Guide to the lVlammals by William H. Burt

and Richard p. Grossenheider

Q. A- $e!d Guide to Shells oJ the pacific Coast and Hawaii(and including the Gulf ot Catitor"ia) by-ÈJrciÀ. Morris7 A Field Guide to Rocks and Minerals by Frederick H. pough

8. A Field Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europel:y Roger Tory peterson, c"y uouniro.i,""ià pì,{ o. Hollom9. A Field Guide to Animal Tracks by Olaus J. Murie

,10. A Field Guide to the Ie_rns and Their Related Familiesof Northeastern and Central N;rth-À;;;ì;; iy iàrighton Cobb11. A^Field Guide to Tree-s a.nd Shrubs (NortJreastern andCentral North America) Uy Ceorlè À-F;i;i.i",

_1-2. A-4eld Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of theUnited States and Canadà Eurt;i;[;-í0dÈiri"iiaiunby Roger Conant

13. A Field Guide to the Birls of Texas and Adjacent Statesby Roger Tory peterson

. _ - 14. A Field Guide to Rocky Mountain Wildflowersby John J. Craighead, Frank C. ir"ist;a;i;.,';;d dy J. Davis

15. A Field Guide to the Stars and planets by Donald H. Menzel16. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians

by Robert C. Stebbins

A Field Guideto Shells

of the Pacific Coastand Hawaii

including shells of the Gulf of Caìifornia

BY PERCY A. MORRISPcaòod2 Museum oJ Natural Historlr

Yale Unioersitjt

Illustrated with PhotograPhs

Second Edition

Revised and Enlarged

Sponsored by the National Audubon Society

and National Wildlife Federation

HOUGHTON MITFLIN COMPANY BOSTON

@Út Sibersíùs Dress @amúrilge

r966

COPYRIGIIT @ T966 BY PERCY A. MORRIS

COPYRIGIIÎ Iq52 BY ?ERCY A' IIORRIS

AL' RICIITS RESERVED INCLUDING THE RIGHT TO REPRODUCE

îIIIS BOOK OR PARîS THEREOI IN ANY I'ORI4

LJBRARY or coNGREss cATALoG caRD NUMBER: 66-xotgz

FTRSÎ PRINTING OF 2ND EDITION R

PRINTED IN TIIE UNITED STAîES OI'AIIERICA

Editor's Note

Bumennltns have their points and so do minerals' -!ut no natural

#t"'y ;bil61;;d th"i;;ù"t uàti"' to- the graiification of the

collecting instinct tnuo tn"It' -fflany

collectori are interested in

shells in the same *uy tnol-oni *-o-"ta'U" interg.sted in jewels, jades,

;i"d&;;"l;ì;. oít'.", u*"t" that the.shell it pti lf".-ry.:Î::ioÎ r- ó"t"-fiuing animal,

'take the naturalist's .point of vlew ancl

Iàrrl.iii"ifràti*"Ìu.t *ittr .i"rtin."ii* "nd

distributiol' A growing

;fi#; ;;;;;q"i;. ioto-i[* -rff"

óf the living mollusk' its ecologv

and its habits.-iri"rr""*iitrte shells of mollusks of one,sort or another (mostly

"#;"#;iil;;;;);;;'ú" i;;Ji" *"Àav ait"t'es, under stones' and

$'"i.n*ffiníuintopr, trt"'"""t ltt"tiascinaté us most by their

;:it"ó ;i f;ffi;iloioi u" the ones we find along the ocean

beaches, treasures ."t. ufitótn the sg1 by.thesurf and the tide'Recoenition ut*uv, .J*tJ'ili' Îh"Í is why the Field Guide

S";ì;;%i;;;;J: ai a shortcut to recognizing and namiqg the

ffiilttffi;itúilÀ tr'i'e- ir'li lòp'iutt e*Épr.; awho'swho ori[erc;;dol;.-tii.-ni'tiàioqt'ffi i"":rlF'izld'GuidetotheBirits'met with instant trr...*"--itti* dis iottowea by f,eld guides to

western birds, eastern tfttift,--l"ittrfl!9s, m3gnmals' and- then

il;cl/ i,I;;h:! i[-Àiii;lri,'?"bt',w--cita''tu shet't's oJ the Pocif'cCoasi anil Howaii.""fiií'".il!àiiion is much expanded over the first edition' which

was oublished in 1952' Fourieen years have-seen a substantial

;'T*if fi"oi; ffibds" ;ipo'i-nó Cou't.mollusks' Mr' Morrisil"t;ài;ilitfit"t.a'irtlt ""*

i"tot-uiion and streamlined it'but has also added to th;';;;;;";J' He- noqincludes the long

sea to the south of "u.'úJt^Jo,

ift" Cutt of California' a favorite

collecting ground ot *..i""tti"tti*ùt"fittt, This has necessitated

the addition ot u ,,.rrro#iT "Iii'lri'ièi;+ a rebuilding :f 'l: *9

il"J-\ùÈil iú" ttii "aition had 48. plates the oresent one nas

72. Itistherefore mor" d;;;;;,."iJón, it ir t"àttv a new book.

Whether voo, int."'f't't#;;;ffiit tng It a-bird watcher

fno seascape is devoid oi ù'itàij,ìrtut of a surf frsherman' a bather

["".r.i* "íirtì

t""d, ot *...tv that of a u:ac]rcgnhgr' you cannolt

;ffiffik il-til;lÉ Fi-om-'Alaska. to Baja 'California

stretch

thousands of miles "f

;iia *Uttti"-c croúnd1, The Hawaiian

Islands ofier excellent h"iltù;il;din'ttEot "ttottment of species;

WEST COAST GASTROPODS SLIT OR TOWER SHELLS

what curved. Color yellowish white, often shading to brown onthe later. volutions.

Genus OPhiodermella Bartsch 1944

OPEIODERMELLA INCISA (Carp.) Incised Tower Pl' 40Range: Puget Sound to San Diego, California.Habitat: ModeratelY deeP water.Descriotion: A spilielike shell, its height about 1 in. There are

7 or 8'whorls, riith only a slight constriction at the sutures.Sculpture cottéists of weàk revolving lines and stronger verticalridsés dosely spaced and peculiarly bent at the center. Aperturesmàil; outei liil thin; canal short. Color dove-gray, with pale

reddish bands.

Genus Pseudomelatoma Dall l9l8

PSEITDOMELATOMA MOESTA (CarP.)

Drcsc.ription: Height a.b9yt I in., whorl coult ó or l. Spire butslrghtty, elevated, eld !hg. general- shape is certainly'like anlnverreo cone.- In llie, sheU covered with a reddish_brown oeri_ost-racum.l surface beneath, grayish white. Aperture shows lintiof brownish.

Family Terebridae: Auger SheltsSlrronn, elo_ngate, many-whorled shells, confined to warm andtroplc seas. .ryo pleats

-on ,columella, but the short canal bears asharp twrst, ln the islands of the South pacific we find manvmembers.of this group that are- both large and colorful, i";;;;1to the rather somber aspects of the single representative that livesalong our shores.

Genus Terebra Bruguière 1789TEREBRA PEDROANA Dall San pedro Auser

Range: Redondo Beach, California, to Mexiio.Habitat : Shallow water.Desoiptlon: A-slender, spikelike shell of 10 or 1l whorls. thetaper vcry.regular.to a.sharp a-pex. Height slightly,oor" tt"or rn. rracn volutron decorated with numerous weak verticalridges and a ffw obscure revolving lines, and there is;,";i;; ofclosely.spaced beads spiraling up-th" ,útures. Aperture smali:m1t9r.hp twisted.at-the notchlike canal. Color yellowish white.wrth irregular splashes of brown; some individuals nearly soficíDrown.

Family Turridae: Slit Shellsor Tower Shells

Tsrs is-a very larg_e family of marine gastropods, containing hun_gredi.ol genera and thousands of species. Many of them are-small.but highly ornate. Th_e general shape is fusifórm, and the ouÉrlrp commonly bearg a slit, or notch, They are lovers of deep wateras a rule, and occur in warm, temperatei and cold seas.

Genus Elaeocyma Dall 1918ELAEOCYMA EMPYROSIA (Dall) Turret Tower pl. 40

Ragge: Sa! Pedro, California, to San Diego.4abitat: Moderately deep waier.Dcscription: A solid shell roughly I in. high. About 9 whorls.each decorated with distinct revolving lines-and by vertical foidithat tend to pinch out at center of-the whorl. Spire tall-a"àapex sharp. Aperture relatively small; canal shoit and some-

Doleful TowerRange: Monterey, California, to Mexico.Eabitat: Moderately deeP water.Descriptioa: A fusifórm ùell, the height about % in' There are7 or 8 whorls and a tall spire that terminates in a sharp apex'Aperture rather long and-narrowl ou-ter lip thin;-canal short'iitt"

"t. 9 or 10 iome"rhat curved vertical ridges on each

whorl. the spaces between smooth and polished; a faint row ofbeads'is presènt just below the suture line. Color greenish brown'

Genus Burchia Bartsch 1944

BURCEIA REDONDOENSIS (Burch) Redondo Tower Pl' 40Range: Redondo Beach, California.Eabitat: ModeratelY deeP water.Description: A fine, gracèful shell nearly 2 in. high. There areabout -8 whorls, the iutures rather distinct. The surface bearscurving verticai ridges, and revolving lines as well, with just asueseslion of nodular beads at the suture. Aperture narrow;innér lip partially reflected and the outer lip with a deep notchat its úpier end. Color deep brown to almost bìackl aperturebluish white.

Pl. 40

Pl. ,1O

Pl. 40

Genus OenoPota Mórch 1852

OENOPOTA ROSEA (Sars) Rosy Oenopota

ti'ilil

I

Range: Alaska to Puget Sound.Eabitat: Deep water.Our.tiptio" t bnlv % in. high, a stout shell with about ó whorls'There is a slight shoulder to each volution, and the sutures are*at i-pr.ttú. Surface with revolving lines and pronounced

DOVE SHELLS r83182 GULF OF CALIFORNIA GASTROPODS

tlJiliiù"';i'ia-u;iiT1".high,a.rusirorT:*llgf i11,.:ngt:í":fiiiíl##:Lil ;iJ;;ù1"i'i iiut ribs' cro wded on theil;'ffi;il"À*. *iaaf spaced on the.l1lt "Plg!io";-

r ' rruvuu /+ "" "-Ò--' --- t ribs. crowded on the spire:onsists of strong vertlcal

ffi H:i';;ii;ú"ó;;-;à;"ti'à.t11",'llt"i-:3-ii3:but becoming more widelv sDaced on f,ne rasL vuruLrvu! v1,*e^

lines are also present, paíticilatly toqard th: ?:-*.:^-î-ry:*i:li'ilÌr?'ìa

'*#;;;il;lit thin índ.sharp' col.or dark brown

^- Lr^^r- "-'.^rr" *,tru " -oìl'-ir""a Uàto* tire center of the shell'small and narrbw; outer lip thin and-sharp' uolor oarK pruwu

or black, usually witrr a pal!iÈ""à ltto* tire center of the shell'

Genus PYrene Róding 1798

PYRENE FIISCAÎA (Sow.)

within. Surface smooth and shiny. Color chestnut-brown, withelongate dots of white encircling the shell.

Genus Mazatlania Dall 1900

MAZATLANIA FULCURATA (Phil.) Pl. s8Range: Mazatlín to Nicaragua.Ilabitat : Moderatelv shallow water'Description: A slenàer, spikelike shell abogt fu in' high, with 8or 9 flàttish whorls, the iutures fairly plain. Aperture.narrow,the outer lip thin and sharp. Surface bears vertical ribs withrather wideìoncave spaces

-between them,-and- the finish of the

shell is senerallv quitè shiny. The inner lip forms a platelike

layer of énamel bn ìhe body whorl' Color yellowish gray, some-what streaked with brown.Remarks: This snail was originally named by Philippi as aTerebra.

Genus Mitrella Risso 1826

MITRELLA MILLEPUNCTATA (Carp.) Pl' 5eRange: S. Gulf of California.Eabitat : Moderately shallow water'Descriotion: Onlv % in. high, this diminutive shell has 6 or 7rather'rounded whórls, thé'sutures well indented' Surfacesmooth, and grayish brbwn in tone, but -so minutely punctatewith oranse aótsihat one usually needs a hand lens to see them'Outer lio ihickened and toothed within.

MITRELLA OCELLATA (Gmel.)Raoge: Gulf of California.Habitat : Moderately shallow water.

Pl. 58ANACEIS VARIA (Sow.)

Range: San FeliPe to Panama'Eabitat : Shallow water.

Raage: Gulf of California to Peru'Ilabitat: Shallow water'il.Jiiiiirà'J, e smóotrr, shining, inflated shelt, tapering regularlyii"ffiap;;';;ili; #;Ihíireieht.% in' rhère are about 5#nàii'. ír'?'iiil';; ;l"i;i; ;arkeà. Apirtu r9 loSg and n ar ro w ;#;iilìii"fiàalitrt,i."*"i and toothed within' Inner lip;ffi'tJ,til.^^ iltf;; pl;-;;l;t"d' with numerous scatterediltr;ilhlÈ: unaii trtdtuiot"ìtttt"it u ring of whitish patches'

Pl. 58

Pl. 58PYRENE IIAEMASTOMA (Sow.) '- '

Range: Gulf of California to Ecuador'Habitat: Shallow waterîilJiiiiii"JiN""rtv t in. high, this is a qrnqoti'and solid shell

of 5 whorls, the sutures sir"iiiy à"ii"*ted' Spire well elevated'

aperture long, narrow, ;J-ilit;à' The ou.tér lip flares at the

;fi,#;"ngil?tàE tàótt'.a within' Color chocolate-brown and

white and orange' trt.'^ioiott "iiunged.

in broad splashes and

;;;;H-;;arc"iy'u'"v two shells are marked the same' Aperture

bright orange.

PYRENE MAJOR (Sow.) Pl' s8

Range: Guli of California to Peru'Habitat : Shallow water.ilJcJ;ffi;Ailoil i". high, a sohit,shell of ó stout whorls' the

sutures well impressedl -'iÎ;

tttootattt are rounded' 'and

the

;;;;;i ;;ii"" ói tt'" tnàrr it iu'if orm'- Aperture long and narrow ;

ilil lÈìiii;1[elJ;;É;;nié'und.aig!e{ a little at the top'

lnner margtn ot ttp .itÀgiy toothed' -Color.chestnut-brown'

;iiÈ ";;túi

ttt.uÉ of *rtíté and numerous whitish dots'

PYRENE SÎROMBIFORMIS (Lam') Pl' 58

Range: Gulf of California to Peru'

5:3:li$"tllttit"r*3l""ii is shaped.verv much tike P' maimí"Éài.í, Èit rt-*'tìt.tttoi tutgtt and has a taller spire' The outerìip É;;el;;;;*h"t

"t tr'.i"íi*. "

strolt\1s, hénce the specificname. Apertor" r,u,'ó*';-i[t-tftitrt"nta lip' strongly toothed

Description: A smobth, highly polished shell. of 7 or 8 who:ls,ttr" tt"igtrt no more tha; y;iî: Apex commonly truncated. TheapertuÉ is long and narrow, the outer lip moderately thin'iolor whitish, héavily reticulated with chocolate-brownl a seriesof white spots follows the suture line.

Genus Parametaria Dall 1916

PARAMETARIA DUPONîII (Kiener) False Cone Pl' 55Range: Gulf of California.Ilabitat : Moderately shallow water'DescriDtion: This shell is broad at the top' tapering regularly toa smali bottom, the narrow aperture runs the full.length of thebody whorl. Lówer 3rd of shèll bears sharp spiral lines. Coloran írregular and blotched combination of white, brown, andorange.Remirks: The uninitiated beachcomber would almost certainly

Pl. 59

Plate 4o

MISCEILANEOUS SNAILS

1. Mitraidae Xl . IDA'S MITER

, nnit"Jlllllh'"T"jlî"'6'iiiBliiÍi'llft#f periosrracum p' "

, ",,!ill3'X;[:ìllTi't6ib,iiF*.l';'in p ee

,.,,f^"lllfiffil,Ill"l;;lfit$";5i;;i;#srines;grayish. ..',::òee lext Y ru '

5. . ,Lora" nobi l is ;2 NOBLE LORA

'ee text P rur

6. rrl.m,rticulata X2 RETICULATE LORA p. 105

7. rrl,mDlribilova X2 PRIBILOF LORA p. 105

-. 8. Conus cal i fornicus Xt. _C_ALIFORNIA CONE-'n

'"1"i'ilo;"ou?Bffiiil-'gll;Yb*ft'6'*H" pr01

'o o*'rlii"fi;i4;,LJlT''$ii'ii*tq;lríii'#rowishwhite. p 102

,, ",!lf*1?.,',$"à,j"Tf,;.'lldgi-$i$6qffi;,;"'*", p e8

','ffi;l*li'lffLrfr*r"T*rl'sg',î+;#;.;1;dark brown. p' r0r

. , ^ Stender; incised l ine below .utuii-doue"-..#_'

p. t03rr. uranmma excunata X2 CURVED TO"WÉR

, n. o,,i,Hlllii ?;.1T'x'r:' "i'ó,, i.3 È",1 $ $5eg; er ro w i s h s r av,, *,^T,"""18ilì;,*tir,*ia*iir*ii;i.ds; : l::'u ""ÌÍL"il;lìii'"1lr.di#{!::$:óL'u+Bi'+obfiîHt ; ;;;'z.er,i'É8&iLj",l"-;!,?::i"'"Iì"'r',}"**Sf

,f 6"fi1È.hbrown." ooT"'Ji;i',1if,iT;iili':ài3itlù5'i'+'s''$,1;,"

p r02

''. o'f, '"iì,1'o:^oiì::*d*;'rÚi*ig;o[';$.;i iY,i"ìi.:-""r, -r.r,"'^'::,o orÌ",3rì j ,uT"., i :" .n[ i ,Tdi1fEerture;Ìot ished;cotorvaries. : : .,'. c"ìiitÎ""IàT#iJ'f$ì*tOb'J'shed: bluish to brownish' P vo

,,'i$i$lfii-n",Íiiit;li'5 t*;tie ;p'l q11pr lf k e nc i rie I n s'"'. ; I ll, r. on i,Tfi l!ff l;',itl,",ll J' I i^. , - 'ny, pot ishe-d;

'n ' , . " r r . "" i ' l f ; t l lAPED

MARGINELLA p. r0lzc. Lrtugtterra californica X3 .. CALI FORN t A M ARGI N EI,; ;+i"i"ii::r;îsitiXî*pt.*î,i{*:t,ì'À.Èytàì".i'"îa, : ;:l,u.a"i.il,Tìli'Ji"1"'"'r.ii,:'pjt,f X[.*rÉ"f nff 5f ,Í'u."..,'

^"[ti";pp':Ìl:,r;E;îgli'iiÙ';#iÍn"ó uand"a. n r0'

:: :'Eí+i#l'":i'*{;t'tii#qnrírtfu;ish whi'ie I lll

ry nlTl loîa v i rescens. X | . cREEN pApER AUBBLE,o """,iîl#i';",8flr.;Èg;i$î:{È:"*ilBH.f.úi";,l[.^ N",, ; li:- - _ Globular; th in and fragi l

:: :lti.ii$:1îftii;;gqf?f;iH'ri'I"'it p ,,0Jz. rrrmusculus reticulatus Xlnprrcur,arÉ-nùiio'ù snor,r, p. rr1

Kound, cap-shaped; sol id; whi te.

Plate 58

GULF OF CALIFORNIA DOVE AND DYE SHELLSAND OTHERS

I . Pyrene major 11 n. 1g2Sol id; l ip th ickened, toothed u' i th in: chestnut_brou,n.

2. Pyrene strombiformis Xl o. lg2Lip th ickenet l and toothecl ; whi te dots on chestnut-brou,n.

3. Pyrene haemastoma Xl r:. lg2_ _ 1 'a l ler-spire than No. 2; splashes of rvhi te, orange.4. Pyrene fuscata X1 o. lg2

- _ _Stout,-smooth; r ,h i t ish patches at suture.5. Morula ferruginosa 2q1 p. 180

I{evolv ing knobs; gray; a l rer lure bluish.6. Anachis nigr icans X2

' p. tSt

Weak vert ical l ines; aperture narrow; brown to blackish.7. Anachis scalar ina X1 o. 181

- F r ,q i form; vert ical r idges; al ier ture narrow, toothed lv i t l ì in.

8. Anachis pygmaea X3 D. 181

^ . Sma. l l , fusi form; vert icaì r idges; rvhi te, spottet l .9. Anachis var ia Xl o. 182

. Strong vert ical r ibs; pale band on bocly whor l .10. Anachis coronata Xl

- n. 181

- _ _ _ Fusi form;-u eak vert icaì r idges; smool h surfacel yel lorv ish u hi te.l l .Mazat laniafglgr{ataX1 '

p. 183, Slender; rvhor ls f lat tened; aperture ntrro\ . \ ' ; I 'e l lowish giay.

12. Cantharus elegans y1 p. 18óSturdy; rvhor ls shouldered; fo ld at basel t ,e l lorv ish brouir .

13. Calrtharus_sanguinolentus \l p. 18óStocky; l ips recl , wi th whi te dots.

14. Cantharus r ingens \1 p. 18ó_ Stocky; a l )cr ture notchcd above; yel lowish broun.

15. Engina pulchra Xl n. 187

- Fusìform; narrow aperture; brownish or yel lou' ish.

1ó. Acanthina brevidenta[a Xl o. 180. Stocky; l iyr toothed; whi te spots on dark surface.

17. Cantharus gemmatus Xl p. 18ó. ̂ , Rugged, fusi form; weak revolv ing l ines; r lark brou'n.18. Engina maura X1 p. 187

19.

20.

11

22.

LJ.

_ Stoutly fusiform; thickened l ip; dark chocolate.Thais speciosa X% n. 1{10_ ' fr iangular; revolving knobs; wide aperture; whit ish.Purpura patrlapansa Xll p. 178

Wide aperture; f lattened columella; brown.Thais kiosquif ormis X2A p. 179

Turreted s1;ire; spines at shoulders; grayish bron,n.Thais planosi ira X74 1,. I79

N{oclerate-sized a.J}erture; l ips r,vi th reddish l ines.Acanthina muricata X 1 p. 180

Heavy, sol id; roundecl revolving r ibs; aperture white.Thais biserial is X% p. 179

Ruggecl; wide aperture, notched at both ends; grayish.Acanthina tuberculata X1 p. 180

Pointed spire; pronounced spines; fold at base; yel lorvish gray.

24.

25.

Plate 6r

GULF OF CATIFORNIA NUTMEGS, SLIT SHEILS,AND AUGERS

1. Cancellaria urceolata X1_ , Sol i i i ; c"n. . i lu i f r .uf ptrre ; cream), * .h i te to 1,"1" l r ru*. , r l t '

19ó

2. Cancellaria cassidiformis Xí

^ _ L; ; ; t i ; " ; . l " i " l ì " t . scutpture; pate yeuo*, , p 19'5

3. Cancel lar ia obesa X1H;;;t;l"",rii"liy,'r"n..t"rl; l,enorvistr rvhite.

1r' 19Ó

.1. Cancel lar ia pulchra Xl . . i , ì , .

- ^ Stu!_by, sol ic l ; wav1. revolv ing l ines; yel lowish ,) rangc.

t t ' Lr ,

.5. Cancel lar ia c lavatula Xl , . r r ì^_ _- High-spired; canccl late sculpturcl 1.eÌ lorr . ish Lror 'n.

l ) ' L ' \ r

6. Clavus aeol ius X2 , . ,^), ^

Srnal l . . shiny; imprt .sset l suturcs; p:r le brorr n. t " L\ tL

/ . Lrassrsplra.nymphia X I r , .4) ì. sten( lcr ; brorvn rr . i l h s;r i ra l of n l r i te beads.

8. Crassispiraaterr ima X1 n ) î ). , ^

Sr l l l i revolv ing i lat t ish r ibs; l ip t leeyr ly notcher j ; brurur l . ' ' " ,9. Crassispira collaris X2

_ _. _ l ì 'usi forn-r ; revolv ing elongate bear. ls; r lark brou,n. l ' Lt t \ )

10. Trigonostoma bullatum Xl ,_ ro?.. -_

l ,oosely coi let l ; f ìat_toppecl rvhor ls; yel lorv ish brown. t ) ' I ' t

11. Hormospiramaculosa Xl n ?0i, I i Jongate ; k nobs at . l rer iphery; bJotchecl r ' i th chestnut- J ioí .Yr l12. Crassis_pira martinensis X'1 rr .)r)?

. , ^ f ìusi [ r , rnr ; str , ,nA ro\ . ( ì lv ing l ines: bros.nis l r .

, ' .u, ,

r . ì . rseuoometatoma penci l lata X I , . , r ì /str( )nA vcrt icr l r ibs; l r t . l r ls at srr lurc; brou.n.

t ' . Lv1

I { . Crassispira b.ottae. 1

2:r 1t. 2(,2

_ _ _- starr( t ; ;spiruJ r i r lge at suture; aperture notcher l ubou.; t r , rnr i r r_r l1.5. Knefast ia. funiculata X1 t t tn)

_, __ Sl i t in i i1r , smooth rv i th in; brorvn to yel lowish brown.

t ' ' LUz

I 6. Knefast ia dal l i X I . . )n,.^ . . . .Sgl i , l 's l ì t in l ip; l .e l louish brown. I ' ' L" l

l / ì l , t rn ()Lt tcr I i l r r r f An,/us/ i . r XJ18. Pleurol i r ia picta X1. -

Higl ; - .sì ; , i - " i , ì r í ' i , l ip; canaì long; rvhi te, s1>otter l . p 203

l() . Terebra .str igata X | " ' - - ' " r ' ' '

r , )h l^- . _

Spìkel ike; vert ical streaks of chestnut-brorvn.20. Terebra hindsi Xl Ì { INDS, AUGti t i 1r . 200Sm:r l l knobs at shorr l t ler ; tu, istrd innàr l ip; gray.21. Terebra var iegata X I . Vr\ . I<I I iGAf Cn , i iàr i r p. 201

i f i l l ' : . i :, sururc; vcrricar brown ti";;"i;;;;ner l i lr stir ingiy

22.

23.

Hastula luctuosa X 1_ Sl";,i.1 ;il;; í)e'k sutures; purplish br'rvn.

p' 201

Terebra robusta X 1 ììOBUST' rf UCfin rr ?r.Ìr)l l rokcn vert ical streaksl sutures aisì inl t ; yel lorvish lrrnlr l ,r . "" '

,t

(

!lt(

GT]LF OF CALIFORNIA GASTROPODS

CONUS VIîTATUS Brug. Rlbboned Cotre pt.62Range: Guaymas to S. AmericaEabitat: Moderately shallow water.Description: About Llg"in. high, a rather flat_topped shell of7 or 8 whorls. The suiace belró fine **t"irg tirí"E ;d"ìÈ;co]91.mql be.anything from. white to y.ltol or"orange. At themiddle there is a broaó !.a1d of brown] brot<en-Uy *i'iii, ,iàr[.]and the. top of the shell is decorated *itt, Ur,i*" and whitJmaculatrons.

CO_NIIS XIMENES Gray Interrupted ConeRange: Gulf of California to panàma.

Pl, 62

Ifabitat: Shallow water.Description : A.bout-.Ul in. high, with I0 whorls, the shell is lonsano stender. A well_elevate{ spire is capped by a sharp apexìColor.pale pinkish white, with tturrr"ro.ri'eìrcir.líne .o*, of tinvpypt$h dots. On some individuals traces of pumiish bands arÉ9i.f1Tb1.: Spire decorated with chocolate 'a"í pu"pfirf, aoìsand splashes.Remarks: Fo,rmerly listed as C, interruptus Brod, A somewhatsma[er and slmmer torm, commonly darker in tone but with alfghter aperture, is known'as C, r. mihogar; n".".; ,.é nUt" oZ,No. 11.

Farnily Terebridae: Auger Shells(see p. 102)

Genus Terebra Bruguière 1789îEIEBRA-HINDSI Carp. Hinds'Auger pt. ól

Range: Gulf of Califoriria to PanamalEabitat : Moderately shallow water.Ifescriqltion: A.high-spired, spikelike sheLl, ltlin. tall, with from1O to 12 flattish whorls. Thele are small Lnobs at thé shouldersthat produce a noticeable-spiral up the spire. Color palà gra)r,more or less spotted with brown.

îEREBRA ROBUSTA Hinds Robust AugerRange: Guaymas to Galópagos Is.Eabitat: Moderately shallow water.

Pl. ól

Description: A strong and solid shell of 4 or 5 in.. with 1g to 20rather flattish whorls,. the sutures clearly marked. The earlyvolutions, are-well sculptured with round-ed vertical ridges buithey tend to fade out as the shell grows, and the Iater voiutionsare relatively smooth. Whorls enìircléd just above center bya spiral groove. Aperture small and narrów; columella twistei

AUGER AND SLIT OR TOWER SHELLS 20f

at its base. Color yellowish, vertically striped with chestnut_Drown.

îEREBRA STRIGATA Sow. pls.6,6lRange: Gulf of California to Panama.Eabitat: Moderately shallow water; sandy bottoms.Description: Height about 4 in., whorl count 16 to 1g. Suturesrather well

-marked, and there is a weak indentation below eachsuture. Volutions flatter than in T..robusta (above), and theshell is relati.vely stouter in proportion. Apeiture moderatelywlde; columella twisted-at base. Color yellowish brown, withheavy vertical streaks of chestnut-brown.

TEREBRA VARIEGATA 9t?y_ Variegated Auger pl. 6tRange: Gulf of California to Peru.Eabitat : Moderately shallow water.Descriptiol,: {fo- 9 !o 4 il. high, and with up to 25 whorls, thisis a tall, spikelike shell with diitinct sutures.' Some of ttie éariyvolutions may show-vertical ridges, but for the most part thlsurface is smooth. The aperture is small, the columellaiwistèd.Color ivory-white, with vertical bars of chocolate-brown. anithere may be I or 2 revolving bands of whitish on thé hstfew whorls.

Genus Hastula H. & A. Adams 1853IIASTULA LUCTUOSA (Hinds)

Rauge: Mazatlln to Panama.Eabitat: Shallow water.

Pl. 6r

Desulption: 4- *n4l shell, seldom more than 1 in. high. It isslender and spikelike, with about 10 flattish whorls, thè suturesscarcely indented. The upper half of each vllution bears closelyspaced vertical lines, with the bottom half smooth. Apertur-esmall; columella only slightly twisted. The color is pirplishbrown.

Farnily Turridae: Slit Shells orTower Shells

(see p. 102)

Genus Kne/astia Dall 1919KNEFASTIA DALLI Bar. Pl. ól

Range: Gulf of California.Ilabitat: Moderately shallow water.Description: A robust shell of about 2rl in. There are some 9

250 HAWAIIAN GASTROPODS

CONUS RATTUS Hwass Rat ConeHabitat: Shallow water; reefs.

Pt. 7l

Pl. 7t

Description: A solid and stubby shell, the heieht about 2 in.The shell has a rather flat.top jnd abóui 6;#;i.. Coio. y"f-Iowish. b.rown, with a large bluìsh-white Uunà

"o*po..d of inter_

#l;ig;1t"r.nes and spots at the center, and another at the

CONUS SPONSALIS HwassHabitat : Intertidal beaches.

Ii.iiiili r i I,!ll

Description: A thick and solid shell about 1in. hieh. The soirei; po{grqtely.eJevate{ and the shoulders È.* lrrÌ;ii tìÈ-..éílr.UoIor bluish white, paler near the upper portions, the base tipped

$*X-:à#,1'f f .i;l'ìi,Ji:ng.$.ti''!ni;;i'-il";;;.'d";;CONUS SîRIATUS Linné Striate Cone pl. Zr

Habitat: Moderately deep waterl reefs.Description: A well-known .species reaching a height of S irr.Top- of shell rather flat, the Z^or 8 volutio"J.tigfrtti .L""""f.à.l-:{*: yltl m,ar1r p9e crowded ti""s. Òoloi-piír.iri, ,;ir,ìi.,rrreguhrty clouded with chocolate-brown.Remarks: A highly dangerous gastropod. When Clcnch andl9l.to, werepreparing their work on lhe poisonous cones (seelo,oll:t.,

p.2ag they sslected this species for dissection, siicenorothe.r species exceeds it in size and dìvelopment of the stingingand polsonous apparatus.

CONUS TESSULATUS Born îessellate Cone pl. ZlIlabitat: Deep water.Description: About 2 in. high, with 7 or g whorls. Apex moder_ately elevated. Color palJ yelowish, *itt è".i..ii[g-ìr,i,

"iorange spots.Remarks: A common shell throughout the pacific, but rare inHawaii.

CONUS îEXTILE Linné Cloth-of-Gold Cone pl. ZtIfabitat: Moderately deep water.D,escription: A lalge and. èolorful shell, attaining a height of 4 in.lhere are about 8 whorls, which form a shortipire. -Color

vel_lowish brown, with wavy'vertical lines àiit à"óLià'irur"ít!àbJ slt.arp triangles of white. These latter are crowded at the:shou]cters, the center, an,4-the base - suggesting irregular band_t1q

1..31I cases. Unlike spires_ of_màny coies, t"he spire isoecorated the same as the bodv whorl.Remarks: Another poisonous ànd highly dangerous snail.

CONUS VEXILLUM Gmel. Flag Cone pl. 7lI{abítat: Moderately deep water.Description: A heavy and sturdy shell reaching a height of 5 in.

CONE AND AUGER SHELLS 25î

There are 6 or 7 whorls, the spire only slightly elevated. Thetaper is quite rapid, so that the shell is very wide at the top inrelation to its height. Color chestnut-brown, with a row of whiteblotches at the shoulders and another at center of last whorl.Top of shell white, strongly checked with large patches of brown.Remarks: Widespread in the Pacific, the Hawaiian shell issometimes listed as C. sumatrensis Lam,

CONUS VITULINUS Hwass Celf Cone Pl. 7tHabitat: Moderately deep waterl reefs,Description: About 3 in. high, the whorl count ó. Spire ratherlow, but the apex is sharply pointed. Shoulders obscurely crenu-late. Color olive-tan, with a central band of bluish white, anda 2nd band at the shoulder.

Family Terebridae: Auger Shells(see p. 102)

Genus Terebra Bruguière 1789

TEREBRA CRENIILAîA Linné Crenulate Auger Pts.7,72Habitat: Shallow water; sand.Description: This shell attains a height of around 5 in. and hassome 1ó whorls. There is a row of small pointed nodules justbelow the sutures, giving a somewhat turreted appearance tothe spire. Except for these nodules, the surface is smooth andshining. Aperture moderately smalll inner lip twisted at base.The shell is cream-colored, streaked with lilac-brown betweenthe nodules; bears 3 rows of small chestnut dots on the bodywhorl, 2 rows on the whorls of the spire.

.;.ti

îEREBRA DIMIDIAîA Linné Divided AugerHabitat : Shallow water.

Pls.7,72

Doscription: A slender shell 5 in. high, made up of about 15whorls. There is a spiral groove toward the bottom of eachwhorl, and the earlier volutions bear vertical ribs. Color reddishorange, with streaks and bands of white.

îEREBRA FELINA Dill. Tiger AugerIlabitat: Shallow water.

P(.72

Description: Nearly 3 in. high, with some 15 or 16 whorls, eachbearing an impressed line below the suture. Color pale gray orwhite, with a single row of small brown spots encircling the shelljust above the suture lin-e.Remarks: Formerly listed as T. ti.grina Gmel.

îEREBRA GOULDI Desh. Gould's Auger P1.72Habitat: Shallow water.Description: About 2rl in. high, with some 12 whorls, each

252 HAWAIIAN GASTROPODS AUGER AND OBELISK SHELLS 253

marked toward its base by a spiral groove. Above the groove.the whorls are sculotured ,íitt, óor.-.Et ".rii.ui.iUr; f.f"fi,, ri.vbear smaÌt knobs.'Surface shi;t.- ó;l";;;l*ffih white, withrows of chestnut blotches.

îEIEBRA GUîîATA Ród. Eyed AugerEabitat : Shallow water.

TE3pBRA NITIDA Hinds Shining AugerIlabitat : Shallow water.

tion is flat-sidîd, so that its outline is somewhat squarish. Theupper whorls bear vertical ridges, and also an imprèssed line atthe suture, but both are lost on the later whorls. eobr yellowishgray, with 2 rows of squarish chocolate spots on each-volutionof the spire and 3 on the body whorl.

Family Eulimidaq Obelisk ShellsDescription: A fine, distinctive shell of about 20 whorls, reachinga height of 5 in. Sutures pt"i,,lt ;;l;e;iú. ;h;iil, ;;i;;Esmooth. Color orange-brown, wiíh z io*s biiì.g. *r,it"ìpri.on body whorl and isingle .o* o" *t outà.rr ìi-trì, "oiliìo;.;ithe spire.

Remarks: Formerly listed as T. oculala Lam,

TEI.EBRA IIACIILATA Linné Big Auger pl. ZzIlabitatr Shallow water; sandy loitóÀ'r.-D.escription: A large, solid ,héll, theilrongest and most sturdvof the. genus. rhe Éeight is irom j ;; ll;:,ilà;ii;;il;.";iiliber about 1ó. The eàrly volutioni;;;;i;ùt pii;;;;;;ìT^"r_t 9{ if" sheu is quite imooth. srt"i., hiriìrit, b;tih;.;;;no snourclers, and the shell tapers.gradually to'a fine point.Aperture small, with the inner tip i*î,it"a Jiase. Color bluishwhite, broadly banded wittr pu.$f isf, b.;.;; it". l"r,a. usuallybroken_ into squarish blotchis; itè;. ."y"ú.ililil"riii.Jivertical splashés.

P1.72

P(.72

Pls.8, 72

(see p. 105)

Genus Eulima Risso 1826

EULIMA MEîCALFI (A. Adams) Mottled Eulima

Genus Balcis Gny 1847BALCIS ACICULATA (Pease) Needle Balcis

BALCIS PEASEI (Tryon) Pease,s BalcisIlabitat : Parasitical on echinoderms,

Ilabitat: Moderately shallow water.Description: A! attractive shell, rather elongate in shape andm-easuring a trifle more than )/a in. high. About 7 rather ilattishwhorls, the sutures not well defined. Aperture narrow andelongate,--rounded at the base; outer lip thin and sharp. Colorbuffy yellow or gray, variously marted with reddiSh-brownscrawlsl surface brightly polished.

PI. 66

Pl. 66

Pl. ó6

îE_REBRA STRIGILATA Linné painted AugerIlabitat: Shallow water.

Description: A very slender shell of some 14 flattish whorls, itsheight about tfi ín. The sutures ur" *"ii;;il"à, ;il;"iilvolution bears about 15 rounded lr_".ii.ul ,ìtr.- np"riu." ,_uiijinner lip sligltly twisted 1t base. Cót", yai"*iri,'gray, the ribsgenerally paler in tone. The shell has a í"irty i,-igfr"SfóJr. -- ----

Ilabitat : Parasitical on echinoderms.D-escriptiol I A slender high-spired shell of about 10 flattenedwhorls, the sutures scarcely discernible. Height about rl in.Apertur-e sma!l;__outer. lip ihin and sharp. Cólor pure wÉite;surface beautifully polished.

BALCIS CUMINGI (A. Adams) Cuming,s Balcis pl. 66Habitat: Parasitical on sea cucumbers.Description: A larger shell than B. ací.culala (above), attaininga height of just over 1 in. The whorl count is about i0; sutureÈfairly well impressed. Surface highly polished. Color white.Aperture rather smalll outer lip thin and sharp.Description: A slender shelllrl in. high.- About 15 whorls, the

:.llyl1 ll{nty impressed. TÉe- surfaó is-scuiptured witn'nne;e..:l]:"1_19-ry,.1nu !Ì-r9.whole. th.ell is well polished. Cotor yel_rowlsn gray' wrth a distinct whitish band al the suture, und oothis band is a series of square."A_Uro*nipàtrlRemarks: If this shell wére_larg.. it *outíÈ" ionsidered one ofthe more showy of the tropitul"mJiu;ú--

'- -

TEREBRA SUBULAîA Linné Spotted Auger F,I,72Ifabitat: Shallow water.Description: A slender spikelike shell of about 5 in. There mavbe as many as 20 whorlsith" sutu.ei-*ell;;;.;: il;il

";fi"_

Description: Abott 1À in. high, this shell has 7 or 8 whorls, thesutures being rather indistinct. The spire is noticeably curvedto one side. Aperture small, apex somewhat blunt. The shell isglassy white. -

Remarlrs : Examples of these gastropods are often quite abundantamong the fine beach litter but are easily overlooked by thecasual collector. Under a hand lens manv of them show con-siderable beauty.

Plate 7

HAWAIIAN GASTROPODSAll shells approximately r,( natural size

l. Architectonica perspectiva SUNDIALRound, f l r t t ish; umbi l icus deep and crenulate.

2. îerebra dimidiata DIVIDED AUGERImpressed spiral l ine below suture; whit ish streaks

3. Cymatium nicobaricumORANGE-MOUTHED TRITON

p.223

p.251

n ?ì(

Rugged; thick varices; orange aperture.

4. Te_r_ebra crenulata CRENULATE AUGER p. 251Wrinkles at shoulders; encircl ing dots.

5. Co-nus.pennaceus PEARLED CONE p. 24gModerate spire; orange-brown, with paler tr iangles . v ' - - '

ó. Cypraea tessellata TESSELLATE COWRY p. 232Globose; pair of squarish spots on.u.t i ià.; pol ished.

7. Trochus intextus HAWAIIAN TOp p. Z2OSloping sides; beaded l ines.

8. Ilarpa.conoidalis HARP SHELL p. 246Flaring aperture; thin varices; spines at shoulders.

9. Distorsio anus WARPED SHELL o. 237Constr icted aperture; granular area on columella. Y' -" '

I

i i i' r ' t '

i l r l :i i ;. i I i .,

I lriri irri i , : i r

I l l i iI r ' l ì rft "iri l r i i: , r l, l i; i

. , i

I t '

Plate B

HAWAIIAN GASTROPODSAII shells approximately natural size

1. Morula uva GRAPE MORULAFusiform, sol id; squarish black nodes.

2. Cypraea semiplota LITTLE SPOTTED COWRYSmail, poJished; pale brown, with rvhit ish spots.

3. Pustularia cicercula CHICK pEA COWRYInl lated; pinched out at ends.

4. Torinia variegata VARIEGATED SUNDIALRound, f latt ish; deep umbil icus.

5. Drupa grossularia FINGER DRUPEOrange aperture; l ip with project ions.

ó. Trochus intextus HAWAIIAN TOpTop-shaped; sloping sides; beaded l ines.

7. Pyramidella sulcata SULCATE PYRAMIDELLARounded whorls; dist inct sutures; pl icate inner l ip.

8. Terebra strigilata PAINTED AUGERNarrow, spikel ike; twisted ínner l ip.

9. Mitra auriculoides BANDED MITERFusiform, smooth; pl icate inner l ip.

10. Janthina globosa ROUND VIOLET SNAILGlobular, thin.

11. Hydatina amplustre PINK BUBBLE,No spire; thin and fragi le.

12. Nassarius hirtus ROUGH DOG WHELKVert ical l ines at shoulders; notch at base.

13. Strombus maculatus SPOTTED STROMBSmall; wide outer l i rr .

p. 241

p. 232

p. 233

p. 223

p. 240

p.220

p. 254

p.252

p.244

p. 226

p. 255

p.242

p. 227

t4

l . l

Nerita pol i ta , POLISHED NERITE p.221Flatt ish, pol ished; brightly hued.

Group.of Achatinel lasp. HAWAIIAN TREE SNAILS p. 25iSee text-

Plate tz

HAWAIIAN AUGERS, BUBBLE SHELLS,AND OTHERS

1. Terebra crenrllata X)( CRENULATE AUGER p. 251Wrinkles at shoulders; encircl ing dots; cream-colored.

2. Terebra dimidiata XVs DIVIDED AUGER rt.25lImpressed spiral l ine below suture; white streaks.

3. îerebra fel ina X1 TIGER AUGER p.251Stout, smooth; encircl ing dots; pale gray or white.

4. Terebra nit ida X1 SHINING AUGER o.252Sìender; vert ical folds; yel lowish gray.

.5. Terebrastr igi lata X1 PAINTED AUGER p.252Weak vert ical grooves; yel lowish gray, spotted band at suture.

p. 252

^ ' ) \ )

p.251

p. 252

p. 254

p. 255

- ?q(

n ?qq

^ ?(q

p. 257

p. 25ó

p. 256

p. 256gray.

6. Terebra gútata X74 EYED AUGERLarge white spots on orange-brown backgrountl .

7. Terebra mac;ulata X/2 BIG AUGERHeavy, porcelaneous; vertical purplish streaks.

8. Terebra gouldi X1 GOULD'S AUGERNarrow vertical ribs; distinct sutures; yellowish white

9. Terebra subulata X% SPOTTED AUGERSlender; large chocolate spots.

10. Bul la peasiana X1 BUBBLE SHELLCylindrical; mott led; white l ips.

11. Atys semistr iata X2 STRIATE BUBBLESmall; yel lowish white; aperture longer than shel l .

12. Haminoea crocata X2 PAPER BUBBLESmall, oval; translucent.

13. Hydatina albocincta X1 CLOWN BUBBLEBroad tan and white bands.

14. Hydatina amplustre X1 PINK BUBBLIiPink; brown and white bands.

15. Melampus semiplicata X1Dull brown; inner l ip pl icate.

1ó. Hydatina physis Xl STRIPED BUBBLEWide aperture; revolving thin l ines; yel lowish gray

17. Umbraculum sinicum X1 UMBRELLA SHELLOval, f lat; white; interior with dark brown center.

18. Siphonarianormalis X1 FALSE LIMPETl-impet- l ike; racl iat ing r ibs; marginal groove; dark