Chapter 25The Endocrine GlandsLearning Objectives (1 of 2)Explain noral ph!siologic f"nctions of pit"itar! horones# coon endocrine dist"rbances# and treatent$escribe ajor th!roid abnoralities# clinical anifestations# and treatentExplain noral ph!siologic f"nctions of adrenal cortex and ed"lla# coon dist"rbances# and treatent$efine ca"ses and effects of parath!roid d!sf"nction and treatentLearning Objectives (2 of 2)$isc"ss concept of ectopic horone prod"ction b! nonendocrine t"orsExplain adverse health effects of obesit!# s"rgical proced"res for obesit! and their rationaleExplain stress and its effects on the endocrine s!ste Endocrine Glands (1 of 2)%ajor endocrine glands&it"itar!Th!roid&arath!roid'drenal cortex and ed"lla&ancreatic isletsOvaries and testesEndocrine Glands (2 of 2)Level of horone in circ"lation( controls ao"nt of horone s!nthesi)ed and released b! an endocrine gland$isorders( h!persecretion or h!posecretion$eterination of clinical effects$egree of d!sf"nction'ge and sex of affected individ"al&it"itar! Gland (1 of *)+"spended b! stal, fro h!pothala"s at base of brain'nterior lobe-nterediate lobe( r"dientar! str"ct"re&osterior lobeTropic horones (reg"late other endocrine glands).eg"lated b! level of horone prod"ced b! the target gland+elf/reg"lating echanis aintains "nifor horone o"tp"t&rolactin secretion controlled b! prolactin inhibitor! factorTh!roid sti"lating horone sti"lates release of prolactin and th!roid horones&it"itar! Gland (2 of *)'nterior lobe horonesGro0th horone( sti"lates gro0th of tiss"es&rolactin( sti"lates il, prod"ctionTh!roid/sti"lating horone (T+1)'drenocorticotrophic horone ('CT1)2ollicle/sti"lating horone (2+1)L"teini)ing horone (L1)&osterior lobe horones'ntidi"retic horone ('$1)( ca"ses ore concentrated "rineOx!tocin( sti"lates "terine contractions and il, secretion3oral echaniss controlling elaboration of tropic horones b! the pit"itar! gland&it"itar! Gland (4 of *)&anh!popit"itaris'nterior lobe fails to secrete all horones&it"itar! d0arfis$eficienc! of gro0th horoneCa"ses retarded gro0th and developent$iabetes insipid"s2ail"re of posterior lobe to secrete '$1 or fail"re of ,idne! to respond to '$1 (nephrogenic diabetes insipid"s) 5nable to absorb 12OCa"ses excretion of large ao"nts of dil"ted "rine2ro a pit"itar! t"or&it"itar! Gland (6 of *)Gro0th horone overprod"ctionCa"sed b! pit"itar! adenoaCa"ses gigantism in childrenCa"ses acromegaly in ad"lts%a! ca"se vis"al dist"rbances fro t"or encroachent in optic chias&rolactin overprod"ction.es"lt of sall pit"itar! adenoa'lso fro conditions affecting f"nction of h!pothala"sCa"ses amenorrhea and galactorrhea (il, secretion fro non/pregnant breasts)&it"itar! Gland (5 of *)&it"itar! t"ors%an! pit"itar! endocrine dist"rbances ca"sed b! anterior lobe pit"itar! t"orsClinical anifestations depend on si)e of t"or and the horone prod"ced2"nctional t"ors( prod"ce horones that ca"se clinical anifestations3onf"nctional t"ors( do not prod"ce horones b"t exert other effects%a! encroach on iportant str"ct"res adjacent to optic chias7 disr"pt horone/prod"cing f"nctions of anterior lobe cells&it"itar! Gland (* of *)&it"itar! t"orsTreatent deterined b! t!pe# si)e# and horone prod"ced b! t"or$r"gs to s"ppress t"or gro0th+"rgical resection( "s"al s"rgical approach is thro"gh the nasal cavit! (transsphenoidal resection)Acromegaly8 Co"rtes! of Leonard Cro0le!# %9$9:5niversit! of %innesota %edical +chool2actors reg"lating prolactin secretion and pathogenesis of aenorrhea/galactorrhea s!ndroeTranssphenoidal resectin of a pit"itar! t"orTh!roid Gland+tr"ct"reT0o lateral lobes connected b! isth"sCoposed of th!roid follicles that prod"ce and store horones1orone prod"ction reg"lated b! T+1 (th!roid sti"lating horone)&arafollic"lar cells( secrete calcitonin'ctionsControls rate of etabolic processes.e;"ired for noral gro0th and developent3oral th!roid gland# ill"strating t0o lateral lobes connected b! narro0 isth"sLo0/agnification photoicrograph of cell"lar str"ct"re of noral th!roid gland91igh/agnification photoicrograph of noral th!roid follicles9Th!roid GlandHyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism.apid p"lse +lo0 p"lse-ncreased etabolis $ecreased etabolis1!peractive reflexes +l"ggish reflexesEotional labilit! &lacid and phlegaticG- effect( diarrhea G- effect( constipation