The Battle of Stalingrad

The Bloodiest Battle in Recorded History

Garrick Phimister Sid Grover Ziyi ZhangBen Redfern William Kesten-Orange

8th December 2016

Abstract

This material was extracted from the DH100 wordpress website athttp://wludh.ca/dh100/2016/T3/G2/M3/.

Contents

Contents i

1 Aspects of The Battle 11.1 Timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2 Significance of The Battle 9

3 Fun Facts 113.1 Russians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.2 Germans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4 Conclusion / Aftermath 15

5 Axis / Soviet Strategies 175.1 German . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.2 German Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.3 Soviet Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.4 Soviet Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Bibliography 21

i

1. Aspects of The Battle

On the eve of July 17th, 1942, a war within the war began as the Germans maketheir stand in claim of Stalingrad (now Volgograd). From that day until the sunset upon the night of February 2’nd, 1943, many men had fallen, and many in-nocent lives were lost. As both Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin understood thekey significance of Stalingrad for both its transportation and industrial us, theyeach had purpose to claim the land as their own. As the Russians had success-fully defended their city from German forces, the battle is now considered to bethe single most crucial battle of the Great Patriotic War. This was the battle inwhich initially stopped the advancement of the Germans and eventually aidedin the victory of the allies.

German forces had been rallying and claiming land in and around the AksayRiver, Kuban River, Kalach, Armavir, Yeysk, and Krasnodar. All of these claimsmade before August 25th, 1942, when Stalingrad was officially and formallydeclared under siege from the German Army. By September 3rd, 1942, the Ger-man 6th army had reached the outskirts of Stalingrad. While working theirway into and through the city, they had fought their way through the streets,killing many innocent lives of women, children, and men.

By mid-September the Swastika flag had been raised in the center of the city,this to indicate the Germans advancement and minor victories thus far. TheRussians saw this battle somewhat like a campaign, and had eventually movedinto the southernmost corners of their country to further rally troops and col-lect support from its people. With this now larger supply of troops, the Sovietsclaimed their place along the Volga River, in a perfect vantage point for attack-ing the Caucasus troops of the Germans.

As it is highly regarded as the bloodiest battle in recorded historywith rounding2 million casualties, each side of the battle seemed to have their own opinionsof what had truly happened. The Russians regard the battle as the GreatestBattle of the Second World War, while the German people seem to rememberthe battle as a Rattenkrieg, or Rat War. Many tactics were used throughout,

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1. Aspects of The Battle

for example an attack focused upon encircling the enemy, replication that ofHannibal in 212 B.C. when he had initially sought after war with the Romans.

Throughout the battle, manymoments occurred to support theGermanmemoryof a Rattenkrieg. The Soviets surrounded the army of General Paulus in orderto claim their surrender, but instead slaughtered the group, much alike swinein a slaughterhouse. However it was not only the Russians using well provenmilitary strategy.

On the 25th of November 1942, the Germans, low on supplies, ammunition,and in need of troops calls upon the Luftwaffe to airdrop supplies as well asmen for larger squadrons to be forged on land and by air. In doing so, the Ger-mans had hoped to take Stalingrad quickly (within a few days), however whenthe 4th German Panzer army launched Operation Winter, the Soviets had builta defense too strong for the Germans to penetrate. In saying this, the operationfailed miserably resulting in the death of hundreds of troops.

Once the winter had approached battle conditions worsened, as did the troops.The German 6th army was promised Arial support, warmed shelter, and foodprovided they leave their post briefly. However, although tempted, Hitlerwouldnot allow the troops to stand off guard for even a moment. Do to this seriesof events, upon the earliest hours of morning on February 2nd, 1943, 91,000men were forced to surrender, while nearly 150,000 had died in a final stand ofdefiance. From this point on, Stalingrad remained on the offensive for the restof the war.

1.1 Timeline1942 July 28th– Joseph Stalin issues “not one step backward” to his troops and Generals.1942 August 4th– Elements of the German Army cross the Aksay River toward Stalingrad.1942 August 6th– The German Army crosses the Kuban River near Armavir1942 August 7th– Elements of the German Army attack Soviet forces near Kalach.1942 August 9th

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1.1. Timeline

– The German Army captures the strategic post of Yeysk and Krasnodar on theSea of Azov.1942 August 14th– German forces cross the Kuban river near Krasnador.1942 August 19th– German General Paulus and his 6th Army is ordered to attack the Soviet cityof Stalingrad.1942 August 25th– Stalingrad is officially under siege by the German Army.1942 September 1st– German Army elements, backed by Romanians cross the Kerch Straits.– The Germans establish a bridgehead over the Terek River.

1942 September 3rd– The Germans enact an offensive aimed at the heart of Stalingrad.1942 September 6th– The strategic Black Sea port city Novorossiysk falls to the Germans.1942 September 15– The Soviet Army is Unleashed on Voronezh.1942 September 24th– The German Army makes headway toward Tuapse.1942 October 6th– Malgobek falls to the German Army.1942 October 9th– The Soviet government hands all military powers to the Soviet Army.1942 October 14th– Adolf Hitler stops all further offensives against Soviet targets in the regionfor the year and orders his commanders to hold their positions until 1943.1942 October 18th– The German drive against Tyapse is stopped by the Soviets.1942 October 25th– The Germans enact a new offensive in the Caucasus.1942 November 1st– The Caucasus town of Alagir is captures by the Germans.1942 November 2nd– The Caucasus town of Ordzhonikidse is captured by the Germans.1942 November 19th– The Soviets push forward a new two-part offensive – Operation Uranus –

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1. Aspects of The Battle

north of Stalingrad and break through the Romanian-held defenses.

1942 November 20th– Part 2 of Operation Uranus is enacted at the southern end of Stalingrad.– German General Manstein is appointed the commander of Army Group Don.1942 November 22nd– Two elements of the Sovier Army meets at Kalach, effectively encircling theGerman 6th Army at Stalingrad.1942 November 25th– In an effort to resupply their troops, the German Luftwaffe is called upon toexercise airdrops of vital supplies to the German Army.1942 December 12th–While Hitler rejects any Plea from the German 6th Army to retreat from theirposition, the 4th Panzer Army is used through Operation Winter Storm in anattempt to relieve the beleaguered German troops at Stalingrad.1942 December 16th– The Soviet Army puts Operation Little Saturn into effect and attacks Rostov.– The Italian Army goes into full retreat from the Soviet Advances– German Army forces are called off from further offensives at Tuapse.1942 December 21st– Soviet relief forces and supplies header for Stalingrad are stopped at My-shkova.1942 December 23rd– All further attempts to relieve Stalingrad are put on hold, indefinitely.1942 December 24th– The Soviet Army launches a fresh attack at Kotelnikovo, routing its Romaniandefenders and putting them into full retreat.1942 December 28th– German Army Group A is given the official order to retreat from the Cau-casus region.1943 January 1st– German forces at Terek retreat.1943 January 8th– Soviet generals send in the formal request fo surrender of the German 6thArmy at Stalingrad, a request which is formally rejected.1943 January 10th– Soviet General Rokossovsky unleashes hell on the German 6th Army throughthousands of artillery cannons and Katyusha rockats.

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1.2. Media

1943 January 12th– Soviet troops make headway against the defensive lines at the Don River byHungarian and Italian troops.– German Caucasus elements make it to their bridgehead over the Kuban River.1943 January 13th–GermanArmy elements at Terek retreat to theNagutskoye-Alexsandrovskoyeposition.1943 January 14th– In an effort to replenish and build up their army ranks along the East Front,German Generals proposed conscription service of the Baltic people for service.1943 January 17th– The German Panzer Corps at the Don are officially surrounded.1943 January 25th– A Soviet offensive splits the German 6th Army at Stalingrad.– German forces at Armavir retreat.– German forces at Voronezh retreat.1943 January 31st– German General Paulus formally surrenders his southern Stalingrad army tothe Soviets.1943 February 2nd– The German Army north pocket at Stalingrad formally surrenders to the So-viet Army.– The liberation of Stalingrad is officially over.

1.2 Media

5

1. Aspects of The Battle

1.jpg 1.bb

Figure 1.1: A monument to theBattle of Stalingrad constructedin the years between 1959-67(Monument 2016)

2.jpg 2.bb

Figure 1.2: German soldiersin September of 1942 reload-ing their weapons as they pil-lage through the streets of Stal-ingrad, Russia. (In The Streets2016)

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1.2. Media

3.jpg 3.bb

Figure 1.3: September 17th1942, when the Swastika flagwas raised in the middle ofthe city of Stalingrad to sig-nify German victories thus far.(FlagPole 2016)

4.jpg 4.bb

Figure 1.4: German troopswithin the trenches in Kalach.(Trenches 2016)

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1. Aspects of The Battle

5.jpg 5.bb

Figure 1.5: Luftwaffe plainstraveling into Stalingrad dur-ing the later days of Novem-ber 1942 to provide troops andsupplies to their men. (Bomber2016)

6.jpg 6.bb

Figure 1.6: 90,000 Germantroops being marched in thesnow, across and out of Stalin-grad following their surrenderon February 2nd, 1943. (Ger-manPower 2016)

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2. Significance of The Battle

The smashing of the Nazi Wehrmacht on January 31, 1943, by the Red Armywas a decisive turning point during World War 2. The outcome of that vic-tory acquired planetary significance. Known as Operation Barbarossa, this wasHitler’s personal war against ‘Jewish-Bolshevism’ and the annihilation of theSovie t Union, which had been a central ideology of German Fascism. The Nazisintentions were to physically exploit the U.S.S.R and its quasi-inexhaustible re-source base, and the destruction of its people, making it the first time in thehistory of warfare that an entire people were targeted.

Figure 2.1: A cannon placed in front of a crumbling building in the war-torncity. (Stalingrad Metro Station, Cannon 2016)

On December 6th during a blizzard, General Georgi Zhukov (of Russia)launched his offensive on a 250km front with over 100 divisions. By the endof February, Nazi forces had been driven back 120-250km from Soviet Cap-ital. Total Nazi casualties at this time exceeded over 1 million, or 31% of Wehr-macht’s fighting force. German forces began to retreat and backed away fromeastern Europe and Russia ending German expansionism. This was consideredthe first major loss for Germany and a major turning point in the war. Until thispoint, Nazis were seen as an unbeatable force of power but after the outcomeof Stalingrad, the myth of Nazi invincibility was destroyed with its defeat.

It is considered the most brutal war in history with a horrific number ofcasualties on both sides, leaving 20 million Soviet people dead and 40 millionwounded during 1941-1945. Defeat, however, came from the hand of Hitler

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2. Significance of The Battle

himself as it was his decision to attack Russia in the first place, breaking the pactof non-aggression Germany and Russia signed before the war. Until this point,Stalin had no intentions of attacking Germany but was ultimately brought intothewar. The results of thewar could have differed significantly if Hitler decidednot to bring the war to the Soviet front, but in doing so he ensured his owndefeat.

Not only did it change the fate of the war, the battle changed the entirecomplexion of the politics of wars as its outcome guaranteed the Soviet Unionwould survive. The Soviet Union was more susceptible to German offers ofpeace as they were in a position of power at this point. The victory of the warfor allies lay crucially with the decisions the Soviets would make because theywere in this position where they could either continue fighting or not. Afterthe war, the U.S. questioned how to treat foreign policy with the Soviet Union.Were they to become allies through trust and cooperation, or was the U.S. goingto get tough and use whatever geopolitical leverage was available? PresidentRoosevelt decided to aid the Soviets because of their growth in strength, aswell to defeat the Germans. They needed to Russians, resulting in an unlikelyalliance.

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3. Fun Facts

When people think of the Battle of Stalingrad, most people think of the combatand the bloodshed. What rarely comes to mind are what types of food they’reeating, what kind of living conditions they’re in, the state of the medical team,and the deaths not caused by fights.

3.1 Russians

Food and Living ConditionsFor the Red Army, the soldiers did not receive great rations and

the food was not divided evenly. The snipers were given the bestrations while fighting soldiers received the next best, and the in-jured got less. If the soldiers were lucky, they would get threeservings of kasha, which is a buckwheat porridge. As a treat, theRussian soldiers would sometimes get a piece of salted herring.

Another treat is a daily ration of makhorka tobacco and theywould have alcohol to get them through the days. The soldierscamped out in the icy fields drinking vodka everyday.1

Figure 3.1: Kasha frying in a pan (MotherWouldKnow 2016)

1Bull 2008.

11

3. Fun Facts

Medical InformationThe bravest figures in this battle were the female medics with

only basic training. They would drag back several wounded sol-diers in action to be treated. There are many stories that recountthese heroic feats and sacrifices. In the Red Army, there were atleast 119 field hospitals with 62000 beds for casualties.

Other Manners of DeathSince the soldiers looked to alcohol as a means of relief, when

they ran out, they had to find substitutes. One example is antifreeze(contains methanol). These unreliable substitutes caused blindnessand death.

Other forms of death include freezing to death, diseases, andstarvation.2

3.2 Germans

Food and Living Conditions

Figure 3.2: Killed horse (OnceUponATimeInWar 2016)

The Sixth Army began with a kilogram box of potatoes for 15men and 500 grams of bread for each soldier per day. As the battleplayed through, the rations thinned more and more until it becamea slice of bread (75 grams) per soldier. The casualties received no

2Kaplan 2000.

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3.2. Germans

food or drink. They were even desperate enough to kill supplyhorses to make watery soup for protein.

Rats and lice riddled the land. The rats would chew throughtank cables and the lice would latch onto the soldiers. The soldiersfought the cold by sleeping together to share warmth which wouldactivate the lice.3

Medical InformationFor the Sixth Army, many medical supplies ran out and sur-

gery had to be performed without anesthesia. Those who couldstill walk were attended to before those who had more fatal injur-ies. Most soldiers with head and abdominal wounds were left todie.

Figure 3.3: A doctor operating on a soldier (PadreSteve’sWorld 2016)

Other Manners of DeathSimilar to the Red Army, the Sixth Army had other forms of

death that include freezing, diseases, and starvation.

• Mild cases of frostbite could be treated with ointment, butthose with gangrene were amputated. Soldiers died in massesfrom frostbite and hypothermia.

3Kaplan 2000.

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3. Fun Facts

• Therewere somany deaths caused by diseases that themedicsfeared it has infected every soldier. Jaundice was welcomedby the soldiers so they could be taken off the field.

• While the soldiers were starving, they were given high-meatpaste to improve nutrition, but in a starving body, in combin-ation with stress, tiredness, and cold, only a fraction of thecalories were absorbed. The fat could not be metabolized andlead to many sudden deaths.

Other forms of death include freezing to death, diseases, andstarvation.4

4Kaplan 2000.

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4. Conclusion / Aftermath

The battle of Stalingrad led Hitler to a deep mistrust of his commanders. Thelosses/casualties of German soldiers was reaching above 150,000. This statisticis important as this was also causing the soldiers fighting at the front to startlosing hope in their cause. This mistrust also fuelled Hitler’s motivation tostart micromanaging everything at the front. This was a mistake that endedup costing him the battle. The Germans had multiple opportunities to leaveStalingrad and fall back. They ended up being ordered to stay put. With thewinter fast approaching the city became extremely hard to hold.1

Figure 4.1: A monument in Stalingrad to the Battle (Swastikas, Flags, Berlin,Germany 2016)

Battle of Stalingrad was of the utmost importance for the allied forces. Thiswas because the battle had the ability to break the defences of the eastern Ger-man forces. German commanders were making assumptions in regards to so-viet tactics. These assumptions specifically in the battle of Stalingrad wereproved to be incorrect. This is what led to the degradation of the German forces.This also led to the turning point in the war. This meaning that prior to this

1Ziemke F, ”Stalingrad to Berlin: German Defeat in the East [in en]”. Government PrintingOffice, 1968

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4. Conclusion / Aftermath

news of the war in Germany, it was generally of the triumphs of war. After this,the news started to turn grim as Hitler had to admit to his defeats. This out-come of a German loss due to poor tactics was felt through the entire Germanconquest.

Figure 4.2: Buildings all over Berlin were flying the Nazi flag. It was a sym-bol of power to the Germans and reminded them of why they were fighting(Monument, Fountain 2016)

They had to pull troops from the western fronts to try and salvage the east-ern front. This was significant as Hitler who was making the calls in the back-ground was doing so from a standoff point of view he never really saw theseverity of the front. As such he made decisions based only on knowledge hewas told and what his assumptions were. The loss at Stalingrad ended up beingthe demise of the German forces.2 What all of this decision/ or lack thereof ledto was the loss on the Stalingrad front. The German forces time and time againfound themselves having to deal with situations that could have been avoidedhad Hitler been less indecisive. Hitler could not process that fact that thingswere not going well and proceeded to make decisions based on the illusion thatthe German forces still had the upper hand. In the wake of the battle of Stal-ingrad the German forces were no longer able to maintain all of the fronts, theGerman forces moral was decreasing all due to decisions made by Hitler.3

2Raymond Limbach, ”Battle of Stalingrad” Encyclopedia Britannica, 20153Dana Sadrarananda, ”Beyond Stalingrad: Manstein and the Operations of Army Group

Don” Praeger Publishers, 1990.

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5. Axis / Soviet Strategies

Strategy is everything. Who could push further into enemy territory? Whowould win and who would lose? The Battle of Stalingrad was a very strategicbattle to win in World War 2, because it was the first time that the Germanarmy was utterly defeated.

5.1 German

Figure 5.1: Swastika (Nazism Exposed - flags and symbols 2016)

The Germans were volatile opponents using a few different key strategiesin the Battle of Stalingrad. Hitler signed the 10-year non-aggression pact withthe Soviet Union in 1939, but had no intention of keeping the pact. Insteadhe used this time to build up his troops behind the Soviet border. One of thegoals was the Caucasus oil fields, which would supply the German army withmuch needed fuel, thus yielding Soviet efforts. Cutting off Soviet supplies totroops so that Soviet industrial output would be disrupted while engaged inmilitary quarrel. The forces had to wait until their supplies were replenished

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5. Axis / Soviet Strategies

or eventually be defeated. Hitler favored this type of warfare because it wouldmake his enemies suffer and slowly and die or force them to retreat.

5.2 German OperationsOn June 22nd, 1941, Operation Barbarossa commenced where German armedforces and its allies invaded deep into Soviet territory. A tactic called Blitzkrieg,which means “lightning war”, warfare was a favoured style of warfare by theGermans. This type of warfare, used by the German panzer tanks, was to attackenemies at the weakest point and defeat them the fastest. By spring of 1942 theGermans had established their front along the border to the USSR. The Ger-mans were in high spirits as they thought they would crush the Soviets sincethey were no longer hindered by the winter weather. On June 28th, 1942, Op-eration Blau/Blue commenced with multiple German and Romanian units wereto capture the Caucasus Oil Fields for a plentiful supply of fuels.

Figure 5.2: Barbarossa Map (WWIIPodcast 2016)

5.3 Soviet UnionIn December of 1941, after suffering multiple losses, the Soviet Union coun-terattacked German forces in the Battle of Moscow, successfully driving them

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5.4. Soviet Operations

out. The Soviets quickly realized that the Germans were not prepared for any-thing offensively for the winter months to come, and took advantage of this byquickly planning their next attacks.

Figure 5.3: Soviet Union (Soviet Union Flag 2016)

5.4 Soviet Operations• Operation Uranus 19 November 1942

– Southwestern Front 1st Guards, 21st, 5th Tanks, 17th Air Armies,and the 25th Tank Corps

– Don Front 24th, 65th, 66th, 16th Air Armies– Stalingrad Front 28th, 51st, 57th, 62nd, 64th, 8th Air Armies

• Kotelnikovo Offensive Operation 12 December 1942 – 31 December 1942

– Stalingrad Front 2nd Guards, 5th Shock, 51st, 8th Air Armies

• Middle Don Offensive Operation (Operation Little Saturn) 16 December1942 – 30 December 1942

– Southwestern Front– Don Front

• Operation Koltso (English: Operation Ring) 10 January 1943 – 2 February1943

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5. Axis / Soviet Strategies

– Don Front 21st, 24th, 57th, 62nd, 64th, 65th, 66th, 16th Air Armies

Operation Uranus, the Soviet Union plan to counterattack the northern flank ofStalingrad. Soviets chose to attack the northern flank because it was defendedby Italian, Hungarian, and Romanian forces that were not adequately equippedto defend such a big scale, thoroughly planned attack. The amount of supportthey had compared to the German counterparts of other defenses (November19-30, 1942). The Soviet Union used a military tactic called a pincer attack.It consisted of effective counterattacks from both sides of the enemy’s flank,essentially to pin them down. OperationUranuswas themost strategic decisionmade because it set inmotionGermany’s first brutal loss. The Stalingrad Pocketformed was by the pincer attack of Operation Uranus entrapped the Germanand it’s allies armies.

Figure 5.4: Pincer Strategy Map (Pincer Attack 2016)

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