The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activityebtc.eu/pdf/110926_REP_EBTC_Greentech_Water.pdf · The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of

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The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

INDEX

ABOUT THIS PUBLICATION ....................................................................................................................................... 2

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................................... 2

PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................................... 3

THE WATER MANAGEMENT SECTOR IN INDIA 1. ................................................................................................... 4

OVERALL SCENARIO 1. ..................................................................................................................................... 4

DIRECTION FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT 2. ............................................................ 6

NATIONAL WATER MISSION 1. .................................................................................................................. 6

NATIONAL DRINKING WATER MISSION 2. ................................................................................................. 8

WASTEWATER TREATMENT 3. ......................................................................................................................... 9

COMPANIES AND RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS IN THE INDIAN WATER MANAGEMENT SECTOR 2. ..................... 10

OVERVIEW OF THE REPORT 1. ....................................................................................................................... 10

ORGANIZATIONS IN WATER SUPPLy AND SANITATION2. .............................................................................. 12

Arghyam 1. .............................................................................................................................................. 12

State Water and Sanitation Mission, Rural Water Supply Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh 2. ........... 13

Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation 3. ......................................................................................... 13

Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay 4. ........................................................ 15

Water and Environment Sanitation India (WES-NET) 5. .......................................................................... 16

ORGANIZATIONS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT3. ....................................................................................... 17

Pallavaram Tanners Industrial Effluent Treatment Company, Ltd. 1. ....................................................... 17

Central Leather Research Institute 2. ...................................................................................................... 17

Ambika Projects India Ltd. 3. ................................................................................................................... 18

Nuchem Ltd. 4. ........................................................................................................................................ 19

UEM Group 5. ......................................................................................................................................... 19

Southern Cogen Systems Pvt. Ltd. 6. ....................................................................................................... 20

National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) 7. ........................................................ 21

ORGANIZATIONS IN WASTEWATER CONSERVATION & RECyCLING4. ........................................................... 23

Akar Impex 1. .......................................................................................................................................... 23

Linear technologies 2. ............................................................................................................................. 23

Auroville Centre for Scientific Research 3. .............................................................................................. 24

Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras 4. ...................................................................................... 25

Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd. 5. ............................................................................................................... 26

WABAG 6. ................................................................................................................................................ 26

APPENDIX 3. ......................................................................................................................................................... 28

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ABOUT THIS PUBLICATION

This publication is presented to you as a companion to the EU – India Greentech Matchmaking Event 2011, an event

organized by the European Business and Technology Centre (EBTC) and its partners, the Indo-Italian Chamber of

Commerce and Industry (IICCI), the Chamber of Commerce of Milan, Innovhub and CEIPIEMONTE.

Within the framework of the first edition of the Indo-Italian Business Conference (IIBC), this event aims to create

connections and foster an exchange of technologies, patents and knowledge between European and Indian

companies in the energy, environment and sustainable transport sectors.

On 27th and 29th September 2011, a European and Indian delegation of companies and research organizations

is meeting in two Indian cities, Mumbai and Bengaluru. Their agenda is rich with business-to-business partnering

sessions, panel and round table discussions with key government officials and top players of the Indian industry,

networking events and site visits.

This publication aims to offer you an overview of the five sectors that are relevant to the event: environmental

biotech, renewable energy, sustainable transport, water management, and solid waste management. In order

to introduce you to these fields, each volume offers a summary of relevant research, as well as a representative

collection of organizations active in this space.

We hope this will be a valuable tool in the productive exchange of knowledge and experience, and the creation of

business opportunities during the event.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to Mr. Sauro Mezzetti of EUTECNE for coordinating the efforts that made it possible to publish this

paper. We also give thanks to Energy Alternatives India for contributing their research.

For any queries related to this paper, please contact Mr. Gianpaolo Sarolli at the Chamber of Commerce

Milan - Innovhub.([email protected])

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PREFACE

Water can be defined as the most critical resource for India’s society from many points of view: availability, supply,

sanitation needs, pollution and discharge. It is the most basic and primary need, but it is still out of reach for a large

section of the population, either in terms of supply or in terms of adequacy to health and sanitation needs. It is also

a major area of environmental impact, due to the low diffusion of efficient practices of wastewater treatment.

This report deals mainly with certain aspects of water issues related to supply, conservation and wastewater

treatment that are among the priorities of the national water policy. The areas in which the demand of technology

is directed are also highlighted.

The Indian market for water and the development of utilities are still not very organized and need to undergo

strong development, both in the public and the private sectors. At the same time, water is a subject widely studied

since Independence due to its critical socio-economic relevance. In India there is a huge number of institutions,

agencies, universities, NGOs and social initiatives dealing with water at different levels.

To offer a complete overview of the organizations in this field would be a huge task. We have however tried to

present a meaningful sample of key agencies operating in the water sector. India is a large country with many public

and private institutions and many local decentralized initiatives. Many activities in this field are also originating by

community-based actions and we did not aim to give a full extensive presentation. Our purpose is mainly to give

an indication to European companies, organizations, and research institutions about new field of opportunities for

Transfer of Technology and to make a small step in the direction to widen the knowledge for scope of cooperation

between Europe and India.

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1. The Water Management Sector in India

1. OVERALL SCENARIO

The water sectors in India is characterized by several key issues:

Access to adequacy of safe water•

Institutional challenges•

Service provisions•

Over-extraction of groundwater and quality problems•

Financial and management constraints•

Water conflicts•

The per capita water availability at national level has been declining over the years. Water quality is also deteriorating

due to pollution and seasonal shortages. In rural areas water has to be fetched from distant sources and urban

areas are chronically short of water. In metros like Delhi, Bangalore or Chennai people do not have direct control

over water sources and are dependent from distant sources outside the control of the local municipal bodies (even

beyond 200 km).

The management of existing infrastructure and of water resources itself is one of the most serious challenges.

The provision of formal irrigation and water supply services in India is made mainly by government agencies,

while market competition is absent. There are however important cases of partnership between public and private

entities, which have enhanced the technical expertise for infrastructure projects.

The over-extraction of groundwater is another critical issue. High extraction rates, fluctuating water tables,

groundwater pollution, saline intrusions are affecting the entire water supply spectrum: drinking water, irrigation,

industrial needs. Access to groundwater wells is unhindered; there are no legal and financial checks to ensure a

sustainable use of water.

The water sector is suffering also from a severe financial distress which is affecting not only the development of

infrastructure but also its maintenance and management. Operational costs are under-financed, cost recovery is

inadequate, and there is a lack of direct linkages between revenue and expenditure.

In India therefore there is an urgent need to operate at the level of governance to be combined with appropriate

technologies to address these issues.

Supply of sweet water is undergoing severe stress. After the independence, in 1951, the per capita availability was

5,177 mc that were down to 1,820 mc in 2001 and are expected to reduce further to a minimum of 1,240 mc. Per

capita consumption (89 liters) is still quite low compared to European standards, but it is expected to double by

the mid of the century due the growth of the economy, urbanization, industrial development and a very water

intensive agriculture. The corresponding growth of the population (expected to be 1.66 billion) might create an

acute water shortage in the country.

The bulk of water consumption in India is constituted by agriculture, with a share that ranges - according to various

estimates - between 80 and 90%.

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Water consumption in the agricultural sector has increased after the Green Revolution with the introduction of

new varieties of crops with better yields but higher demand for water.

Irrigation is one of the major factors leading to over-exploitation of groundwater sources, which is causing

depletion of water tables in many districts in the country (at least 60% of them according to the Central Ground

Water Board) and inland salinity.

Industrial consumption can be estimated to be minimum 6% of the total, though there are no reliable and

organized statistics. Especially for the non-government and non-corporate sector the share of water supply to

the industry is much higher. The industrial consumption is expected to increase four times by the mid of the

century, to reach a total share of 18%. Sectors that are very critical for the growth like energy and steel are

highly water intensive. About 75% of the total planned power capacity is generated by thermal power plants

that are highly water-consuming. India has become the fifth producer of steel in the world and if all projects

that are in pipeline are implemented it will become the second largest producer by 2015. Water in industry is

used in a very inefficient way. A comparison in the steel sector suggests that in India there is need to consume

10-80 mc of water to produce one MT of steel, whereas in US the consumption of water for the same 5-10 mc.

Approximately 80% of the water used in steel plants is discharged as effluent and not recycled. According to a

study by the World Bank, the productivity of water usage in Indian industry (USD generated per mc of water

used) is one of the lowest in the world.1

The share of domestic consumption is about 5% but it is expected to grow by three times and take a share of

11% in 2050. The growth of urbanization is creating higher demand at a time when many cities already face

severe shortages. Moreover the changing pattern of urban consumption is registering an increase of products

with higher water footprint.2

Procurement of drinking water is not only a problem of quantity but of quality, due to water pollution and lack

of infrastructure for supply of safe and healthy water.

Municipalities and civic corporations in India are still weak and low organized bodies, in spite of the 73rd and

74th amendments of the constitution the are empowering the local bodies. Therefore they lack the finance and

technical capacity for the creation of effective infrastructure and utility services. Development of the expertise

for PPP is still to take place notwithstanding few efforts.

Governance issues need to deal also with the fact that competences in the water sector are widely attributed

to different specialized agencies. In central government, for example there is a ministry of water resources, a

ministry of drinking water & sanitation, irrigation is combined with the ministry for agriculture and there are

technical organizations like the Central Water Committee (CWC) and Central Groundwater Board (CGWC) etc.

The same structure is more or less reflected at the regional level.

1 http://www.cseindia.org/dte-supplement/industry20040215/misuse.htm2 Data for this section are mainly drawn from www.grailresearch.com; http://governancenow.com/views/think-tanks/report-warns-

huge-capita-water-decline-india and Www.dae.gov.in

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2. DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

In India there is a large number of initiatives and institutions dealing with water issues, ranging from public bodies,

research centers, universities, corporate entities and NGOs.

The actions undertaken are concerning several fields; here we will focus on water supply and sanitation, water

conservation and wastewater treatment.

2.1 NATIONAL WATER MISSION

The national water policy of the Ministry of Water Resources identifies the following priorities for each of these areas:

WATER SUPPLY

Promote Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) to coordinate all water issues by location (surface, •ground), by users (rural, urban, peri-urban), or by use (domestic, irrigation, industrial and institutional)

Promote seawater desalinization through big plants and tackle the problem of saline intrusions in the aquifers •

WATER CONSERVATION

Promotion of technology and systems to scale and rehabilitate community based tanks (there are more •than 580,000)

Promotion of technology and systems for rain water harvesting•

Water technologies to reclaim water•

Alternative technology for irrigation•

India receives abundant rainfall although it is concentrated only in certain periods of the year due to the monsoonal

climate.3 Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) is an important source of water supply that can help reduce the pressure

on groundwater and conventional surface water. As rainfall is concentrated in periods of 3-5 months, according

to the region, it is important to develop technologies for water storage that can allow the use of water at least for

non-drinking purposes over a longer period. Rainwater harvesting can be made with the purpose of recharging

the aquifer or direct consumption for drinking and other uses. In the first case it can have an impact if done at a

relatively large scale or a system approach of several collection ponds or collection system over an extensive area.

This concept is being progressively included in the building norms. In ten states in India it has been made mandatory

to place RWH systems on roofs of all new buildings. This can allow direct reuse for the building or a large network

of water recharge system if the groundwater situation is suitable. RWH at urban level is now practiced in few cities

like Bangalore, Chennai and Delhi. Water can also be harvested in urban areas from paved zones where there is

a high level of run-off and stored in water bodies that can be integrated in the landscape. Options for RWH can

change according to local geological and climate conditions. If there is a short gap between the raining periods or

the conditions of the aquifer are not favorable or the saline intrusions are too high, then storage for consumption

is the most adopted solutions. If the gap between raining periods is long and the soil conditions allow infiltration,

then groundwater recharge is more commonly adopted.

Collection of rainwater has been the traditional system in the villages for most of rural India. Large storage tanks 3 It can be assumed an average above 1000 mm per year for most part of the country, but there are dry are with lower precipitation in the

West and North-West and the highest rainy area in the world in the North East (more than 11,000 mm)

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are part of the landscape. However, most of these have fallen in disuse over the time or become inefficient. For the

last few years there have been several programs, also conducted with international collaborations, for water tank

rehabilitation in rural areas that is becoming one of the milestones for improving water supply in non-urban areas.

Beyond traditional approaches, water conservation is aided by technological innovation. For example, micro-

irrigation systems are now being actively promoted in the most important agricultural states. Digital water

management systems that can help to identify leakages, losses and pollution points can be useful to increase the

efficiency of water distribution and preserve water resources.

In order to promote a technological approach to water management, the Ministry of Water Resources is introducing

a Decision Support System (DSS) to support planning and allow real time decision-making. The DSS aims to integrate

surface water and groundwater management and monitoring of water quality, drought and integrated operation of

reservoirs. The National Institute of Hydrology (NIH) is the nodal agency for the development of this program.

The NIH is located in Rourkee, in North India and undertakes R&D activities in the field of dam break flood studies,

conservation storage of reservoirs, regulations of spillway gates, flood control regulations and forecasting, snow

and glacier studies, water quality, groundwater assessment, remote sensing and GIS application. The institute is

also developing software for reservoirs analysis, frequency analysis and estimation of large catchments areas, flood

and seepage from canals.

Other institutions involved are the Central Water and Power Research Station (CWPRS), the Central Pollution

Control Board (CPCB), the Central Water Commission (CWC), the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) and the

Central Groundwater Board (CGWB). A total of nine States are participating to the program.

Another priority area is the introduction of smart distributed water systems, which in the Indian context can help

to promote decentralized water access, reduce energy consumption and increase water re-use. New forms of

water control, processing, optimization and monitoring can also be achieved through automation, algorithms and

neural networks, system accountability and remote monitoring.

The National Water Policy identifies the following areas for research and technology development:

Hydro-meteorology•

Snow and lake hydrology•

Surface and ground water hydrology•

River morphology and hydraulics•

Assessment of water resources•

Water harvesting and ground water recharge•

Water quality•

Water conservation•

Evaporation and seepage losses•

Recycling and re-use•

Better water management practices and improvements in operational technology•

Crops and cropping systems•

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Soils and material research•

New construction materials and technology (with particular reference to roller compacted concrete, fiber •reinforced concrete, new methodologies in tunneling technologies, instrumentation, advanced numerical

analysis in structures and back analysis)

Seismology and seismic design of structures•

Safety and longevity of water-related structures•

Economical designs for water resource projects•

Risk analysis and disaster management•

Use of remote sensing techniques in development and management•

Use of static ground water resource as a crisis management measure•

Sedimentation of reservoirs•

Use of sea water resources•

Prevention of salinity ingress•

Prevention of water logging and soil salinity•

Reclamation of water logged and saline lands•

Environmental impact•

Regional equity•

2.2 NATIONAL DRINKING WATER MISSION

Some important directives for R&D activities are also coming from the Ministry for drinking water and sanitation

under the Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM). This is one of the oldest research missions

started in India. It was launched in the late 80s and it is the largest water supply program in the world, focusing mainly

on the rural population and aiming at cost effective solutions for water recharge, water resources management with

community participation, water treatment and water pollution control and supports R&D projects in this direction.

The fields for R&D under the Drinking Water mission are the following:

1. Design and implementation of environmentally friendly and self-sustaining sanitation systems - this may include

design of improved leach pits, other technical options for IHHL, hygienic rural toilets, ecological sanitation, etc.

2. Improved and more economical toilet design for children, differently-abled persons, Emergency Situations

with suggested cost implications.

3. Improved and more economical community or institutional sanitation systems, including for waste

management.

4. Effectiveness of sanitation models in various hydro-geological and geo-physical conditions.

5. Methods of bringing about behavioral changes for sanitation and its use.

6. Zero-discharge waste management system involving communities – this considers utilization of kitchen

waste and methods of solid and liquid waste management.

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3. WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Wastewater treatment is one of the major issues in India for health and environment. Large urban conglomeration

does not have adequate facilities and the same happens in most of the industrial clusters in the country. It is

estimated that less than 20% of domestic and 60% of industrial wastewater is treated. Metros and large cities

(more than 100,000 inhabitants) are treating only 29.2% of their wastewater. At a lower scale the problem is even

more acute. Smaller cities treat only 3.7% of their wastewater.

The market for infrastructure in this sector is still very unorganized. Only 15% of the market is covered by imports

of technological equipment, but the overall demand is still below the level of the actual need. Half of the market is

covered by investment by the public sector.

The National Water mission has identified water reuse as an important priority for wastewater management,

especially for irrigation of non-food crops that can reduce demand from primary water sources. In India there are

about 73,000 ha of land are irrigated with reused water. Advanced technology for ozonization and chlorination

could be highly in demand.

Industrial effluent represents the first target for market operation and transfer of technology. Industries in India

are often located around sector clusters and there are several initiatives to develop infrastructure for treatment of

chemicals, dyes for textile industry, leather and tannin.

Decentralized water treatment systems (DEWATS) with aerobic treatment are an example of a European technology

that is actively adopted in India and has a potential for a large-scale use. They are also supported by the Central

Pollution Control Board. Due to the small-scale size of their plants, DEWATS can be successfully employed for the

villages in rural area and community based projects. It is also a valid alternative at urban level, where only a minimal

part of domestic wastewater is treated by central sewerage. Given the governance and financial constraints in

infrastructure development it can be a viable alternative at the level of condominium or small residential areas that

can be integrated also into the landscaping.

At larger scale application there is a wide scope for utilization of Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) and transfer of

technology from Europe as research in this segment are not so much developed in India.

Research is also being conducted on applications of bio-technology on the treatment of industrial effluents –

especially for paper and pulp industry, electroplating, distillery, tannery, dye and refineries – and bio-sensors for

detection of pollutants, especially residues of pesticides and bio-diversity.

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2. COMPANIES AND RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS IN THE INDIAN WATER MANAGEMENT SECTOR

1. Overview of the Report

This document contains the profiles of Indian companies, research institutes and Non-Governmental Organizations

(NGO) that are involved in:

Water supply and sanitation A)

Waste water treatment (Industrial waste water treatment)B)

Waste water conservation & recyclingC)

EAI has identified the following prominent companies, research organizations and individual experts working in the following areas:

Water Supply and Sanitation (inclusive of Water Conservation): 5

Waste Water Treatment (Industrial waste water treatment): 7

Waste Water Conservation & Recycling: 6

Research Methodology

The table below lists out the companies/organizations/research academia carrying out research on various waste

water resources.

Company/Research Institute/

NGO

Main-line of activity Website

Water Supply and Sanitation

Arghyam Water supply and sanitation

www.arghyam.org

State Water and Sanitation Mission, Rural Water Supply Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh

Water supply and sanitation

aprwss.gov.in/html/swsm-mission.htm

Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation


ddws.nic.in/rnd.htm

Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay

Clean technology and water treatment

www.cese.iitb.ac.inwww.cese.iitb.ac.in/people/facinfo.php?id=dikshit

Water and Environment sanitation India (WES-NET)


www.wesnetindia.org

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Waste Water Treatment

Pallavaram Tanners Industrial Effluent Treatment Company, Ltd.

Tannery and waste water treatment

Environmental Technology division, CLRI

Sustainable processes for leather processing

www.clri.org

Ambika Projects India Ltd Wastewater treatment and sewage treatment

www.ambikagroup.in/waste-water-treatment.htm

Nuchem Ltd. Chemical engineering www.nuchem.com

UEM Group Waste Water Treatment www.uemgroup.com

Southern Cogen Systems Pvt. Ltd.

Wastewater and solid waste management

www.scogen.in

National Environmental Engineering Research Institute

Environmental science and engineering for sustainable development

www.neeri.res.in

Waste Water Conservation & Recycling

Akar Impex Waste water treatment and recycling

www.akarimpex.com

Linear Technologies Waste Water Treatment & Recycling

www.goo.gl/fcmwe

Auroville Renewable energy systems

www.auroville.orgwww.auroville.org/research/water_recycle.htm

Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras

Clean technology (including water recycling)

www.civil.iitm.ac.in

Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd. Infrastructure development and environmental management

www.ramkyenviroengineers.com/waterwastewater.html

WABAG Water conservation, recycling, treatment

www.wabag.com

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2. Organizations in water supply and sanitation

1. Arghyam

Headquarters: Bangalore

Main Line of activity: Ecological sanitation, wastewater treatment technologies

Profile/Overview:

Arghyam is an Indian public charitable foundation set up with an endowment from Rohini Nilekani, working in the

water and sanitation sector since 2005. Arghyam works primarily through partnerships – with Government, NGOs

and various types of institutions – for impact and scale. They work through a combination of project grants to grass

roots organizations, knowledge building and sharing through the India Water Portal, promoting new models of

water science, technology and system design, participatory action research and advocacy.

R&D4: A small Research and Development (R&D) team was set up in Arghyam in 2009 to support the research

activities emerging in other Arghyam projects, as well as to serve the broader mandate of the organization. The

current other main area of interest for research funding is appropriate wastewater.

The Research and Development initiative at Arghyam envisages funding carefully picked areas where Arghyam

feels that a focused research or product design/development effort would pay significant dividends by resulting

in a product or technique that could benefit many people. Typically the research is in a water technique or

technology, almost always with strong sustainability and low-cost aspects. These research areas were arrived at in

close consonance with Arghyam’s Rural Grants and Urban Water and other initiatives at Arghyam and are meant to

and respond to the felt needs and reflect field knowledge derived from these areas.

Technology Employed: Soil Biotechnology

Contact Details:#599, 12th Main, HAL 2nd Stage, Indiranagar,

Bangalore, Karnataka

India

Pin-560008

Phone: +91 (080) 41698941 / 42

Fax: +91 (080) 41698943

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Website: http://www.arghyam.org

4 More details: http://www.arghyam.org/sites/default/files/Arghyam_report%2011_9_8_2011.pdf

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2. State Water and Sanitation Mission, Rural Water Supply Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh

Headquarters: Hyderabad

Main Line of Activity: Water Supply and Sanitation

Profile/Overview:

The Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department is nodal agency in the State for providing drinking water and

Sanitation facilities in rural areas, established in the year 1997. The R&D division was established in 2008. The

drinking water facilities are being provided by various types such as:

Spot Sources (Bore Wells fitted with hand pumps)•

Protected Water Supply Schemes (for one habitation/village)•

Comprehensive Protected Water Supply Schemes (for a group of habitations/villages) •

The autonomous body of SWSM was established as per the Government of India guidelines and the Department

requirement, to accelerate all-round development of the rural population by providing connectivity and other

infrastructure facilities.

Reform initiates to create awareness among the Rural Population in implementation of schemes to provide Drinking

Water and Sanitation facilities, the SWSM is undertaking programs Viz ARWSP, TSC, Swajaladhara etc.

Technology Employed: Not Specified

Contact Details: SRTGN Bhavan,

Errumanzil Colony

Hyderabad-500082

Phone: 040-23396655

Fax: 040-23319676

Email: [email protected]

Website: http://aprwss.gov.in/html/swsm-mission.htm

3. Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation

Headquarters: New Delhi

Main Line of Activity: Water Supply and Sanitation

Profile/Overview:

Research & Development in the field of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation programme is one of the support

activities of the Department of DWS for which funding to research organizations including NGOs is given by the

Central Government. For this activity, a Research Advisory Committee under the Chairpersonship of Secretary

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(DWS) has been constituted primarily to promote research and development activities for the Mission with the

following objectives:

To generate new ideas for research & development and fix priority for R&D areas.•

To identify field problems from the user departments and community organizations viz. NGOs, Voluntary •agencies, etc.

To identify Institutions for specific R&D projects and invite them to submit proposals.•

To provide technical monitoring of hydrological systems in various sensitive zones of the country. The •quantitative & qualitative aspects of drinking water sources to be monitored. RAC would identify the

institutions and organizations who will be involved into this technical monitoring.

To help the identified scientists to formulate inter-sectoral and multidisciplinary research projects relevant •to the Mission.

To scrutinize and recommend individual research project proposals.•

To review the progress of the ongoing projects and suggest midcourse correction, if any.•

To evaluate the findings of the completed projects and suggest follow up actions.•

To suggest norms to institute Mission sponsored “Water fellowships” and “Water chairs” in Universities and •R&D organizations.

To help the Mission to organize regional, national and international workshops, annual R&D review sessions •and National Water Congresses to be sponsored by the Mission.

To help the Mission to prepare specialized and emerging science and technology related documents of •current interest.

To help and advice the Mission on all such matters which will help the Mission to promote, adopt, generate, •modify any science & technology as well as research and developmental activities with specific reference to

Rural Water Supply and Sanitation sectors.

To strengthen the R&D facilities in the concerned Departments in various States, State Governments are encouraged

to establish R&D cells with adequate manpower and infrastructure. R&D Cells are required to remain in touch with

leading technical institutions within the State. The network of technical institutions may follow the guidelines

issued by the Mission from time to time for effective implementation of the rural water supply program. R&D

Cells are also required to be in constant touch with the Monitoring & Investigation divisions and the Monitoring &

Evaluation Study Reports for initiating appropriate follow up action. The R&D Cell should keep in constant touch

with the documentation and information centre of the Mission and visit at the Mission’s web site. The Mission will

provide necessary assistance to the States.

Technology employed 5:

Water Supply & Conservation - Artificial recharge/ control of salinity ingress/ evaporation reduction •techniques/ desalination

Water Treatment - clari-flocculators and improved methods of alum recovery•

5 More info - http://ddws.nic.in/popups/R&D%20priorities%20areas.pdf, http://ddws.nic.in/popups/R&DCompendium.pdf

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Contact Details:

Office of Joint Secretary (Water) Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission), Govt. of India, 9th Floor, Paryavarn Bhawan, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110003Phone: 011-24361043 Fax: 011-24364113 Email: [email protected]

Website: http://ddws.nic.in/rnd.htm

4. Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay

Headquarters: Mumbai, India

Professor: Dr. Anil Kumar Dikshit

Main Line of Activity: Clean Technology and Water Treatment

Profile/Overview:

The Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering at IIT Bombay was established in 1985. Since inception, the Centre has established and maintained strong links with leading industries, institutions and national and international funding agencies. Research projects are currently funded by renowned agencies such CIAR (Centre for Indoor Air Research, USA),DST (Department of Science and Technology), AERB (Atomic Energy Regulatory Board) and MOEF (Ministry of Environment and Forests).

Major ongoing research deals with contemporary topics like: (a) clean technologies and industrial pollution prevention, (b) integrated treatment and disposal of hazardous waste, (c) biomedical waste management (d) biodegradation of complex industrial wastewaters and wastewaters containing mixed substrates, (e) biodegradation of complex non-aqueous liquid pollutants, (f) development and pollutants, (g) development of novel bioreactors (RBC, UASB), (h) air pollution monitoring, modelling and health risk analysis, (i) aerosol and PAH emission factors, (j) environmental impact assessment of developmental projects, (k) in-situ and ex-situ remediation of contaminated groundwater and aquatic environments.

The Centre offers wide professional expertise and actively pursues sponsored research, consultancy and technical services. CESE is also very active in manpower development and regularly organizes tailor-made workshops and

training programs.

Technology Employed:

Anaerobic. Treatment Technologies like UASB, UAGSB, Biofilter, Hybrid reactors, Adsorption, Ion exchange,

Membrane Processes

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Contact Details:

Centre for Environmental Science & Engineering,Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,Powai, Mumbai - 400076Phone: +91-22-25767851Fax: +91-22-25786530

Website: http://www.cese.iitb.ac.in/

5. Water and Environment Sanitation India (WES-NET)

Headquarters: New Delhi

Main Line of Activity: Water and Environmental Sanitation

Profile/Overview:

WES-Net India is a learning alliance of stakeholders in the Water and Environmental Sanitation sector, including

NGOs, UN agencies, private sector, consultants, government departments and donors.

WES-Net’s objective is to improve knowledge sharing and co-ordination within the water and sanitation sector -

focused on achieving the Millennium Development Goals. The network aims to enhance horizontal and vertical

exchange of information and experiences through continuous feedback from people who use it.

WES-Net is also the Water and Sanitation Community of the UN’s Knowledge Management Partnership Initiative.

The solution exchange platform (e-discussions) enables WES-Net members to participate by raising and addressing

issues which are shaping the water and sanitation sector in India. As WES-Net develops, it will link up with other

networks - regional, national and international to strengthen knowledge sharing and advocacy.

Technology Employed: not specified

Contact Details: WES-Net India

25/1-A, Pankha Road,

D- Block, Janakpuri,

New Delhi- 110058

Phone: 011-28525412, 011-28525452


Website: www.wesnetindia.org

17


3. Organizations in waste water treatment

1. Pallavaram Tanners Industrial Effluent Treatment Company, Ltd.

Headquarters: Chennai

Main Line of Activity: Tannery waste water treatment

Profile/Overview:

M/s. Pallavaram Tanners Industrial Effluent Treatment Company (PTIETC), a company, established by the member

tanners, is responsible for operation and maintenance of the CETP. It is managed by a Board of Directors comprised

of elected member tanners. Mr. M.S. Pandian, a tanner of the area, is currently the Chairman of the company.

One of the earliest CETPs in the leather sector to be established in the state, the PTIETC CETP was commissioned

in the year 1995. UNIDO rendered technical assistance to this project and TNPCB was also closely involved at the

stage of its implementation. Subsequently, it has been receiving continual technical assistance and support from

CLRI, NEERI and UNIDO. This was the first CETP to have been set up with a mechanical sludge dewatering system

(belt filter press), diffused aeration system and a mechanical fine screen.

Technology Employed: Mechanical Sludge Dewatering System (Belt Filter Press), Diffused Aeration System and

a Mechanical Fine Screen

Contact Details: Old No 63 New No 105,

Nagalgeni, Anna Salai,

Chrompet, Chennai – 600044

Phone: +(91)-(44)-22386227, 22416522, 29700054, 29700055


2. Central Leather Research Institute


Main Line of Activity: Sustainable processes for leather processing

Profile/Overview:

Established in 1948, CLRI has been working on tanneries effluent treatment for the last 20-25 years. They provide

consulting to tanneries such as PTIET and many more. They have a team of 10 members who have specialized in

various domains of waste water treatment.

The technology involves biological and catalytic oxidations coupled in a single reactor. Biological oxidation of

constituents of wastewater is accomplished by the immobilized aerobic and anaerobic bacteria (chemo autotrophs)

in the meso pores of activated carbon and catalytic oxidation is carried out at the active sites of activated carbon.

CLRI has also developed a packed bed reactor (CAACO Reactor) for the treatment of waste water. The CAACO

technology has been implemented in more than 50 installations to test its efficacy on the treatment of wastewater

discharged from different industries, software parks, residential colonies of varying capacities.

18


Technology Employed6: Chemo Autotrophic Activated Carbon Oxidation (CAACO)

Contact Details: Environmental Technology Division

CLRI, Adyar, Chennai 600 020.

Tamilnadu

Phone : +91-44-24450234

Website: http://www.clri.org

3. Ambika Projects India Ltd.


Main Line of Activity: Waste Water Treatment and Sewage Treatment.

Profile/Overview:

Ambika Projects India Private Ltd (APIPL) is an Engineering Procurement & Construction (EPC) company catering

to water & waste water treatment. Since its inception in 2004, APIPL has been a multi diversified company with

adherence to business ethics and commitment to highest standards of quality. Today, the company is engaged in an

ongoing endeavour of conducting business both in Indian and International Market. APIPL’s key competencies’ which

are based on many man hours of plant building experience lie in the planning, engineering, project implementation,

commissioning and operation of water and wastewater treatment plants, water intake & distribution system for

the commercial, municipal, industrial and large sized residential sectors.

The company offers customized solutions for customer needs through a comprehensive range of services and

innovative technologies. By offering single point responsibility during the course of the project, we offer turnkey

solutions with guaranteed performance, fixed costs and time bounded execution.

Technologies employed:

Clarifiers, Clariflocculators, Thickeners, API separators, Dissolved Air Floatation Units (DAF), Plate / Tube /

Lamella Separators, Bar screen & Grit removal mechanism, Oil skimmers / Oil separators, Aerators

Contact Details:

AMBIKA PROJECTS INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED

1167, TVS Colony,

Annanagar west extension

Chennai, Tamilnadu,

India - 600101

Phone: +91-44-4290 8200 - 50

Fax: +91-44-2654 9004


Website: http://www.ambikagroup.in/waste-water-treatment.htm

6More info - http://www.clri.org/Technologies.aspx#anc4

19


4. Nuchem Ltd.

Headquarters: Faridabad

Main Line of Activity: Chemical Engineering

Profile/Overview:

Nuchem Limited is a technology driven chemical engineering Company that uses a variety of chemical processes to

produce primary materials that go into the manufacture of numerous products consumed by other industries. Being

a major player in the field of environment management and water, all its products conform to IS Standards and the

corresponding British and American Standards. In 1976, Nuchem established the Environment Management Centre

(EMC) as a business Division of the Company. The task enfolds: (1) To provide environmental services, basically the

analytical and treatment solutions to the environmental problems faced by industrial enterprises, government

bodies and other technical agencies; (2) To take up environment management projects: water treatment, waste

water management, recycling of sanitary, urban and industrial waste and building capacity for effective water

management and service delivery and (3) To conduct applied and application research for process upgradation,

product improvement, innovating new techniques and products for Nuchem Ltd. and other sponsors.

The projects done in the water management field involves:

To purify water for applications as varied as drinking water for homes, villages, residential complexes, •institutions, industries, cooling towers, furnaces and packaged bottled water; and

To recover pure water from raw sewage for industrial applications.•

Technologies employed:

Micro Filtration (MF)• Ultra Filtration (UF)• Nano Filtration (NF)•

Reverse Osmosis (RO)• Demineralization (DM)• Iron Removal Filters (IRF)•

Contact Details: 20/6, Mathura Road,

Faridabad -121 006

Phone: +91-129-2304000~6; 4061040 / 41; 2304005 / 6

Fax: +91-129-4061278


Website: http://www.nuchem.com/

5. UEM Group

Headquarters: Florida, USA

Main Line of activity: Waste Water Treatment

Profile/Overview:

UEM Group provides complete, single source services ranging from engineering and design to construction and

installation of water, wastewater and solid waste treatment facilities.

20


UEM’s range of service includes all phases of project development from planning, feasibility studies, engineering

design, equipment/systems supply, and construction/installation to startup and operations. UEM also provides

avenues for financing for large and small projects through lease finance or on low interest long term debt financing

based on counter guarantees for large municipal projects.

UEM Group has designed and installed over 300 water and wastewater treatment plants of all sizes - large, medium,

and small - throughout the world and is capable enough to undertake large multi-million dollar turnkey projects

as well as implement medium or small projects with personalized service. UEM has implemented projects for

many multinational companies (such as Coca-Cola, Procter and Gamble, Bristol Myers Squibb, Tietex Limited, Toray

Nylon, Kuruwita Manchester, American & Efrid and Birmingham Steel among others) as well as projects funded by

the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, Inter-American Development Bank, and Caribbean Development Bank.

Technologies employed: Reverse Osmosis, Membrane Systems

Contact Details: Windsor IT Park, Tower- B

2nd & 3rd Floor, Sector-125, Noida

Phone: 0120-3817000; 3817001; 3817002

Fax: + 91-11-26239801


Website: http://www.uemgroup.com

6. Southern Cogen Systems Pvt. Ltd.

Headquarters: Karnataka, India

Main Line of activity: wastewater and solid waste management

Profile/Overview:

Scogen aims to be the undisputed market leader for environmentally sustainable solutions in the wastewater and

solid waste management industry.

Scogen’s mission is to be a total solution provider for energy conservation and waste management in the industry.

Scogen aims to provide products and services that are energy efficient and environmentally friendly at affordable

prices.

Technologies employed: WMUTM system

Contact Details: Plot No.5, Phase II, Thandya Industrial Area,

Chikkayyana Chatra, Nanjangud Taluk 571 301

Mysore Dist., Karanataka, India.

Phone: +91 8221 228 614, 228 627

Fax: +91 8221 228 620.


Website: http://www.scogen.in

21


7. National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI)

Headquarters: Nagpur

Main Line of Activity: Environmental Science and Engineering for Sustainable Development

Profile:

The National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur was established in 1958 as Central

Public Health Engineering Research Institute (CPHERI), when environmental concerns were limited to human health

with a focus on water supply/sewage disposal/communicable diseases and to some extent on industrial pollution

and occupational diseases. National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, is devoted to

research and innovations in environmental science and engineering besides solving a range of problems posed by

industry, government and public. It is a constituent of Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi,

and has a nation-wide presence with its five zonal laboratories at Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata and Mumbai.

NEERI’S focus areas are:

• Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) – VOCs, Monitoring, Health Impacts, Public Awareness and Training.

• Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) – Urban AQ data-bank, inventorization, source apportionment analysis, analytical

techniques, cost effective control, conservation of monuments.

• Drinking Water – WQ surveillance and assessment, water treatment, supply and distribution, training for rural

sector.

• Water Resources – EIA of river linking projects, artificial recharge of groundwater and aquifers, eco-restoration

of lakes and reservoirs, ecological minimum flows, watershed planning, catchment areas treatment, salinity

ingress in coastal areas.

• Wastewater – Recycling for zero discharge, color and pathogen removal, treatability studies, and Design or

revamping ETPs/STPs/CETPs through innovative solutions.

• Industry – Waste minimization, Recovery and recycling of wastes, Environment and process audit, EIA, Carrying

capacity, LCA, Global environmental policies.

• Bio/Phyto Remediation – Reclamation and restoration of degraded lands (mine spoil dumps/tailings, saline

soils, etc.), Carbon sequestration applications, Land application of treated sewage, nutrient dynamics.

• Municipal Solid & Hazardous Wastes – Design of landfills and disposal systems, Composting and biomethanation,

stabilization.

• Energy security – Biogas systems, Enrichment of methane, Microbial production of hydrogen.

• Health – Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) analysis for delineation of genetic disturbances due to

exposures of air pollutants.

Technologies Employed:

UV Photocatalysis• Scale-up of Wastewater Treatment Technologies•

Detoxification & Biodegradation• Modeling of Wastewater Treatment Processes•

Solar Photocatalysis• Removal of Dissolved Solids from Wastewater•

22


Color removal• Removal of Nutrients from Wastewater•

Electrochemical Methods• Monitoring & Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds•

Electrooxidation• Natural Purification Systems for Wastewater Treatment•

Electrocoagulation• Land Application of Treated Wastewater•

Electrofloatation• Recovery of Chemicals from Wastewater and Value-addition •

Electro-Fenton Process• Disinfection of Water, Sewage & Treated Effluents•

Catalytic Wet Oxidation• Adsorbents for Heavy Metals Removal•

Ozonation• Minimization of Turbulence Nutrient Removal •

Solid-liquid Separation Through •Modification in Design of Clarifiers

Hydraulic Energy Dissipation•

Contact Details:

National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI)

Nehru Marg,

Nagpur, 440020, India

Phone: +91-712-2249885-88 & 2249970-72

Fax: +91-712-2249900


Website: www.neeri.res.in

23


4. Organizations in wastewater conservation and recycling

1. Akar Impex

Headquarters: Noida

Main Line of Activity: Waste Water Treatment & Recycling

Profile/Overview:

Akar Impex Pvt. Ltd. is committed to providing quality products and services to its clients at a competitive price. The

company shall endeavour to engage in continuous research and development of its products and services and will do

what is necessary to maintain high level of employee commitment and enthusiasm to provide its clients the most cost

efficient solutions.

The company shall take care to pay particular attention to clients’ specific needs and offer not merely the products

or services but offer them practicable solutions. Along the water sector, they work on:

Equipment manufacturing and supply•

Consultancy – Design and Engineering•

Construction of treatment plants•

Turnkey projects•

Onsite project works•

Training of staff and personnel of customers•

Customer service•

Operation and maintenance of treatment plants•

Technology Employed: Not Specified

Contact Details: E-9, Sector-6,

Noida-201301

U.P.-India.

Phone: +91-120-4526666, 4526638

Email:[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Website: www.akarimpex.com/

2. Linear technologies

Headquarters: Mumbai

Main Line of Activity: Water Recycling

Profile: Established in 1996.

Technology employed: Greywater Recycling

24


Contact Details: 206, Jagruti Ind Est., Mogul Lane,

Mahim, Mumbai - 400016,

Maharashtra, India

Phone: +91-22-24300096-97

Fax: +91-22-24300098

Website: www.goo.gl/fcmwe

3. Auroville Centre for Scientific Research

Headquarters: Puducherry, India

Main Line of Activity: Renewable Energy Systems

Profile:

Auroville Centre for Scientific Research (CSR) is an international voluntary organization working towards a sustainable

future in the field of renewable energy systems (wind, solar, biomass), appropriate architecture & building technologies,

waste water recycling and sanitation, and the transfer of these technologies through training programs.

CSR was founded on January 6th, 1984. After the Indian Parliament passed the ‘Auroville Foundation Act’ in 1988,

the assets of CSR were transferred to an autonomous institution, the Auroville Foundation. From April 1998 CSR was

registered under two trusts, one for its research activities, Auroville Centre for Scientific Research, the other for its

commercial activities, Aurore Trust. The Auroville community has been experimenting with small scale wastewater

recycling systems for over fifteen years. During that time pilot systems were built, experience was gathered, and

the operating skills with such plants improved.

In the mid-eighties the first experiments with recycling of wastewater took place. Absence of specialised literature

and proper guidance made the small household pioneer plants more of an exercise in trial and error learning. A

dedicated group maintained the interest in the subject and relied for expert advice and information mainly on

visiting experts from western countries. During the nineties the preferred choice for recycling domestic wastewater

shifted towards treatment systems called planted filters. With such natural functioning systems one could obtain a

high quality effluent. The large space requirement for this kind of system was not viewed as a disadvantage since

the treatment systems can be beautifully landscaped into any environment, even urban.

Technology employed: Horizontal Planted Filters, also called Constructed Wetlands or Root Zone Treatment System

Contact Details: Unity Pavillon

605101 Auroville

T.N. INDIA

Phone: +91 (0)413 2622 121


Website: http://www.auroville.org/research/csr/csr.htm

25


4. Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras

Headquarters: Chennai, India

Main Line of activity: Clean technology (water recycling inclusive)

Profile/Overview:

The Department of Civil Engineering has been in existence since the inception of IIT Madras in 1959. The departmental

activities embrace Planning, Design, Construction and Management. The academic programs, B. Tech., M. Tech.,

M.S. and Ph.D., of the Civil Engineering department at IIT Madras are some of the best in the country and the

world. Many of the faculty members have received advanced degrees and/or training from reputed institutions in

India, Germany, UK, USA, Canada, Japan and Netherlands. The activities of the department are carried out under

five different divisions as follows:

Building Technology and Construction Management (BTCM)•

Environmental and Water Resources Engineering (EWRE)•

Geotechnical Engineering (GT)•

Structural Engineering (ST)•

Transportation Engineering (TR)•

The major research areas in Environmental Engineering are: air and water quality monitoring, modelling and

management, indoor air pollution, water and wastewater treatment, solid and hazardous waste management,

bioremediation of contaminated sites and subsurface contaminant transport studies.

The major research areas in Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering are: soft computing in water resources,

hydrologic modelling, stochastic and spatial hydrology, computational hydraulics, conjunctive use of surface and

ground water, aquifer modelling and management, fracture-rock matrix interactions, water resources planning and

management, urban water supply and GIS/remote sensing applications.

Technologies employed7:

Fluidized bed bioreactor, Membrane Bioreactors, Aerobic FBB

Contact Details: Professor and Head

Department of Civil Engineering

IIT Madras, Chennai - 600 036.

Tamil Nadu, INDIA

E-mail: [email protected];[email protected]

Phone: +91 - 44 - 2257 4250

Fax: +91 - 44 - 2257 4252

Website: http://www.civil.iitm.ac.in/

7 More info - http://www.civil.iitm.ac.in/new/?q=gopal_rp

26


5. Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd.

Headquarters: Hyderabad, India

Main Line of activity: Infrastructure Development and Environment Management

Profile/Overview:

Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited is the leading provider of comprehensive waste management and environmental

services in India, serving customers in more than 17 States and Union Territories. The Company is committed to a

foundation of professionalism, operating excellence and sustainable growth.

The Company set up India’s first Integrated Hazardous waste management facility under the Public-Private-

Partnership model at Hyderabad in the year 1998. The pioneering activity continued with the setting up of India’s

first Biomedical Waste Management facility at Hyderabad in the year 2000.

The Company has significant in-house skills and experience in water supply, waste water treatment, underground

drainage systems and related areas. Ramky currently has a significant market share in the segment and has a major

share of water related projects tendered by the Government.

Ramky has several operational plants in water and waste water treatment. The Company has capabilities in

membrane technology (MBR/UF/RO), high TDS effluent evaporation as well as sea water desalination.

Ramky has now embarked on the mobile water business, where a fleet of water treatment equipment carrying

trucks are always available. This fleet can produce pure water as and when and where it is needed. This can meet

requirements arising out of seasonal or supplemental requirements, emergencies, delays in plant start-ups etc.

Technologies employed: Membrane Technology (MBR/UF/RO), High TDS Effluent Evaporation as Well as Sea

Water Desalination

Contact Details:

TSR Towers,

Rajbhavan Road, Somajiguda,

Hyderabad – 500 082, A.P.

Phone: +91-40-4442 2222 (60 - Lines)

E-mail: [email protected]

Web site: ww.ramky.com

6. WABAG

Headquarters: Chennai, India and Vienna, Austria

Main Line of activity: Water Conservation, Recycling, Treatment

Profile/Overview:

WABAG is one of the world’s leading companies in the water treatment field. WABAG’s key competences, which

are based on over 80 years of plant building experience, lie in the planning, completion and operation of drinking

water and wastewater plants for both the municipal and industrial sectors.

27


WABAG offers sustained solutions for special customer needs through a comprehensive range of services and

innovative technologies. WABAG’s plants facilitate environmentally compatible wastewater disposal and secure

access to clean drinking water for an increasing number of people. This allows us to make an important contribution

to environmental protection and enhanced quality of life.

Technologies employed8: Membrane Technology (MBR/UF/RO), Sea Water Desalination, biological high-

performance systems, nitrate removal and sewage sludge reduction

Contact Details:

11, Murray’s Gate Road, Alwarpet,

Chennai 600018. India

Phone: +91 44 42232323

Fax: +91 44 42232324


Web site: http://www.wabag.com

More info - hhtp://www.wabag.com/MainWabag/Wabag/English/Innovation.asp?menus_id=106

8 More info - http://www.wabag.com/MainWabag/Wabag/English/Innovation.asp?menus_id=106

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3. APPENDIX

1. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA R & D WATER PRIORITY

Government of India Ministry of Rural Development

Department of Drinking Water Supply Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission

*****

Priority areas for research and development (R&D) initiatives in rural drinking water and sanitation sector

during 11th

Five Year Plan

Department of Drinking Water Supply, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India has identified the

following priority areas for sponsoring research and development projects in rural drinking water and sanitation

sector and seeks R&D proposals from well established R&D institutions, Universities, etc.:

Priority area – I

Water resources exploration, assessment & exploitation related technology development

i.) Specialized geo-physical interventions for problem areas;

ii.) Remote sensing applications in specific areas (other than hydro-geo-morphological maps) including temporal

changes in land use and interventions on creation of ground water sanctuaries;

iii.) Improvement of traditional springs/ tanks/ ponds/ surangams including monitoring;

iv.) Evaporation control in drinking water based surface water courses; and

v.) Dissemination of efficient technologies through universities and reputed organizations.

Priority area – II

Technology development for improvement in water extraction techniques

i.) Improvements in hand pump/ attachments like dual pumps energy saving pumps/ windmill/ solar pumps/

hydraulic rams;

ii.) Improving energy efficiency for reducing O&M costs for projects using conventional power;

iii.) Improvement in tube-well efficiency (strainer, gravel pack);

iv.) Improvement on rejuvenation techniques (caving of wells/ clogged strainers/ clogged infiltration gallery).

Priority area – III

Water scarcity reduction and related technology development

i.) Artificial recharge/ control of salinity ingress/ evaporation reduction techniques/ desalination;

ii.) Water saving irrigation/ industry/ reuse and recycling/ tap leakage detection and prevention improved

storage and distribution inexpensive storage tanks (ferro-cement)/ distribution pipes (PVC, bamboo);

29


iii.) Improvements in distribution network of water supply projects for reducing water losses including

unaccounted losses;

iv.) Recovery of pure water from waste-water/ sludge generated from clari-flocculators and improved methods

of alum recovery;

v.) Special interventions for providing safe drinking water in drought prone and flood-hit areas; and

vi.) Cost optimization and improvements on types of materials, structure, storage, etc. For rain-water harvesting

structures.

Priority area – IV

Technology for water quality enhancement for rural areas

i.) Development of water quality kit;

ii.) Technologies for treatment of excess salinity/ sulphate/ nitrate/ arsenic/ fluoride/ iron, etc.;

iii.) Bacteria/ virus and related micro-biological/ genetic engineering impacts with respect to unsafe drinking

water quality;

iv.) Development of water quality enhancement - tablets/ powders/ portable heaters/ traditional herbs and

processes;

v.) Various methods of disinfection including newer technologies like ozonation, copper-silver ionization, etc.;

vi.) Environment friendly sludge disposal methodologies from treatment plants; and

vii.) Improving efficiency of RO plants and reduction of O&M cost through use of solar photo-voltaic (PV) cells.

Priority area – V

Watershed management to optimize drinking water supply

i.) Delineation and resource inventory of the micro or mini watersheds;

ii.) Maximization of water conservation and minimization of environmental degradation like erosion,

sedimentation, etc..;

iii.) Conjunctive use of water resources – development of effective models; and

iv.) Pilot studies on convergence of various centrally sponsored schemes for achieving drinking water security.

Priority area – VI

Water-health interaction in the socio economic cultural set up

i.) Interface problems between engineers/ geologists/ medical scientists on water and sanitation issues;

ii.) Correlation between water constraints and quality of life, especially for communication and social mobilization

strategies;

iii.) Nutritional intervention in Fluoride and Arsenic affected villages;

iv.) Methods of bringing about behavioral changes w.r.t. sanitation, safe water use, etc.;

v.) Improving water and sanitation governance;

vi.) R&D projects based on multi-centric studies;

30


vii.) Governance and conflict resolutions in water and sanitation sector; and

viii.) Change management of rural water supply sector Engineers/ Scientists.

riority area – VII

Development of appropriate rural sanitation technology

i.) Design of improved leach pit;

ii.) Hygienic rural toilets;

iii.) Utilization of kitchen waste;

iv.) Protection of open wells/ ponds and improved methods of sanitary survey;

v.) Ecological sanitation and methods for enhancing fertilizer value of digested material;

vi.) Improved methods of solid and liquid waste management;

vii.) Solid waste management especially with regard to re-use/ recycle/ reduce use of plastics; and

viii.) Women menstrual hygiene, baby friendly toilets, special toilets for disabled, infant sanitation, etc.

LIST OF FIELDS FOR R&D PROPOSAL ON SANITATION

1. Design & implementation of environment friendly self-sustaining sanitation system - this may include design of

improved leach pits, other technical options for IHHL, hygienic rural toilets, ecological sanitation etc.

2. Improved/economical toilet design for children, differently-abled persons, Emergency Situations with suggested

cost implications.

3. Improved/Economical Community/Institutional sanitation system including waste management.

4. Effectiveness of models of sanitation in various hydro-geological & geo-physical conditions.

5. Methods of bringing about behavioral changes for sanitation and its use.

6. Zero discharge/waste management system involving communities – this considers utilization of kitchen waste

and methods of solid & liquid waste management.

7. Establishing linkages of sanitation with Water, Health, Agriculture and Power generation.

Note: thrust will be given on technology development and demonstration and proving them in the field through

trials and transfer of technology for large scale application.

31

32

Documents

The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activityebtc.eu/pdf/110926_REP_EBTC_Greentech_Water.pdf · The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of